A presente dissertaÃÃo à composta por dois artigos. O primeiro artigo, que tem como tÃtulo âImpactos do Programa Bolsa FamÃlia no mercado de trabalho e na renda das Ãreas rurais do Brasilâ, analisou os efeitos do programa nas horas trabalhadas e na renda do trabalho dos beneficiÃrios. A anÃlise foi feita com utilizaÃÃo dos dados do Censo DemogrÃfico (2010) a atravÃs de duas metodologias: Propensity Score Matching (PSM) e Efeito Quantilico de Tratamento de Firpo (2007), que verificam o efeito mÃdio e na distribuiÃÃo, respectivamente. Os resultados, para o Brasil e regiÃes, mostraram que o efeito mÃdio nas horas trabalhadas dos beneficiÃrios à inferior a dos nÃo beneficiÃrios, bem como a renda do trabalho, resultando em um efeito desincentivo ao trabalho. Em relaÃÃo aos efeitos na distribuiÃÃo, foram constatados efeitos negativos, neutros e positivos nas horas trabalhadas. Quanto à renda do trabalho observou-se que a daqueles que recebem o repasse monetÃrio à menor do que aqueles que nÃo recebem. Dessa forma, nÃo se pode atribuir a menor renda a possÃveis efeitos de desincentivo ao trabalho. O segundo artigo denominado âDiferenciais de rendimentos para as Ãreas rurais do Brasil: Uma anÃlise por ocupaÃÃoâ trata dos diferenciais de renda entre gÃneros e raÃas nas ocupaÃÃes. Os dados para a anÃlise foram retirados da Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra Domiciliar (PNAD) para o ano de 2014 e foram empregadas as decomposiÃÃes de Oaxaca e Blinder (1973) e de Melly (2006) para investigar o quanto das desigualdades à explicado pelos efeitos dotaÃÃo e discriminaÃÃo. Para os resultados das duas metodologias, a decomposiÃÃo dos diferenciais de salÃrios entre gÃneros apontou que, para o Brasil, o efeito dotaÃÃo age no sentido de diminuir as diferenÃas salariais, visto que as mulheres possuem melhores nÃveis educacionais. Quanto à decomposiÃÃo dos diferenciais de rendimento entre raÃas, os resultados para o Brasil mostraram que os efeitos discriminaÃÃo e dotaÃÃo foram negativos, sendo os dois efeitos responsÃveis pelo aumento das desigualdades. Ao considerar as regiÃes, foram observadas algumas particularidades, tanto na anÃlise de gÃnero, quanto de raÃa. A anÃlise restringiu-se aos subgrupos dos trabalhadores agrÃcolas para o Brasil e os resultados mostraram que os efeitos diferem em algumas atividades. / This dissertation consists of two articles. The first article, entitled "Impacts Program Bolsa FamÃlia in the labor market and income in rural areas of Brazil", analyzes the effects the program has on hours worked and labor income of the beneficiaries. To do this, data from the Census (2010) and two methodologies were used: Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Quantilico Effect Treatment Firpo (2007), which check the average effect and distribution, respectively. The results for Brazil and regions, showed that the average increase in hours worked of beneficiaries is less than the non-beneficiaries as well as labor income, resulting in a disincentive effect to work. For the purposes of distribution, negative, neutral and positive effects were observed in hours worked, as in labor income was observed that the income of receiving the money transfer is less than that of not receiving thus not can assign the lower income the possible effects of disincentive to work. The second article called "income differentials for rural areas of Brazil: An analysis by occupation" deals with the income differentials between genders and races in occupations. Data for the analysis were taken from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) for the year 2014 and were employed the decomposition of Oaxaca and Blinder (1973) and Melly (2006), to investigate how much inequality is explained by the effects allocation and discrimination. For the results of the two methodologies, the decomposition of wage differentials between genders shows that for Brazil, the endowment effect acts to reduce the pay gap, as women have better educational levels. As for the decomposition of income differentials between races, the results for Brazil showed that the effects of discrimination and allocation were negative, the two effects responsible for the increase in inequality. Considering the regions, there were some peculiarities both in gender analysis, as race. Restricting the analysis to subgroups of agricultural workers in Brazil, the results showed that the effects differ in some activities.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-08-12T12:19:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE_LEANDRO WILLER P COIMBRA.pdf: 1061880 bytes, checksum: 11f8b239ae17788ee3e063586ea2e919 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T12:19:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE_LEANDRO WILLER P COIMBRA.pdf: 1061880 bytes, checksum: 11f8b239ae17788ee3e063586ea2e919 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-30 / FACEPE / Este trabalho foi dividido em trˆes ensaios que se complementam na mesma tem´atica: a discriminac¸ ˜ao salarial. O objetivo ´e a constatac¸ ˜ao do comportamento discriminat´orio no mercado de trabalho brasileiro e a compreens˜ao das motivac¸ ˜oes e efeitos deste comportamento a partir de uma perspectiva econˆomica. Primeiramente, ´e utilizado o m´etodo de Propensity Score Matching para comparar trabalhadores com mesmos n´ıveis de esforc¸os, ocupac¸ ˜ao social, background familiar e outras vari´aveis de circunstˆancias, de forma a evidenciar a discriminac¸ ˜ao salarial baseada na cor da pele. A an´alise aponta para uma remunerac¸ ˜ao por hora trabalhada cerca de 14% menor para os trabalhadores “n˜ao brancos”. Al´em disso, ´e observado uma tendˆencia “elitista”da discriminac¸ ˜ao. Na segunda parte, ´e proposta a modelagem do