Cette thèse porte sur la synthèse de nouveaux complexes binucléaires à ponts cyanures de type {Fe(μ-CN)Co}, qui reproduisent au sein d'une seule molécule les propriétés originales du réseau de coordination d'analogue de bleu de Prusse AxCo[Fe(CN)6]y•nH2O (A=ions alcalins), i.e. un transfert d'électron intramoléculaire thermo- et photo-induit à l'état solide. Au sein de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'étude des propriétés physiques des paires moléculaires Fe/Co, avec l’objectif de comprendre les mécanismes du phénomène de transfert d'électrons. Le chapitre I contient les exemples les plus représentatifs des réseaux de coordination d'analogues de bleu de Prusse et de leurs analogues moléculaires Fe/Co, en se concentrant sur les techniques utilisées pour comprendre leurs propriétés photomagnétiques et les stratégies synthétiques employées pour contrôller leur dimensionnalité et obtenir ces analogues moléculaires. Les bases théoriques du transfert d'électron ainsi que la motivation de ce travail sont décrites à la fin du chapitre. Après une introduction sur l’utilisation des briques moléculaires employées au cours de ce travail à travers l’étude de leurs potentiels redox, le chapitre II est consacré à la synthèse et la caractérisation de nouveaux composés dinucléaires à ponts cyanures Fe/Co. Des études structurales, spectroscopiques, magnétiques, photomagnétiques, diélectriques et d’absorption des rayons-X révèlent qu'un transfert d’électron métal-métal peut être déclenché à l'état solide en faisant varier la température et par application de la lumière. Dans le chapitre III est présenté l'influence de l'environnement des complexes binucléaires Fe/Co, à savoir les contre-ions, sur le transfert d’électron thermo- et / ou photo-induit à l'état solide. Enfin le chapitre IV porte sur la possibilité de transférer le phénomène de transfert d'électron des paires Fe/Co étudiées de l'état solide à la solution / This thesis is dedicated to the synthesis of new dinuclear cyanido-bridged Co/Fe complexes, which mimics on a single molecule the original properties of the coordination network of Prussian Blue Analogues AxCo[Fe(CN)6]y•nH2O (A= alkaline ions), i.e. intramolecular thermal and photo-induced electron transfer in the solid state. We focus on the study of the physical properties of the simplest Fe/Co PBA, a dinuclear complex, with the hope to understand the fundamental concepts of this fascinating phenomenon. Chapter I contains the most representative examples of Fe/Co PBAs, focusing on the synthetic strategies employed in order to obtain Fe/Co PBAs of different dimensionalities and the techniques used to understand their photomagnetic properties. The theoretical background of the electron transfer phenomenon and the motivation of our work are described in the end of the chapter. After introducing the choice of the building blocks used in this work through the study of their redox potential properties, chapter II is devoted to the synthesis and the characterization of a novel dinuclear Fe/Co cyanido-bridged complex, which exhibits metal-to-metal electron transfer properties in solid state triggered by temperature and light. The ET phenomenon has been also studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and dielectric measurements. In Chapter III is illustrated the influence of the environment content of the dinuclear Fe/Co complexes, such as the counter ions, on the occurrence of the thermally and/or photo-induced electron transfer in solid state, thus highlighting the versatility of these molecular materials. Finally in chapter IV, the possibility of transferring the electron transfer phenomenon of the studied Fe/Co pairs from solid state to solution is investigated.

