The objective of my MSc thesis is to study the self-assembly process of macrocyclic complexes, as well as the properties that affect the obtained supramolecular architectures. The possibility of substrate recognition within the cavity of these complexes is also of interest. Preparation of three new ligands based on the triazole-pyridine chelating units connected through variable spacer groups, as well as the complexes formed with octahedral metal ions, are described herein. The first ligand contained a naphthalene spacer region, which was longer than the previously examined xylene spacer. This extension increases the distance between metal ions in the complex, as well as the size of the cavity. More work is required to obtain the unsaturated double-stranded complex, which could potentially bind substrate molecules within its cavity. The triple-stranded saturated complexes with [Fe(H2O)6](BF4)2 and [Ni(H2O)6](BF4)2 both gave insight into the process of self-assembly. The next two ligands were designed to probe the effect that increasing the length of an aliphatic spacer had on complex self-assembly. Both ethyl and propyl spacer units had been previously studied, so butyl and pentyl spacer groups were the natural next step to analyze. The length of the alkyl spacer was found to be very important in the nature of the obtained complex. As the length of the alkyl chain, and the corresponding flexibility increased, so too did the complexity of the resulting supramolecular architectures. / Thesis (Master, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-03 12:21:39.581

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22702号 / 工博第4749号 / 新制||工||1742(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科物質エネルギー化学専攻 / (主査)教授 大江 浩一, 教授 近藤 輝幸, 教授 中尾 佳亮 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

El trabajo de tesis doctoral ha consistido en el desarrollo de nuevos complejos dinucleares de rutenio, manganeso y cobalto contenientes ligandos descritos tetradetandos de tipo N2O2y un nuevo ligando decadentado de tipo N10. Estos complejos han sido sintetizados y caracterizados a través de técnicas estructurales, espectroscópicas y electroquímicas. Las actividades catalíticas han sido investigadas en las oxidaciones químicas, electroquimica y fotoquímicas de agua y de substratos orgánicos y en la reducción electroquímica de protones. Por último se ha diseñado y desarrollado el montaje de una celda simultánea oxidación de substratos orgánicos y la generación de H2. / The experimental work of this thesis consisted of the development of new ruthenium, manganese and cobalt dinuclear complexes containing described tetradentate ligands of N2O2type and a new decadentate ligand of N10 type. These complexes have been synthesized and characterized by the usual structural, spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. The catalytic activities have been investigated in the chemical, electrochemical and photochemical oxidation of water and organic substrates and in the electrochemical proton reduction. Lastly an assembly of a cell for simultaneous oxidation of organic substrates and generation of H2 has been designed and developed.