mercado de trabalho baseada no Modelo de Search de Dale Mortensen, caracterizado por uma distribuic¸ ˜ao de ofertas de sal´ario cont´ınua. Este modelo ´e modificado de forma a introduzir trabalhadores heterogˆeneos quanto a habilidade produtiva e um grau de assimetria informacional entre os agentes. Observou-se que o n´ıvel de assimetria de informac¸ ˜ao de um mercado n˜ao ´e apenas precursor da discriminac¸ ˜ao mas definidor da magnitude desta. Por fim, foca-se na evoluc¸ ˜ao e sobrevivˆencia do comportamento discriminat´orio. Para isto, utilizou-se de um modelo com equil´ıbrio dinˆamico evolutivo, dividido em dois casos diferentes, de forma a endogeneizar o n´ıvel de assimetria de informac¸ ˜ao e da capacidade produtiva dos trabalhadores. Observou-se que o mercado possui possibilidades diferentes de equil´ıbrio, enquanto no primeiro caso, o percentual de trabalhadores de alta habilidade est´a ligado ao maior interesse das firmas selecionarem, no outro, o elevado percentual de trabalhadores de alta habilidade no mercado indica menor necessidade de selec¸ ˜ao. Na realidade, a diferenc¸a entre os dois casos se resume aos prˆemios e punic¸ ˜oes relativos a detenc¸ ˜ao de informac¸ ˜ao por parte dos trabalhadores de baixa habilidade. / This thesis was divided into three works that complement each other with the same theme: wage discrimination. The objective of this study is investigate the discriminatory behavior in the Brazilian labor market and understand the motivations and effects from an economic perspective. First, it is used the method of Propensity Score Matching to compare workers with the same level of effort, social occupation, family background and others variables of circumstances, it highlights wage discrimination based on skin color. The analysis found a wage per hour worked about 14% lower for workers “non-white”. Moreover, a tendency “elite”discrimination is observed. Next, it is proposed to model the labor market based on the Search Model of Dale Mortensen, characterized by a continuous distribution of wage offers. This model is modified to introduce heterogeneous productive ability and a degree of information asymmetry between agents. It was observed that the asymmetric information level of a market is not only the precursor of discrimination but defining the magnitude. Finally, focuses on the evolution and survival of discriminatory behavior. For this, we used a model with evolutionary dynamic equilibrium, divided into two different cases, in order to endogenize the level of asymmetric information and the productive capacity of workers. It was observed that the market has different possibilities to balance, in the first case, the percentage of high-skill labor is linked to higher interest selecting firms, on the other, the high percentage of high-skill labor market indicates less need for selection. In fact, the difference between the two cases comes down to rewards and punishments for the possession of information on the part of low-skill workers.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-10T15:40:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 thaissalzerprocopio.pdf: 819205 bytes, checksum: 0d6d27ede0f335051be5a6bd2d2bd679 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T14:03:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 thaissalzerprocopio.pdf: 819205 bytes, checksum: 0d6d27ede0f335051be5a6bd2d2bd679 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T14:03:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 thaissalzerprocopio.pdf: 819205 bytes, checksum: 0d6d27ede0f335051be5a6bd2d2bd679 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-20 / A desigualdade salarial é um tema que assume papel relevante na busca pelo desenvolvimento dos países, sendo amplo o número de estudos acerca dos fatores geradores de tal desigualdade. Como determinantes mais comuns, aparecem as características dos indivíduos, das firmas e das regiões. A maior parte dos estudos encontrados na literatura acerca dos impactos de características dos empregadores nos diferenciais salariais entre trabalhadores, entretanto, focam em fatores físicos das firmas, como tamanho e setor. Há, em adição, outros fatores relacionados à estrutura financeira das empresas que também podem gerar efeitos salariais visto que a segurança financeira das firmas está diretamente relacionada ao bem estar de seus empregados. Visando compreender os efeitos da reestruturação financeira proporcionada pela abertura de capital das firmas nos salários dos trabalhadores, este estudo investigou (i) a existência de diferencial salarial decorrente da mobilidade de trabalhadores entre empresas de capital aberto e fechado e (ii) o impacto da mudança de status da firma de capital fechado para aberto (via IPO - Initial Public Offering) no diferencial de salários dos trabalhadores. Para tanto, utilizou-se um painel balanceado que interliga duas fontes de dados: Rais-Migra do MTE – Ministério de Trabalho e Emprego – e Economática, abrangendo os anos de 2002 a 2008.A estratégia metodológica utilizada no estudo envolveu a estimação dos diferenciais salariais com o controle da heterogeneidade nãoobservada via efeitos fixos dos trabalhadores. Foram realizados, ainda, testes de robustez para verificar a consistência dos resultados. Constatou-se que existe diferencial salarial entre trabalhadores favorável aos indivíduos que mudam de empresas de capital fechado para empresas de capital aberto. Este diferencial foi de cerca de 12% pelo método de MQO, mas, ao controlar os efeitos não observáveis dos indivíduos, o diferencial caiu para menos da metade(4%). Esta redução no diferencial de rendimentos atribuído à mudança entre firmas de capital fechado e aberto, decorrente do controle dos efeitos