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Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-04T19:26:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lucasfagundesesteves.pdf: 10750065 bytes, checksum: 8871e6f0092a5a329a1cc8099f9a0382 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T13:33:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lucasfagundesesteves.pdf: 10750065 bytes, checksum: 8871e6f0092a5a329a1cc8099f9a0382 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T13:33:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lucasfagundesesteves.pdf: 10750065 bytes, checksum: 8871e6f0092a5a329a1cc8099f9a0382 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta tese propõe uma investigação teórica do mecanismo de quebra hidrolítica de um modelo para diésteres de fosfato, o íon BDNPP [bis(2,4-dinitrofenil)fosfato], catalisada por um complexo dinuclear de cobre(II) (R1). Esse complexo metálico foi originalmente planejado para mimetizar a estrutura e as propriedades catalíticas do sítio ativo das catecóis oxidases (COs), revelando um caso interessante de promiscuidade catalítica em sistemas biomiméticos. As possibilidades de mecanismo foram cuidadosamente avaliadas através de cálculos de Teoria do Funcional da Densidade (DFT) em fase gás e em fase aquosa com cálculos no ponto dentro do modelo contínuo polarizável (PCM). Dois mecanismos principais foram encontrados. O Mecanismo 1 (Concertado) corresponde a uma reação do tipo SN2 que envolve o ataque da ponte µOH, situada entre os íons Cu(II), ao centro fosfórico da molécula de BDNPP, enquanto que o Mecanismo 2 (Associativo) ocorre através de sucessivas transferências de próton entre o átomo de oxigênio desta mesma ponte com o átomo de oxigênio terminal do grupo fosfato, passando pela formação de um intermediário pentacoordenado estável. O Mecanismo 1 envolve dois possíveis caminhos reacionais para a liberação do íon DNPP [(2,4-dinitrofenil)fosfato] gerado após a quebra hidrolítica. O primeiro caminho reacional (p1) envolve uma transferência de próton – que ocorre entre o átomo de oxigênio que compunha a ponte µ-OH e o átomo de oxigênio terminal do grupo fosfato – imediatamente após a quebra hidrolítica, seguido pela entrada de duas moléculas de água, sendo a etapa de transferência de próton determinante da velocidade. O segundo caminho reacional (p2) envolve a entrada de duas moléculas de água imediatamente após a quebra hidrolítica sem que haja a reação de transferência de próton, sendo a etapa de quebra hidrolítica a etapa determinante da velocidade. Dentre as propostas de mecanismo estudadas o caminho reacional p2 dentro do Mecanismo 1 corresponde ao mais provável, uma vez que possui a menor barreira de reação (ΔG‡ = 23,7 kcal mol-1, em solução aquosa). A constante de velocidade observada experimentalmente, Kobs, vale 1,7 × 10-5 s-1, indicando que o valor calculado teoricamente (K1 = 2.6 × 10-5 s-1) está em excelente acordo com o valor experimental. O efeito isotópico cinético (KIE) foi avaliado para o caminho reacional p2 dentro do Mecanismo 1 com o intuito de entender as alterações estruturais envolvidas na formação do TS1-i (Estado de transição para o Mecanismo 1), caracterizando perfeitamente o mecanismo descrito. O efeito explícito da inclusão de moléculas do solvente foi avaliado de maneira preliminar para apenas uma estrutura do ciclo catalítico para a quebra hidrolítica de ésteres de fosfato, através da utilização do método de Monte Carlo. Os resultados permitem uma análise detalhada da organização das moléculas de solvente ao redor do complexo, podendo servir de ponto de partida para uma análise mais elaborada dos mecanismos reacionais utilizando modelos explícitos para o solvente. O mecanismo de oxidação de catecóis – representado pelo substrato modelo, o 3,5-di-tercbutilcatecol (DTBC) – no sítio ativo do complexo R1 foi avaliado através de cálculos quanto-mecânicos. Embora não tenham sido obtidos resultados conclusivos acerca da cinética da reação, os aspectos estruturais das principais espécies envolvidas no ciclo catalítico foram analisados. / In this thesis the theoretical investigation of the