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Orientador: Fernando Aparecido Sigoli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T22:25:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Petiote_Lanousse_M.pdf: 4326996 bytes, checksum: a438622b7ca8e3a70bbbec5abf7dc735 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Esse trabalho reporta o estudo das propriedades fotoluminescentes de uma série de complexos dinucleares de lantanídeos trivalentes contendo os ligantes 2 tenoiltrifluoro-acetilacetonato (tta), óxido de [2 (difenilfosforil)etil]difenilfosfina (dppeo), e óxido de trifenilfosfina (tppo). Os complexos de formula geral [{Ln(tta)3(tppo)}2(µ-dppeo)] foram obtidos a partir do controle da estequiometria e da ordem de adição dos reagentes em reações envolvendo os ligantes fosfinóxidos e os complexos precursores [Ln(tta)3(H2O)2]. A caracterização foi realizada por análise elementar, espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho, espectroscopia eletrônica na região do visível, ressonância magnética nuclear de 1H e de 31P e análise termogravimétrica. Para os complexos de európio(III), são apresentados cálculos semi-empíricos realizados baseando-se nas geometrias de coordenação do estado fundamental desses complexos usando o modelo SPARKLE/AM1. Os espectros de fotoluminescência exibem as bandas de emissão características dos íons lantanídeos utilizados confirmando a atuação do efeito antena nos mesmos. Os espectros de emissão dos complexos do íon Eu(III) apresentam elevados valores da razão assimétrica I(5D0?7F2)/ I(5D0?7F1) e de ?2 evidenciando a presença dos íons Eu(III) em ambientes químicos de baixa simetria e a atuação do acoplamento dinâmico. Os complexos de európio(III) mostram um aumento do tempo de vida de emissão e do rendimento quântico com a substituição das moléculas de água devido a diminuição das taxas de decaimentos não radiativos do nível emissor 5D0. A energia do nível tripleto do complexo [{Eu(tta)3(tppo)}2(?-dppeo)] determinada experimentalmente e calculada apresentam boa concordância. Os cálculos das taxas de transferência e retro-transferência de energia mostram que, no caso da transferência de energia dos ligantes para o íon Eu(III), as rotas mais eficientes são T?5D1 e T?5D0. As coordenadas de cromaticidade da Commission Internacionale d¿Éclairage (CIE) indicam que a luz vermelha emitida pelos complexos contendo íons Eu(III) apresenta alta pureza. Os complexos com emissões na região do infravermelho próximo apresentam tempos de vida de emissão 10 vezes menor do que os complexos de európio devido baixa eficiência do efeito antena e a desativação não radiativa dos níveis emissores dos íons Er(III) e Yb(III). Palavras-chave: Lantanídeos. Complexos dinucleares. Luminescência. Efeito Antena / Abstract: This work reports on photoluminescent properties of a series of lanthanide dinuclear complexes containing 2- thenoyltrifluoroacetylacetonate, [2 (diphenylphosphoryl)ethyl](diphenyl)phosphine oxide and triphenyl oxide as ligands. The complexes have the general formula [{Ln(tta)3(tppo)}2(µ-dppeo)] and were obtained by controlling the stereochemistry and reagents addition in reactions involving the phosphine oxide ligands and precursor complexes [Ln(tta)3(H2O)2] The characterization was carried out using elemental analysis, IR vibrational spectroscopy, UV-Vis electronic spectroscopy, 1H and 31P NMR and thermogravimetric analysis techniques. Semi-empirical calculations have been carried out using the fundamental geometries of europium(III) complexes optimized by the SPARKLE/AM1 model. The photoluminescence spectra under excitation in the ligand show the narrow bands characteristics of lanthanide ions used, confirming that the antenna effect is operating in all complexes. The emission spectra of Eu(III) complexes show high values of either asymmetric ratio I(5D0?7F2)/ I(5D0?7F1) and the intensity parameter ?2 indicating low-symmetry chemical environments occupied by Eu(III) ions and contribution of the dynamic coupling mechanism. The Eu(III) complexes show an increasing of the luminescence lifetime and the quantum yield as the water molecules have been substituted. This was attributed to a reduction of the non-radiative decay of the 5D0 level in complexes without water molecules in the coordination sphere of lanthanide trivalent ion. The experimental value of the triplet energy level for the complex [{Eu(tta)3(tppo)}2(?-dppeo)] is consistent with the calculated one. Calculations of the energy transfer rates in the europium complexes show that the most efficient routes are T?5D1 e T?5D0. The chromaticity coordinates indicate high purity for the red light emitted by the europium complexes. The complexes with emission in the near infrared region show emission life 10 times lower than the europium complex. This was attributed to different factors such as low relative efficiency of the antenna effect and the efficient non-radiative deactivation of emitting levels in Er (III) and Yb (III) mainly by C-H oscillators in the ligands. Keywords: Lanthanides, Dinuclear complexes, Luminescence, Antenna effect / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química