fixos, pode refletir uma maior habilidade não observada dos trabalhadores que mudam para empresas de capital aberto e que, pelo método de MQO, não era controlada. Além disso, verificou-se um efeito positivo de 2% gerado pela realização da abertura de capital nos salários dos trabalhadores, no ano da abertura. Isto mostra que, mesmo com a reestruturação financeira gerada pelo IPO (que, potencialmente, reduziria riscos pelo acesso a mais fontes de financiamento), o evento tem impacto positivo no salário de seus trabalhadores. Esse ganho salarial pode ser explicado pela reestruturação organizacional e de portfólio que a empresa precisará enfrenta ao abrir o capital. Esses resultados contribuem para o avanço no estudo da identificação dos determinantes dos diferenciais salariais, que é uma importante questão ainda em aberto na literatura econômica. / Wage inequality is a topic that assumes an important role in the quest for developing countries, with a large number of studies on the factors that generate social inequality. Characteristics of individuals, firms and regions are quoted as major determinants of such inequality. However, most studies found in the literature on the impacts of employers characteristics on wage differentials focus on physical factors of firms, such as size and sector. In addition, other factors that are related to the financial structure of firms may also generate wage effects since the financial security of firms is directly related to the welfare of its employees. To understand the effects of the financial restructuring provided by IPO firms on wage differentials, this study investigated the impact of IPO (Initial Public Offering) on workers wages. We also investigated the existence of differential income from labor mobility between public companies and non-public ones. For that, we used a balanced panel that connects two data sources: Rais Migra-MTE - Ministry of Labor and Employment - and Economática, covering the years 2002 to 2008.The strategy used in the study involved the estimation of wage differentials with the control of unobserved heterogeneity via fixed effects of workers. We used the methods of OLS, Random Effects, Fixed Effects and First Differences. Further tests were performed in order to verify the robustness and consistency of results. It was found that there is wage differential between workers in favor of individuals who change from non-public companies to publicly traded ones. This differential was about 13% by the method of OLS, but felt to less than half (6%) after controlling to unobservable effects of individuals. This reduction may reflect a greater ability of workers to move to public companies and that, by the method of OLS, was not controlled. In addition, there was a positive effect of 2% generated by the completion of the IPO in the wages of workers in the year of opening. This shows that even with the possible financial restructuring promoted by IPO (which, potentially, reduces risk by promoting access to other sources of capital), the event has a positive impact on the wages of their workers, which may be explained by organizational restructuring and portfolio that the company needs to undergo to go public. These results contribute to the advancement in the study of identifying the determinants of wage differentials, which is an important question still open in the economic literature.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-01-06T11:35:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaelpolitosiano.pdf: 2885148 bytes, checksum: c70d51ddada1645029a0837a22e0097d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-01-31T11:29:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaelpolitosiano.pdf: 2885148 bytes, checksum: c70d51ddada1645029a0837a22e0097d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-31T11:29:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaelpolitosiano.pdf: 2885148 bytes, checksum: c70d51ddada1645029a0837a22e0097d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-20 / As redes sociais (networks) dos indivíduos possibilitam que os mesmos realizem diversas interações com seus pares. Tais networks, bem como a posição que um indivíduo ocupa na mesma, são de grande importância para seu êxito profissional, e o impacto que as redes têm sobre o comportamento das firmas e dos trabalhadores motiva as investigações sobre as mesmas. O presente estudo busca a identificação das conexões existentes entre os indivíduos provenientes do mercado de trabalho brasileiro, bem como a identificação da medida de centralidade de alguns trabalhadores em suas respectivas networks. Com isso, faz-se possível a identificação da importância relativa que um agente possui frente a seus pares em sua rede através de uma nova medida de centralidade que leva em consideração o tempo de trabalho do indivíduo e de seus pares vinculados a mesma network. Mediante essa identificação, pode-se então relacionar tal fato a outras características individuais, tendo como principal foco a análise de como o grau de centralidade de um agente pode influenciar os rendimentos obtidos pelos indivíduos. A partir de dados do Relatório Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) para os anos de 2008 a 2013 advindos do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego do governo brasileiro, os principais resultados obtidos indicam que a relevância de um trabalhador em sua rede, mensurada pelo índice de centralidade proposto neste estudo, é importante para explicar as diferenças salariais no mercado de trabalho. / Social networks of individuals enable them to perform various interactions with their peers. Such networks, as well as the position that an individual occupies on it, are of great importance to their