O presente trabalho descreve um programa de computador em linguagem Java que reproduz o modelo compartimental reduzido de célula mitral do bulbo olfativo construído por Davison, Feng e Brown (Brain Res. Bull. 51:393-399,2000), como uma simplificação do modelo detalhado de Bhalla e Bower (J. Neurophysiol., 69:1948-1965, 1993). O modelo reduzido considera a célula mitral como composta por quatro compartimentos, modelados conforme a metodologia de HODGKIN e HUXLEY. Por seu baixo custo computacional, o modelo reduzido permite a construção de modelos de rede de grande porte para o bulbo olfativo. A implementação computacional feita em Java apresenta grande similaridade com a original, indicando uma robustez do modelo com relação a versões em plataformas distintas. / This work describes a computer program written in Java, which reproduces the reduced compartimental model of the mitral cell of the olfactory bulb constructed by Davison, Feng and Brown (Brain Res. Bull. 51:393-399,2000), as a simplified version of the detailed model of Bhalla and Bower (J. Neurophysiol., 69:1948-1965, 1993). The reduced model considers the mitral cell as composed of four compartiments modeled according to the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism. Due to its low computational cost, the reduced model allows the construction of large-scale network models of the olfactory bulb. The computer implementation made in Java shows great similarity with the original, indicating that the model is robust with respect to implementations in different platforms.

利用“甘肃基础教育调查(The Gansu Survey of Children and Families, 2007)提供的数据，以特征工资理论(Hedonic Wage Theory)为基础，本研究建构了一个从个人特征和岗位特征两方面解读甘肃农村公办教师工资差异形成机制和潜在后果的解释框架。 / 本研究利用科学抽样的微观数据，以特征工资理论的投资假说和消费假说为基础，探讨甘肃农村教师收入差异的前因后果。运用多层线性技术对“特征的逐层分解凸显了环境结构变量对教师工资的层次性影响。研究的主要内容如下：(1)教师个人特征和教职岗位特征在工资及差异结构中的影响性质和强度；(2)工资和包括工作条件及生活环境在内的教职岗位特征在教师职业效用中的替代性及其办学成本意义；(3)地区政策与教师工资差异格局及其教育财政涵义。 / 通过对甘肃这个边远贫穷地区农村教师工资进行微观计量分析，本研究得出如下主要结论： / 教师个人特征和教职岗位特征均是工资差异来源的主成因素。个人特征和岗位特征在收入差异形成过程中分别对应特征工资理论之投资性收益和消费性补偿。一方面，个人素质越高，收入越高；另一方面，与优越的岗位环境相联系的是更低的工资收入。换言之，艰苦的条件对应补偿性工资差异。 / 工资与教职岗位环境特征在教师职业效用偏好结构中具有替代性。岗位环境与工资的替代率介于-0.03和0.05间。负值代表教师愿意接受较低的工资以换取更优越的工作环境和社区设施，即为在某优越的县(区)工作而承受的工资损失。因此，教学条件和生活环境更艰苦的边穷地区需提供等效用的经济补偿才能保证师资质量。 / 出于经济补偿的考虑，扶贫政策比边远艰苦地区津补贴方案更有效地鉴别了岗位环境的恶劣程度。贫困地区的教学条件和生活环境更艰苦，由此带来的心理负效用反映在消费性补偿中。与“贫困相联系的不良岗位属性产生的负效用折合成工资约15%。 / 结合教师偏好和地区政策，更边远艰苦或贫困地区可以通过教师工资成本指数的形式，将额外聘用成本加权到教育财政预算中，以实现均衡发展和社会公平。国贫县聘用一名同等质量的普通合格教师，边际成本高于平均水平10%。但办学成本与边远艰苦等级的关系没有固定规律：更边远的三类地区招聘一名教师的成本只相当于平均水平的74%；而二类地区则需多花3.6-11.8%的附加成本。 / 本研究的政策启示包括： / 第一，边远艰苦地区政策和扶贫政策的针对性不同。虽然边远艰苦地区津补贴政策所鉴定的县(区)地理属性可能具有重要的公共财政意义，但扶贫政策有更明显的区分度，可提供更清晰的教育财政政策启示。 / 第二，将原始资源禀赋等外部不可控因素造成的额外人员开支纳入财政方案中，并以教师工资成本指数的形式提升其预算等级，是保障各地师资配置从而实现教育均衡和机会均等的公平而有效方法。 / Based on the Gansu Survey of Children and Families(GSCF, 2007), this thesis investigates the hierarchical effects of teacher personal characteristics and teaching job attributes as determinants of wages and sources of variations from the perspective of Hedonic Wage Theory. / Based on the Hedonic Wage Theory, this study has made use of a scientific sampled micro data set to analyze teacher wage disparities in rural Gansu, which is a typical less-developed northwestern remote province in Mainland China. Hierarchical Linear Modeling(HLM) is employed to study the regional effects. Major foci of this thesis consist of: (1)The nature and strength of economic values of teacher personal characteristics and teaching job attributes. (2)The substitution between pecuniary rewards from wages and non-pecuniary benefit derived from working conditions and living amenities, and its implications for teacher personnel costs. (3)How regional policies are related to teacher wage variations and what can government do to