hydrolytic cleavage mechanism of a phosphate diester, BDNPP [bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)phosphate] in the active site of the dinuclear copper complex, labelled as R1, has been proposed. The metal complex was originally designed to mimic the active site structure as well the catalytic properties of catechol oxidase, revealing an interesting case of catalytic promiscuity in biomimetic systems. The mechanistic possibilities have been carefully evaluated through Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations in gas phase and in aqueous solution using continuum solvation models with single point calculations within the Polarizable continuum model (PCM). Two reaction mechanisms have been proposed. The Mechanism 1 (Concerted) is a SN2 type mechanism which involves the direct attack of the µ-OH bridge between the two copper(II) ions towards the phosphorus center whereas, the Mechanism 2 (Associative) occurs through two successive proton transferences between the oxygen atom of the bridging hydroxo ligand and another oxygen atom of the phosphate model forming a stable pentacoordinate intermediate. There are two reactions paths for Mechanism 1 to release the DNPP (2,4-dinitrophenylphosphate) ion generated after the hydrolytic cleavage. The first reaction path (p1) involves a proton transfer immediately after the hydrolytic cleavage, being the proton transfer the rate-determining step, followed by the entry of two water molecules. The second reaction path (p2) comprises the entry of two water molecules just after the hydrolytic cleavage without any proton transfer, being the hydrolytic cleavage the rate limiting step. The most probable catalytic path occurs via Mechanism 1, following the second reaction path (p2) once it involves the lowest free energies activation barrier (ΔG‡ = 23.7 kcal mol-1, in aqueous solution). The experimental rate constant, Kobs is 1.7 × 10-5 s-1, indicating that the calculated value, (K1 = 2.6 × 10-5 s-1) is in a very good accordance with the experimental value. Kinetic Isotope Effect (KIE) analysis for the second reaction path (p2) within the Mechanism 1 has also been considered in order to understand the changes taking place in TS1-i (transition state of Mechanism 1) and perfectly characterize the mechanism here described. The solvent effect using explicit water molecules were evaluated in a preliminary fashion for one structure within the catalytic cycle of hydrolytic cleavage of phosphate ester, using the Monte Carlo method. The obtained results allows a detailed analysis of the water molecules organization around the complex, serving as a starting point for an more elaborated study of the reaction mechanisms by using explicit solvent models. The oxidation of catechols – represented herein by the model substrate, 3,5-di-tercbuthylcatechol (DTBC) – in the active site of the R1 complex were evaluated by using quantum-mechanical calculations. The results are not conclusive for the kinetic, but the structural aspects for the main species in the catalytic cycle were studied.

Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous avons réalisé une étude préliminaire qui avait pour objectif d’étendre la série de complexes dinucléaires du fer [Fe2(CO)4(k2-P2N2)(μ-dithiolate)], comprenant des ligands diphosphine de type P2N2, à des complexes possédant un pont azadithiolate en vue d’étudier leur comportement en milieu acide et le rôle des différentes bases présentes dans la seconde sphère de coordination de ces composés. Les nouveaux complexes [Fe2(CO)6(k2-PPh2NR2)(μ-adtBn)] (R = Ph, Bn)) ont été obtenus par réaction entre le précurseur [Fe2(CO)6(μ-adtBn)] et les diphosphines cycliques PPh2NR2 (avec R = Ph, Bn). Ces complexes ont été caractérisés spectroscopiquement et structuralement. Nous avons aussi montré que les modes de coordination de l’anion (tcnsR)-, dans l’ensemble des complexes sont très différents et affectent, par conséquent, les réseaux cristallins d’une manière très importante. Ceci permet de dire que la longueur de la chaine alkyl de l’anion (tcnsR)- ne devrait pas être le seul paramètre structural affectant les températures de