professional success and the impact that networks have on the behavior of firms and workers motivates researches on this field. This study seeks to identify the connections between individuals from the Brazilian labor market, as well as the identification of the measure of centrality of some workers in their respective networks. Thus, it is possible to identify the relative importance that an agent has compared to their peers in his network through a new measure of centrality that takes into account the individual's working time and their peers linked to the same network. Through this identification, you can then relate this fact to other individual characteristics, focusing mainly on the analysis of the how the degree centrality of an agent can influence the income earned by individuals. From the Annual Social Information Report data (RAIS) for the years 2008 to 2013 arising from the Ministry of Labor and Employment of the Brazilian government, the main results indicates that the relevance of a worker in his network, measured by the centrality index proposed in this study, is important to explain the wage gap in the labor market.

This essay studies wage differentials between foreign born and native players in Swedish soccer. For this essay, panel data for the years 2001-2015 on all clubs and players in top Swedish soccer leagues Allvenskan and Superettan have been collected. The data is examined by applying a market-test approach to test for any significant wage differentials. The results show that foreign born players earn a significant salary premium compared to native players of similar productivity. There is no evidence of salary or fan discrimination against foreign born players. Results can be explained by market imperfections and/or risk-seeking behavior from team managers although this could be further investigated in future studies.

Workers who earn wage premiums for adverse job characteristics face a higher tax-price than peers of equal human capital working under more favorable conditions. Facing a higher cost per unit for public goods, they in turn demand a relatively small public sector. This may explain patterns of political affiliation across industries where differences in nonpecuniary aspects are often significant. I test this with county level data on fatality rates and support for the Republican candidate in the 2004 US Presidential election, finding that fatality rates remain positive and significant drivers of GOP support through various regression specifications. These results are robust to cross-sectional and panel data on individual contributions reported to the Federal Election Commission for the 2004, 2008, and 2012 US Presidential elections.

This study is the result of two separate surveys of the retail grocery stores in Logan, Utah. The primary purpose of these surveys was to make a detailed study of price differentials as they exist between the stores of different kind, class, location and size. Logan was chosien for this survey for a number of reasons: (1) It is typical of many Rocky Mountain cities for size. (2) There is no one industry that completely dominates the economy of the city. (3) There are sufficient stores in kind and number to give the necessary data. (4) Besides the local independent stores that are in operation, there is a national chain system represented by Safeway Stores, Inc. and a small state chain represented by the American Food Store. The problem was to survey the Logan city grocery stroes for price data on food commodities in sufficient number to indicated the price differentials that exist within the stores. To facilitate this the local stores were segregated into four distinct classes, namely: (1) national chains, (2) a small state chain, (3) large city independents, and (4) neighborhood stores. The prices found in the chain systems were used as a bases for the comparisons that are made between both the chain stores and the two groups of independent stores. The study has proven valuable in that price differentials have been discovered to exist between the various commodity groups, as well as within the individual items. These differentials have varied with the commodity and within the different classifications of stores. Many of the pricing policies that are being practiced in the Logan stores are representative of market conditions as they exist in other cities within the Rocky area and might justifiably be applied to these communities with the expectations that similar results would occure.

No description available.

The gender wage gap in the labour market has long been a topic of study, highlighting the disadvantages faced by women in terms of earningscompared to men. This study aims to investigate if the Great Recession had additional impacts on women's earnings differentials. Using census data from 2006 to 2012 in the US, two different quantile regressions were conducted for various income quantiles. One regression excluded variables, while the other included socio-demographic characteristics. The results indicate clear wage differences for women before, during, and after the Great Recession.The first regression shows statistically significant negative correlations between logarithmic income and gender. The quantile regressions also reveal decrease in the gender wage gap during the recession, with education returns favouring women in 2008 and 2009 before returning to pre-recession levels. Additionally, the results suggest that married women and women with children tend to have lower earnings compared to their male counterparts.These findings provide evidence of a glass ceiling in the US labour market, which may have been exacerbated by the exogenous shock of the Great Recession.

No description available.