narrow the consequential gap in education service. / The conclusions of the study include: / Both teacher personal characteristics and teaching job attributes are major determining factors of wages. Human capital components proxying higher teacher quality are positively compensated, while better daily working and living conditions are paid in the form of lower wages. In other words, hardships are associated with compensating wage differentials. / Working conditions in schools and living conditions in community where the teaching position is located are substitutable with wages. The substitution between wages and job conditions varies from -0.03 to 0.05. Negative values mean that teachers are willing to accept lower wages to work in a better-off county. It costs more for hard-to-staff regions to recruit a comparable teacher. / In consideration of wage compensations, the “Helping the Poor policy can give a better indication than the “Subsidy to Remote and Difficult Districts Scheme. Dis-utilities from uncomfortable working and living environment in poor counties cost 15% extra wage expenditures. / Accounting for teacher utility preference, disadvantageous counties classified by economic-geographic features should be financially aided based on teacher cost index(TCI) to recruit and retain quality teachers. Simulation implies that counties labeled as “poor should be provided 10% more marginal personnel budget in order to hire an average teacher who meets the basic education requirements. However, fiscal assistances based on degree of remoteness do not show consistent patterns. The most remote counties can hire a comparable teacher at a cost of only 74% of the average, while those second most remote ones pay 3.6-11.8% more. / There are two major policy implications from the results of the study: / (1)The “Subsidy to Remote and Difficult Districts Scheme and the “Helping the Poor policy have different focuses. Though the former scheme may have public-goods considerations, the latter can give a clear and differentiative policy implication for education finance. / (2)It would be an equitable and efficient way to incorporate uncontrollable external factors into a teacher wage index(TCI), and to use it to adjust education financial strategies to these difficult areas. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 馬紅梅. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-173) / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Ma Hongmei. / Chapter 第一章 --- 研究问题与背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一节 --- 问题陈述 --- p.1 / Chapter 一、 --- 研究问题 --- p.1 / Chapter 二、 --- 研究目的 --- p.3 / Chapter 三、 --- 研究意义 --- p.5 / Chapter 第二节 --- 研究背景 --- p.7 / Chapter 一、 --- 现实背景 --- p.7 / Chapter 二、 --- 政策背景 --- p.12 / Chapter 第三节 --- 论文结构 --- p.25 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文献综述 --- p.27 / Chapter 第一节 --- 特征工资理论的内容概要 --- p.27 / Chapter 一、 --- 特征二因素主张 --- p.28 / Chapter 二、 --- 特征的双重补偿 --- p.29 / Chapter 三、 --- 职业效用最大化 --- p.32 / Chapter 第二节 --- 特征工资理论之消费假说 --- p.33 / Chapter 一、 --- 消费性补偿的工资理论 --- p.33 / Chapter 二、 --- 消费性补偿经济学分析 --- p.34 / Chapter 三、 --- 消费性补偿的现实意义 --- p.39 / Chapter 第三节 --- 教师工资特征性补偿综述 --- p.44 / Chapter 一、 --- 研究概况 --- p.44 / Chapter 二、 --- 教师特征 --- p.47 / Chapter 三、 --- 教职特征 --- p.48 / Chapter 第四节 --- 教师工资分解的研究启示 --- p.50 / Chapter 一、 --- 国外文献 --- p.51 / Chapter 二、 --- 国内文献 --- p.52 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究设计 --- p.56 / Chapter 第一节 --- 研究方法 --- p.56 / Chapter 第二节 --- 数据描述 --- p.60 / Chapter 一、 --- 数据来源 --- p.60 / Chapter 二、 --- 样本信息 --- p.61 / Chapter 第三节 --- 变量界定与分布 --- p.64 / Chapter 一、 --- 因变量：教师月工资 --- p.65 / Chapter 二、 --- 自变量：个人特征和岗位特征 --- p.68 / Chapter 第四节 --- 研究架构 --- p.85 / Chapter 一、 --- 分析结构 --- p.85 / Chapter 二、 --- 模型界定 --- p.86 / Chapter 第四章 --- 教师工资差异的形成机制 --- p.89 / Chapter 第一节 --- 教师工资的影响因素 --- p.89 / Chapter 一、 --- 教师个人特征：主导因素 --- p.89 / Chapter 二、 --- 教职岗位特征：关键因素 --- p.90 / Chapter 三、 --- 小结：决定教师工资的双重特征 --- p.91 / Chapter 第二节 --- 基于教师个人特征的投资性收益 --- p.92 / Chapter 一、 --- 解释变量：人力资本特征 --- p.92 / Chapter 二、 --- 控制变量：个人背景特征 --- p.97 / Chapter 三、 --- 小结：教师个人特征对工资的影响 --- p.103 / Chapter 第三节 --- 基于教职岗位特征的消费性补偿 --- p.104 / Chapter 一、 --- 学校实时工作环境 --- p.104 / Chapter 二、 --- 县(区)社区人居环境 --- p.111 / Chapter 三、 --- 小结：教职岗位特征对工资的影响 --- p.117 / Chapter 第四节 --- 本章小结 --- p.119 / Chapter 第五章 --- 国家政策对教师工资的影响 --- p.125 / Chapter 第一节 --- 地区政策与教师工资 --- p.125 / Chapter 一、 --- 边远艰苦地区政策与教师工资 --- p.125 / Chapter 二、 --- 国家扶贫政策与教师工资 --- p.131 / Chapter 三、 --- 小结：边穷地区政策与教师工资 --- p.134 / Chapter 第二节 --- 地区政策的教育成本意义 --- p.136 / Chapter 一、 --- 教师人员成本指数的建构 --- p.136 / Chapter 二、 --- 边穷属性的成本指数 --- p.138 / Chapter 三、 --- 小结：边穷地区政策的教育成本意义 --- p.143 / Chapter 第三节 --- 本章小结 --- p.145 / Chapter 第六章 --- 结语 --- p.148 / Chapter 第一节 --- 主要实证结果 --- p.148 / Chapter 一、 --- 教师工资差异的影响因素：个人特征与岗位特征 --- p.148 / Chapter 二、 --- 教师工资差异的形成机制：特征性双重补偿 --- p.149 / Chapter 三、 --- 边穷地区政策与教师工资的关系：消费性补偿 --- p.151 / Chapter 四、 --- 地区政策的教育财政意义：教师工资成本指数化 --- p.152 / Chapter 第二节 --- 政策启示 --- p.153 / Chapter 一、 --- 教育财政意义 --- p.153 / Chapter 二、 --- 完善地区政策 --- p.154 / Chapter 第三节 --- 研究总结 --- p.155 / Chapter 一、 --- 研究贡献 --- p.155 / Chapter 二、 --- 研究不足 --- p.157 / Chapter 三、 --- 研究展望 --- p.158 / 参考文献 --- p.160 / 附录 --- p.160

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:08:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Parte Inicial.pdf: 580643 bytes, checksum: 1783483d80317ac5307ad55e7cbdb752 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-25 / O propósito da pesquisa aqui elaborada é mostrar a viabilidade da aplicação de Funções de Base Radial de Suporte Compacto (FBRSC) no processo de aproximação direta do núcleo da ação de domínio através de integração de contorno. Essa formulação utilizada no tratamento da integral de domínio é denominada como (Método dos Elementos de Contorno com Integração Direta de Contorno) MECIC. Com o intuito de se avaliar a efetividade das FBRSC como funções de interpolação, serão realizados diversos testes numéricos, onde se deseja calcular o volume de superfícies. Então, serão realizados testes bidimensionais de aproximação, variando-se o suporte das FBRSCs, a fim de analisar o comportamento dessas funções. Depois de verificar a efetividade e a precisão das FBRSCs no processo de interpolação, desenvolvem-se programas, no ambiente do Método dos Elementos de Contorno (MEC), para a solução de problemas governados pela Equação de Poisson com a Formulação MECIC associada ao conceito de interpolação com FBRSC com suporte devidamente otimizados. A aferição das soluções numéricas obtidas se dá a partir da comparação com as suas respectivas soluções analíticas, facilmente encontradas na literatura especializada. Assim, possibilita-se estimar o erro relativo e então a eficácia da Formulação MECIC com FBRSC. Uma vez comprovado a sua eficácia, a Formulação MECIC com FBRSC é testada também com o esquema de interpolação com ajuste de pontos. Durante todo o desenvolvimento, atenta-se para a importância do custo computacional da formulação, a partir da geração de tabelas com o tempo de processamento dos programas implementados no MEC. Dessa forma, avalia-se qualitativamente o desempenho das FBRSC na Formulação MECIC, visando futuras aplicações na área de propagação de ondas sísmicas / The purpose of this research is to show the viability of application of Compactly Supported Radial Basis Function (CSRBF) in the process of direct approximation of the core of the domain action through boundary integration. This formulation is termed