transition. Le type de groupement CN (N3, N4, N5 ou N6) intervenant dans la coordination devrait alors jouer un rôle important dans l’empilement des entités moléculaires dans le réseau cristallin et par conséquent, les interactions intermoléculaires qui sont à l’origine des caractéristiques de la transition de spin (température de transition, coopérativité,…), devraient être affectées par le mode de coordination de l’anion. Dans la seconde partie, nous avons réalisé la synthèse de notre dipolarophile à partir de la sérine et la préparation des dipôles (oxydes de nitriles). La condensation de ces derniers avec la dehydroalanine nous a permis l’obtention de nouveaux α-aminoesters isoxazoliniques. Ces nouveaux α-aminoesters isoxazoliniques ont été obtenus d’une façon très accessible, et dans des conditions douces par la réaction de cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire. Les résultats obtenus confirment l’utilité de cette réaction comme étant une voie très efficace pour former des nouveaux isoxazolines avec des bons rendements. / In the first part of this work, we realised a preliminary study to extend the series of dinuclear iron complexes [ Fe2(CO)4 (k2-P2N2) (μ-dithiolate)], including diphosphine ligands type P2N2, to complexes having an azadithiolate bridge, in order to study their behavior in acid medium and the role of different bases present in the second coordination sphere of these compounds. The new complexes [Fe2 (CO) 6 (k2-PPh2NR2) (μ -adtBn)] (R = Ph, Bn)) were obtained by reaction between the precursor [Fe2(CO)6(μ -adtBn)] and the cyclic diphosphines PPh 2NR2 (with R = Ph, Bn). These complexes have been spectroscopically and structurally characterized. We have also showed that the anion coordination modes (tcnsR)– in all these complexes are very different and affect, consequently, crystal lattices in a very important way. This suggests that the length of the alkyl chain of the anion (tcnsR)- should not be the only structural parameter affecting transition temperatures. The type of CN grouping (N3, N4, N5 or N6) involved in the coordination should then play an important role in the stacking of molecular entities in the crystal lattice as a result the intermolecular interaction, which are the origin of the spin transition characteristics (transition temperature, cooperativeness, ...), should be affected by the coordination mode of the anion.In the second part, we have realized the synthesis of our dipolarophile from serine and the preparation of dipoles (nitrile oxides). Their condensations with dehydroalanine allowed us to newly obtain isoxazolinic α-aminoesters. These novel isoxazolinic α-aminoesters were obtained in an accessible method, and under mild conditions by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. The obtained results prove the usefulness of this reaction as being a very efficient way to form new isoxazolines with good yields.

No description available.

This work deals with studying a molecular mechanism of anticancer effect of a new platinum - based drug. The qualities of still unknow dinuclear platinum komplex (BBR3571-DACH) were parallelly studied together with clinically time-tested and used mononuclear platinum complex DACH. Earlier essays demostrated, that DNA is the critical target for the cytostatic activity of platinum compounds. Altered properties of DNA and binding characteristics of these two platinum compounds were monitored by several different bioanalytical methods (differential pulse polarography, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectrophotometry, CD spectroscopy and electrophoresis) after modification of DNA by both of platinum complexes. For the compounds BBR3571-DACH and DACH it was determined that the DNA binding is rapid and bifunctional. The stabilizing effect on DNA was significant particularly after modification of DNA by dinuclear komplex, while denaturating effect wasn´t proved at all. The results also indicate that dinuclear platinum complex BBR3571-DACH probably does not participate on formation of long-range cross-links like other early studied polynuclear platinum complexes.

No description available.