as (Boundary Elements Method with Directs Boundary Integration) MECIC, and is used in the treatment of the domain integration. By evaluating the effectiveness of CSRBF as interpolation functions, it performed several numerical tests to calculate the volume of surfaces. Also; by varying the support of CSRBFs, it performed two-dimensional approximation tests to examine the behavior of these functions. After verifying the effectiveness and accuracy of CSRBFs in the interpolation process, it developed computational programs to solve physical problems using the MECIC formulation, which is governed by Poisson s Equation. That formulation is associated with the concept of CSRBF in which the support is properly optimized. The calibration of the numerical solutions is given by the confrontation with their respective analytical solutions, easily found in the specialized literature. In this way, it is possible to estimate the relative error and the effectiveness of the MECIC formulation in association with the CSRBF concept. It is tested also with the curve fitting interpolation scheme. Owing the importance of the computational cost of that formulation, it is generated several time tables showing the processing time of those Boundary Elements Method computational programs. Therefore; aiming future applications in the seismic propagation wave area, it was finally evaluated the qualitative performance of the CSRBF in MECIC s formulation

After the 1994 genocide and collapse of the health system, Rwanda initiated major social and health reforms in order to reduce child mortality and health inequities in accordance with the Millennium Development Goals. The aim of this thesis was to assess trends in under-five mortality (U5M) and equity in child survival, to study social barriers for improved perinatal and neonatal survival, and to evaluate Helping Babies Breathe (HBB), a newborn resuscitation program. In paper I we analysed trends and social inequities in child mortality 1990−2010, using data from national Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 2000, 2005, and 2010. The following papers were based on hospital studies in the capital of Rwanda. In paper II we explored social inequities in perinatal mortality. Using a perinatal audit approach, paper III assessed factors related to the three delays, which preceded perinatal deaths, and estimates were made of potentially avoidable deaths. Paper IV evaluated knowledge and skills gained and retained by health workers after training in HBB. Under-five mortality declined from the peak of 238 deaths per 1000 live births (95% CI 226 to 251) in 1994 to 65 deaths per 1000 live births (95% CI 61 to 70) in 2010 and concurred with decreased social gaps in child and neonatal survival between rural and urban areas and household wealth groups. Children born to women with no education still had significantly higher under-five mortality. Neonatal mortality also decreased but at a slower rate as compared to infant and U5M. Maternal rural residence or having no health insurance were linked to increased risk of perinatal death. Neither maternal education nor household wealth was associated with perinatal mortality risks. Lack of recognition of pregnancy danger signs and intrapartum-related suboptimal care were major contributors to perinatal deaths, whereof one half was estimated to be potentially avoidable. Knowledge significantly improved after training in HBB. This knowledge was sustained for at least 3 months following training whereas practical skills had declined. These results highlight the need for strengthening coverage of lifesaving interventions giving priority to underserved groups for improved child survival at community as well as at hospital levels.

Στόχος της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι η διερεύνηση της δομής των μισθών και των μισθολογικών διαφορών στην Ελληνική αγορά εργασίας, δεδομένων ορισμένων χαρακτηριστικών της, ιδιαίτερα εκείνων που σχετίζονται με το θεσμικό πλαίσιο που διέπει τη λειτουργία της αγοράς εργασίας και ρυθμίζει τις εργασιακές σχέσεις. Η διδακτορική διατριβή αποτελείται από τέσσερις ξεχωριστές μελέτες, ωστόσο τα ευρήματα και συμπεράσματα της κάθε μίας έχουν γενικότερη εφαρμογή και ερμηνεία. Το πρώτο μέρος της διδακτορικής διατριβής ερευνά τις μισθολογικές διαφορές που οφείλονται στο μέγεθος των επιχειρήσεων, όπως αυτό μετράται από τον συνολικό αριθμό των εργαζόμενων σε αυτές. Οι εκτιμήσεις πραγματοποιούνται μέσω της χρήσης διαστρωματικών ενοποιημένων δεδομένων εργαζόμενων-εργοδοτών. Τα αποτελέσματα των οικονομετρικών εκτιμήσεων υποδεικνύουν την ύπαρξη ενός μισθολογικού πλεονεκτήματος υπέρ των εργαζόμενων σε επιχειρήσεις μεγαλύτερου μεγέθους, το μέγεθος του οποίου είναι ανάλογο με αντίστοιχα εκτιμημένα πλεονεκτήματα τα οποία αναφέρονται στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία. Επίσης, εξετάζεται η εγκυρότητα διαφόρων πιθανών ερμηνειών που έχουν προταθεί στην σχετική βιβλιογραφία. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα των εκτιμήσεων, οι διαφορές σε ανθρώπινο κεφάλαιο, η ύπαρξη ανταποδοτικών αμοιβών, οι μισθοί αποδοτικότητας και η λειτουργία εσωτερικών αγορών εργασίας είναι παράγοντες ικανοί να ερμηνεύσουν το μεγαλύτερο μέρος του μισθολογικού πλεονεκτήματος υπέρ των εργαζόμενων σε μεγαλύτερες επιχειρήσεις. Επίσης, τα αποτελέσματα των εκτιμήσεών υποδεικνύουν ότι το υπό εξέταση μισθολογικό πλεονέκτημα μεταβάλλεται, ανάλογα με τον κλάδο οικονομικής δραστηριότητας. Σκοπός του δεύτερου κεφαλαίου της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής, είναι η διερεύνηση των επιπτώσεων της σύναψης επιχειρησιακών συλλογικών συμβάσεων εργασίας στη δομή των μισθών στην αγορά εργασίας. Για τους σκοπούς της ανάλυσης χρησιμοποιούνται ενοποιημένα στοιχεία εργαζόμενων-εργοδοτών για το έτος 2006, εκτιμήσεις μη δεσμευμένων ποσοστημορίων καθώς και οι σχετικές μέθοδοι διαχωρισμού επιδράσεων. Τα αποτελέσματα επιβεβαιώνουν την ύπαρξη ενός μισθολογικού πλεονεκτήματος υπέρ των εργαζόμενων που καλύπτονται από επιχειρησιακές συλλογικές συμβάσεις εργασίας, το οποίο ακολουθεί μια κοίλη τάση κατά μήκος κατανομής των ατομικών αμοιβών. Επιπλέον, οι μισθολογικές διαφορές μεταξύ των εργαζόμενων που καλύπτονται από επιχειρησιακές συλλογικές συμβάσεις και εκείνων που καλύπτονται από συλλογικές συμβάσεις που υπογράφονται σε πιο κεντρικά επίπεδα διαπραγμάτευσης, οφείλονται σε διαφορές στον τρόπο συλλογικής διαπραγμάτευσης για όσους βρίσκονται στο αριστερό ήμισυ της συνολικής κατανομής των ατομικών αμοιβών, ενώ για όσους βρίσκονται στο δεξί ήμισυ της κατανομής, το μεγαλύτερο μέρος των μισθολογικών διαφορών εξηγείται από διαφορές στο ανθρώπινο κεφάλαιο και στα χαρακτηριστικά των επιχειρήσεων. Το τρίτο μέρος της διδακτορικής διατριβής ερευνά την ύπαρξη μιας καμπύλης μισθών στην Ελληνική αγορά εργασίας χρησιμοποιώντας μικροοικονομικά δεδομένα για την περίοδο 2001-2012.Τα εκτιμημένα αποτελέσματα υποδεικνύουν ότι ο “εμπειρικός νόμος της Οικονομικής Επιστήμης” σύμφωνα με τον οποίο υπάρχει μια βραχυχρόνια αρνητική σχέση μεταξύ ατομικών αμοιβών και τρέχουσας περιφερειακής ανεργίας, μπορεί να επιβεβαιωθεί μόνο για την περίοδο μετά το 2010, όπου μια σειρά δημοσιονομικών μέτρων και μεταρρυθμίσεων του θεσμικού πλαισίου των εργασιακών σχέσεων έλαβαν μέρος, με στόχο τη μείωση του μισθολογικού κόστους και την αύξηση του βαθμού ευελιξίας της αγοράς εργασίας. Πριν το 2010, δεν ήταν δυνατός ο προσδιορισμός μιας συστηματικής σχέσης μεταξύ ατομικών αμοιβών και περιφερειακής ανεργίας. Η ανυπαρξία μιας τέτοιας σχέσης, μπορεί να αποδοθεί κυρίως σε θεσμικές δυσκαμψίες οι οποίες απαγόρευαν τις μισθολογικές προσαρμογές προς τα κάτω. Το συμπέρασμα αυτό ενισχύεται από το γεγονός ότι η ύπαρξη καμπύλης μισθών πριν το 2010, δεν επιβεβαιώνεται ανεξάρτητα από το επίπεδο των συλλογικών διαπραγματεύσεων στο οποίο προσδιορίζονται οι αμοιβές στην Ελληνική αγορά εργασίας. Τέλος, το τέταρτο μέρος της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής πραγματοποιεί την πρώτη αποτίμηση μιας πρόσφατης θεσμικής μεταρρύθμισης στην Ελληνική αγορά εργασίας. Σκοπός της μεταρρύθμισης αυτής είναι η αποκέντρωση του συστήματος των συλλογικών διαπραγματεύσεων έτσι ώστε