Dans la première partie de ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressé à l’étude de l’anisotropie magnétique au sein de complexes mononucléaires de Ni(II) et de Co(II) pentacoordinés de géométrie allant de la pyramide à base carrée jusqu’à la bipyramide trigonale. Pour les complexes mononucléaires, nous avons montré que pour une géométrie donnée, la nature de l’ion métallique a une influence importante sur l’anisotropie magnétique.Nous avons étudié l’effet de la géométrie pour un même ion métallique. Dans le cas d’une géométrie bipyramidale trigonale (symétrie C3v), nous avons montré que le complexe de Co(II) possède un axe facile de l’aimantation et donc un blocage de l’aimantation qui conduisent à l’ouverture d’un cycle d’hystérèse à basse température. Ce type de complexe peut donc être utilisé pour le stockage de l’information. Dans la deuxième partie du travail, nous avons étudié les propriétés magnétiques de complexes binucléaires. Un complexe binucléaire de Co(II) pontés par deux Cl- présente un faible couplage ferromagnétique et un blocage de l’aimantation.Enfin, l’autre aspect de ce travail est de réaliser une molécule binucléaire où deux ions anisotropes, chacun possédant un axe facile de l’aimantation, soient faiblement couplés de manière antiferromagnétique. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié des composés avec des ligands de type cryptant où la géométrie autour des Co(II) est bipyramide trigonale. Nous avons trouvé qu’avec un ligand pontant de type Cl- ou Br-, l’interaction d’échange est beaucoup plus importante que l’anisotropie locale des ions Co(II) conduisant à un comportement magnétique où les ions perdent leur caractère local. Ce travail ouvre la perspective de synthétiser le même type de complexes mais avec des ponts de plus grande taille pour diminuer l’intensité du couplage antiferromagnétique. / In the first part of this thesis, we studied the magnetic anisotropy of pentacoordinated mononuclear Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes possessing geometries from square pyramid to trigonal bipyramid. We have shown that, for a given geometry, the metal ion nature has an important influence on the magnetic anisotropy.Then, we studied for a given metal ion the effect of geometry on its magnetic anisotropy. In the case of a trigonal bipyramidal geometry (C3v symmetry), we showed that Co(II) has an Ising type anisotropy (easy axis of magnetization) and thus a blocking of magnetization that leads to an opening of a hysteresis cycle at low temperature. This type of complexes can be used for storing data albeit at low temperature.In the second part of the work, we studied the magnetic properties of binuclear complexes. A binuclear Co(II) complex bridged by two Cl- has a weak ferromagnetic coupling and a blocking of its magnetization.Finally, another aspect of this work was to design binuclear complexes, where two anisotropic ions having each one an easy axis of magnetization, are weakly antiferromagnetically coupled. To do this, we have studied compounds with cryptand ligands where the geometry around the Co (II) is trigonal bipyramid. We found that with a Cl- or Br- bridging ligand, the exchange interaction is much more important than the local anisotropy of Co(II) ions leading to a magnetic behavior where the ions lose their local character. This work opens up prospects for synthesizing the same type of complex but with larger bridges to decrease the intensity of the antiferromagnetic coupling.

[Formulae and special characters can only be approximated here. Please see the pdf version of the Abstract for an accurate reproduction.] Several inert platinum complexes were synthesised: [(en)Pt([special character]-dpzm)2Pt(en)]4+, [{Pt(dien)}2[special character]-dpzm]4+, [{Pt(dien)}2[special character]-H2N-(CH2)6-NH2]4+, cis-[(NH3)2Pt([special character]--dpzm)2Pt(NH3)2]4+, trans-[Pt(NH3)2([special character]-dpzm)2]2+. Three active complexes, all with chloro ligands, were also synthesised: trans-[{Pt(NH3)Cl2}2[special character]-dpzm)], trans-[{Pt(NH3)2Cl}2[special character]-dpzm]2+ (di-Pt) and trans-[trans-{Pt(NH3)2Cl}2{trans-[Pt(NH3)2([special character]-dpzm)2]}]4+ (tri-Pt). 