να διευκολύνεται η προσαρμογή των μισθών στα χαρακτηριστικά των επιχειρήσεων και στις επικρατούσες συνθήκες στην αγορά εργασίας. Για τους σκοπούς αυτής της μελέτης, αναπτύχθηκε μια μοναδική βάση δεδομένων αποτελούμενη από πληροφορίες που προέρχονται από το σύνολο των επιχειρησιακών συμβάσεων που υπογράφηκαν στην ελληνική αγορά εργασίας τα τελευταία χρόνια. Τα αποτελέσματα μιας σειράς εκτιμήσεων υποδειγμάτων περιορισμένων εξαρτημένων μεταβλητών υποδεικνύουν ότι η εισαγωγή της νέας εργασιακής νομοθεσίας επηρεάζει σημαντικά την πιθανότητα τα διαπραγματευόμενα μέρη να συμφωνήσουν σε προς τα κάτω μισθολογική προσαρμογή, ειδικά στο επίπεδο του κατώτατου μισθού που περιγράφεται στην Εθνική Γενική Συλλογική Σύμβαση Εργασίας, ενώ οι τρέχουσες συνθήκες που επικρατούν στην αγορά εργασίας είναι επίσης σημαντικοί προσδιοριστικοί παράγοντες των συμφωνηθεισών μισθολογικών προσαρμογών. / The purpose of this doctoral thesis, is the investigation of the wage structure and the wage differentials in the Greek labour market, given some specific characteristics, especially those pertaining to the institutional framework which underlies it and governs the labour relations. This thesis consists of four distinct essays, however, their findings and conclusions can be more generally applied. The first part of this doctoral thesis examines the establishment size-wage premium in Greece using a matched employer-employee dataset. The results of the econometric estimation suggest that such a premium is also present in the Greek market sector and its magnitude is in line with those reported in other economies. The validity of various explanations of the size-wage premium, put forward in the pertinent economics literature, is also tested. This exercise suggests that in the Greek case, human capital, compensating wage differentials, incentive payment schemes and internal labor markets are primarily responsible for its presence. Lastly, the analysis reveals that the premium is sector-specific. The second part of this doctoral thesis analyzes the effect of firm-level contracting on the wage structure in the Greek private sector. Using a matched employer–employee dataset for 2006, unconditional quantile regressions and relevant decomposition methods, leads to the identification of a wage premium associated with firm-level contracting, which follows a hump-shaped profile across the wage distribution. Furthermore, the wage differential between workers under firm-level and broader-level collective agreements can be primarily attributed to differences in the regime-specific wage setting structure, for those below the median of the unconditional wage distribution, and to differences in worker and firm-specific characteristics for those in the upper tail. The third part of this doctoral thesis investigates the existence of a wage curve in Greece using microdata for the period 2001-2012. According to the estimated results, the implied by the “empirical law of Economics” short-run negative relationship between regional unemployment and wage levels can be only identified for the period after 2010 where, due to the increasing unemployment rate, a series of fiscal cuts and reforms of the collective bargaining system were imposed in order to reduce the labour cost in the private sector of the economy. Regarding the period before this structural break, a systematic relationship between regional unemployment and individual wage levels could not be identified. This finding can be mainly attributed to institutional rigidities which prevented downward wage flexibility, since a wage curve could not be established at any level of collective bargaining either. Finally, the fourth part of this doctoral thesis uses a unique dataset developed from official firm-level collective agreements signed during the period 2009-2012 to perform a first evaluation of a recent institutional reform which decentralized the highly regulated Greek labour relations framework in order to facilitate wage adjustments to firm-specific and prevailing labour market conditions. The estimated results from a series of limited dependent variable models indicate that the new labour law affects significantly the probability of a bargained downward wage adjustment, especially to the national minimum level, while the prevailing labour market conditions are also important determinants of the bargained wage cuts.

Israël est l’un des pays développés les plus féconds dans le monde et maintient un taux de fécondité stable depuis 1995. Il a échappé à la chute spectaculaire de la fécondité qui a été observée dans la plupart des pays occidentaux. Le taux de fécondité était de 2,96 enfants par femme en 2009 (Statistical Abstract of Israel, 2010, tableau 3.14). Le maintien d’une si forte fécondité pourrait être dû à l’immigration et à la “guerre démographique” qui sévit entre les différentes communautés vivant dans le pays (Sardon, 2006). Toutefois, on observe une différence significative entre les niveaux de fécondité des juifs d’Israël et de Cisjordanie depuis plusieurs années. Les études qui portent sur la fécondité en Israël sont faites au niveau national, ce qui ne fournit aucune explication sur cette différence. Pour ces raisons, l’étude de la fécondité en Israël mérite une attention particulière. Ce projet vise à identifier les différents facteurs qui ont une incidence sur la fécondité des femmes juives vivant en Israël et en Cisjordanie. Il contribuera à une meilleure compréhension des comportements liés à la fécondité de la population juive de la Cisjordanie et peut fournir des indices sur les mécanismes complexes qui régissent les relations entre Juifs et Arabes dans les territoires occupés. Grâce aux données recueillies dans l’Enquête sociale générale de 2004 d’Israël,des analyses descriptives et explicatives ont été produites. Dans un premier temps, les facteurs qui ont un impact sur la fécondité dans chaque région ont été déterminés et par la suite, une analyse de l’importance de ces facteur sur la fécondité a été produite. Le nombre d’enfants nés de femmes âgées de 20 à 55 ans constitue la variable d’intérêt et les variables explicatives retenues sont les suivantes: religiosité, éducation, revenu familial mensuel, statut d’emploi, pays d’origine, âge et état matrimonial. Cette étude a montré que les femmes juives qui résident en Cisjordanie ont un nombre prévu d’enfants de 13% supérieur à celui des femmes juives qui résident en Israël lorsque l’on contrôle toutes les variables. Il est notamment montré que la religion joue un rôle important dans l’explication de la forte fécondité des femmes juives dans les deux régions, mais son impact est plus important en Israël. L’éducation joue également un rôle important dans la réduction du nombre prévu d’enfants, en particulier en Cisjordanie. Tous ces facteurs contribuent à expliquer les différents niveaux de fécondité dans les deux régions, mais l’étude montre que ces facteurs ne permettent pas une explication exhaustive de la forte fécondité en Israël et en Cisjordanie. D’autres forces qui ne sont pas mesurables doivent avoir une incidence sur la fécondité telles que le nationalisme ou la laïcisation, par exemple. / Israel is one of the most fertile developed countries in the world and has had a stable fertility rate since 1995. The country avoided the dramatic fall in fertility that has been observed in most Western countries. The fertility rate was of 2.96 children per woman in 2009 (Statistical Abstract of Israel, 2010, table 3.14). Maintaining such a high fertility level could be due to immigration and the “demographic war” between the different communities living in the country (Sardon, 2006). However, a significant difference between the levels of fertility of the jewish population of Israel and the West Bank has been observed for several years. In the literature, studies of fertility in Israel are conducted at a national level, which neither reveals nor explains the difference. Accordingly, Israel’s high fertility deserves a particular attention. This project aims to identify the different factors that affect the fertility of Jewish women living in Israel and in the West Bank. It will contribute to a better understanding of the fertility behavior of the Jewish population of the West Bank and may shed light on the complex mechanisms that govern the relations between Jews and Arabs in the Occupied Territories. With data collected in the General Social Survey of Israel of 2004, descriptive and explanatory analyses were produced. In the first part, factors influencing fertility in each region have been determined and an analysis of the importance of each factor on fertility was conducted in the second part. The outcome of interest is the number of children ever born to women aged 20 to 55 and the independent variables are: religiosity, education, monthly family income, employment status, country of origin, age and marital status. This study showed that Jewish women residing in the West Bank have an expected number of children 13% higher than their counterparts residing in Israel. It is also shown that the intensity of religious interest plays an important role in explaining the high fertility of Jewish women in both regions but its impact is more important in Israel. Education also plays an important role in reducing the expected number of children, especially in the West Bank. All of these factors contribute to explaining the different fertility levels in the two regions but the study shows that these factors do not provide an exhaustive explanation of higher fertility in the West Bank. There must be other forces that have an impact on fertility but which are not measurable such as nationalism or secularization, for example.