1H NMR established that multi-nuclear platinum complexes will preferentially associate in the DNA minor groove with a preference for A/T sequences, and with a binding constant [special character]-105 M-1, regardless of the charge, linking ligand, length or shape. Using [(en)Pt([special character]-dpzm)2Pt(en)]4+ and the oligonucleotide d(GC)5 it was determined that the metal complex binds G/C rich sequences also in the minor groove, but with a much reduced binding constant, 103 M-1. CD studies showed [(en)Pt([special character]-dpzm)2Pt(en)]4+ was able to induce a DNA conformation change from B-type to what appeared to be a partial Z-type. Transcription assays showed that even though the metal complex does not bind DNA covalently, it is still able to inhibit DNA transcription at particular sites. The complexes di-Pt, tri-Pt, [{Pt(dien)}2[special character]-dpzm]4+ and trans-[Pt(NH3)2([special character]-dpzm)2]2+ were tested for anti-cancer activity in the L1210 murine leukaemia cell line, and gave values of 3.8, 2.5, [special character]200 and 64 [special character]M respectively. In the cisplatin resistant line (L1210/DDP), trans-[Pt(NH3)2([special character]-dpzm)2]2+ showed an increase in activity with a drop to 32 [special character]M, while both di-Pt and tri-Pt showed decreases in activity to values of 8.8 and 3.6 [special character]M. In the human ovarian carcinoma 2008 cell line and its cisplatin resistant derivative C13[special character]5, both complexes showed good activity with values of 2.5 and 20.9 [special character]M respectively, but again both showed decreases in activity in the resistant line with values of 17.8 and 37.7 [special character]M respectively. To help explain the difference between activity of these complexes and the complexes BBR3464 and BBR3005, cell uptake and DNA interstrand cross-linking experiments were performed. The cell uptake studies showed that both di-Pt and tri-Pt are taken up by cells at very high levels, when administered at 100 [special character]M, thus indicating that the difference is unlikely to be due to large differences in cell uptake. The DNA interstrand cross-linking studies showed both complexes readily form interstrand adducts (50% interstrand cross-linking at 12 nM and 22 nM respectively, c.f cisplatin 3 [special character]M). These results suggest that the rigid nature of the dpzm linker may be affecting the DNA adducts formed, with more interstrand links being formed than BBR3464. Possibly, it is this that causes the large differences in cytotoxicity. The DNA binding of di-Pt and tri-Pt was examined with the nucleosides adenosine and guanosine and the dinucleotide d(GpG). Both complexes bound at the N7 of guanosine, but 2-fold slower than cisplatin. In addition, di-Pt bound at the N7 and either the N1 or N3 of adenosine, 7-fold slower than guanosine. Di-Pt forms a large variety of cross-links between two d(GpG) molecules, however it could not be established whether the 1,2-intrastrand adduct could be formed. Di-Pt, however, forms a 1,2-GG interstrand adduct with the oligonucleotide d(ATGCAT)2 resulting in a conformation change away from B-type DNA. The sugar pucker of the G3 nucleoside changes from 2[special character]-endo towards 3[special character]-endo, and the position of the nucleotide relative to the sugar changes from anti to syn. The ability of multi-nuclear platinum complexes to form covalent adducts in the DNA minor groove remains unclear. It appears that di-Pt can form up to 33% minor groove adducts with the oligonucleotide d(AT)5, but when added to the oligonucleotide d(GCCAAATTTCCG)2 no definite minor groove adducts are seen and the major adduct appears to be a 1,2-interstrand cross-link between the two A6's or between the G1 and G11. Finally, a study of the encapsulation of platinum complexes within cucurbit[7]uril (Q7) as a means of reducing drug toxicity was made. For complex A and di-Pt, encapsulation of the linker ligand occurred. The effect of Q7 on the rate of hydrolysis of di-Pt was at least a 3-fold reduction as compared to free di-Pt with guanosine. Studies with [{Pt(dien)}2[special character]-dpzm]4+/Q7 and the oligonucleotide d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 showed that the metal complex could dissociate from the Q7 and associate with the oligonucleotide, where an equilibrium is achieved with 15 % of the metal complex bound to the oligonucleotide and 75 % encapsulated in Q7. Tests in the L1210 and L1210/DDP cancer cell lines showed that di-Pt/Q7 has almost the same activity compared to free di-Pt.

No description available.