No description available.

Univ., Diss--Göteborg, 2008. / Enth. 4 Beitr. Zsfassung in engl. Sprache.

O presente trabalho descreve um programa de computador em linguagem Java que reproduz o modelo compartimental reduzido de célula mitral do bulbo olfativo construído por Davison, Feng e Brown (Brain Res. Bull. 51:393-399,2000), como uma simplificação do modelo detalhado de Bhalla e Bower (J. Neurophysiol., 69:1948-1965, 1993). O modelo reduzido considera a célula mitral como composta por quatro compartimentos, modelados conforme a metodologia de HODGKIN e HUXLEY. Por seu baixo custo computacional, o modelo reduzido permite a construção de modelos de rede de grande porte para o bulbo olfativo. A implementação computacional feita em Java apresenta grande similaridade com a original, indicando uma robustez do modelo com relação a versões em plataformas distintas. / This work describes a computer program written in Java, which reproduces the reduced compartimental model of the mitral cell of the olfactory bulb constructed by Davison, Feng and Brown (Brain Res. Bull. 51:393-399,2000), as a simplified version of the detailed model of Bhalla and Bower (J. Neurophysiol., 69:1948-1965, 1993). The reduced model considers the mitral cell as composed of four compartiments modeled according to the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism. Due to its low computational cost, the reduced model allows the construction of large-scale network models of the olfactory bulb. The computer implementation made in Java shows great similarity with the original, indicating that the model is robust with respect to implementations in different platforms.

This thesis reveals methods for estimating individual perception at the regional level, such as environmental awareness or wage effects due to labour market tightness. Environmental awareness belongs to individual attitudes, which is driven by socialization, culture and education. Consequently, it is difficult to compare environmental awareness between regions. Labour market tightness might be reflected in individual wages, but the latter is also triggered by a lot of exogenous variables. Given that a simple linear regression model fails in both cases, existing alternative approaches from the econometrics like Multiple Indicator Multiple Cause model and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operators are used. First, a Multiple-Indicator Multiple-Causes model is introduced, which allows us to estimate a not-directly observable individual attitude, environmental awareness, for different regions and to rank them. The method is cost-effective and less time-consuming, it also allows for comparisons between regions. The study area serves 81 regions in Russia. The model is constructed in such a way that Internet queries from the search engine Yandex are assumed to be indicators, which are affected by the regional environmental awareness index. In addition, regional characteristics, such as Gross Regional Product per capita, the proportion of employees in specific industry sectors, and also the environmental situation within the regions are potential cause variables. The regional environmental awareness index is estimated for each of the Russian regions from January 2014 until April 2016. Furthermore, the findings shows a rather non-linear positive relationship between the regional environmental awareness and regional wealth, as well as a strong negative correlation with the temperature. The colder the region and the observed month, the higher the interest of the population in environmental topics. Furthermore, the regions can be grouped into four environmental awareness clusters by using k-means clustering algorithm. It seems that the environmental awareness index shrinks from the Eastern to the Western part of Russia. The highest values can be estimated in Chukotka, Kamchatka, and Magadan. The lowest values are found in the rather poor and warm Caucasus area. Second, another issue concerns the estimation of an effect of an observable regional variable, such as labour supply shortage, on individual wages. This thesis investigates the ten year wage development of employees who first enter the labour market from 1995 until 2004 and looks for positive wage effects of labour market tightness in different occupational groups. Due to incomplete vacancy data, labour market tightness is measured as the number of unemployed people divided by the number of employees within an occupational field and region. Mean and quantile regression methods are applied. Because the number of right-hand side variables could lead to incorrect detected statistical significant coefficients, different Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operators are used for reducing the variables set. The findings suggests that regional labour market tightness in occupational fields affects individual wages. Employees who start their carrier in a tighter labour market enjoy higher wage growth compared to workers from more relaxed labour markets. The wages in technical professions, such as several engineer groups, IT-occupations, technicians, and also in some commercial occupations are especially affected by a shortage of labour supply. Health care occupations, such as nurse, reveals a complete reverse relationship. A shortage of workforce seems to be correlated with smaller wages.