Este trabalho está focado no desenvolvimento de complexos de rutênio binucleares baseados no ligante ponte 2,6-bis(2-piridil)benzodiimidazol (dpimH2) com potencial aplicação como catalisadores para oxidação da água. O acoplamento eletrônico entre os centros metálicos bem como as propriedades eletrônicas e catalíticas podem ser controlados via reações ácido-base no ligante bis-bidentado. Dessa forma, neste trabalho descrevemos o preparo e a caracterização do respectivo composto mononuclear, bem como do complexo binuclear simétrico [{RuCl(phtpy)}2(dpimH2)](Otf) 2 (onde phtpy=4-fenil-2,2\':6\',\'\'-terpiridina), e do análogo assimétrico [{Ru(bpy)2}(dpimH2){Ru(phtpy)Cl}](ClO4)3 (onde bpy=2,2\'-bypiridina), que possui um centro catalítico e um grupo cromóforo na mesma molécula como esperado em um fotocatalisador, em que os dois centros catalíticos estão covalentemente conectados através do ligante ponte funcional. As caracterizações estrutural e eletrônica de ambos os complexos por 1H RMN, ESI-MS e espectroscopia de absorção UV-Vis indicaram a presença de isômeros geométricos com perfis eletrônicos similares. Por outro lado, a análise eletroquímica por voltametria cíclica demonstrou menores potenciais Ru(III/II) quando comparados a complexos polipiridínicos análogos. Este potencial redox pode ainda ser catodicamente deslocado através da remoção de prótons dos grupos imidazóis do ligante ponte, possibilitando, dessa forma, a modulação das propriedades eletrônicas e catalíticas destes complexos de rutênio através de reações de protonação/desprotonação dos grupos -NH. Além disso, neste trabalho é investigada a inesperada formação do complexo [Ru(phtpy)2] nas reações do complexo [RuCl3(phtpy)] puro com ligantes bidentados, utilizando-se espectroscopia UV-Vis e de 1H RMN. / This work is focused on the development of dinuclear ruthenium complexes with potential application as catalysts for oxidation of water, that are characterized by a benzobisimidazole 2,6-bis(2-pyridyl)benzodiimidazole (dpimH2) bridging ligand, whose interaction between the metal centers as well as the electronic and catalytic properties can be tuned by acid-base reactions in that moiety. Thus, the preparation and characterization of the respective mononuclear species are described. The dinuclear complex [2(dpimH2)](Otf)2(phtpy=4-phenyl-2,2\':6\',2\'\'-terpiridine), in which two catalytic centers are covalently linked through that bridging ligand, and of the [(dpimH2)](ClO4)3 complex (where bpy=2,2\'-bypiridine) integrating a chromophore and a catalytic center in the same molecule as expected for a photocatalyst. The structural and electronic characterization of both complexes by NMR, ESI-MS and UV-vis spectroscopy indicated the presence of geometric isomers with similar electronic profiles. On the other hand, the electrochemical analysis by cyclic voltammetry displayed redox potential values for the Ru3+/Ru2+ couples lower than the respective polypyridyl complex counterparts. This redox potential can be even more shifted to less positive potentials by removal of protons from the imidazole groups in the bridging ligand, opening the possibility of tuning the electronic and catalytic properties of those ruthenium complexes based on protonation/deprotonation of the -NH groups. Furthermore, in this work is analyzed the unexpected formation of the bisterpyridine [Ru(phpy)2] complex in reactions starting with pure [RuCl3(phtpy)] complex with bidentated ligands, as through UV-Vis spectroscopy and RMN.

Este trabalho está focado no desenvolvimento de complexos de rutênio binucleares baseados no ligante ponte 2,6-bis(2-piridil)benzodiimidazol (dpimH2) com potencial aplicação como catalisadores para oxidação da água. O acoplamento eletrônico entre os centros metálicos bem como as propriedades eletrônicas e catalíticas podem ser controlados via reações ácido-base no ligante bis-bidentado. Dessa forma, neste trabalho descrevemos o preparo e a caracterização do respectivo composto mononuclear, bem como do complexo binuclear simétrico [{RuCl(phtpy)}2(dpimH2)](Otf) 2 (onde phtpy=4-fenil-2,2\':6\',\'\'-terpiridina), e do análogo assimétrico [{Ru(bpy)2}(dpimH2){Ru(phtpy)Cl}](ClO4)3 (onde bpy=2,2\'-bypiridina), que possui um centro catalítico e um grupo cromóforo na mesma molécula como esperado em um fotocatalisador, em que os dois centros catalíticos estão covalentemente conectados através do ligante ponte funcional. As caracterizações estrutural e eletrônica de ambos os complexos por 1H RMN, ESI-MS e espectroscopia de absorção UV-Vis indicaram a presença de isômeros geométricos com perfis eletrônicos similares. Por outro lado, a análise eletroquímica por voltametria cíclica demonstrou menores potenciais Ru(III/II) quando comparados a complexos polipiridínicos análogos. Este potencial redox pode ainda ser catodicamente deslocado através da remoção de prótons dos grupos imidazóis do ligante ponte, possibilitando, dessa forma, a modulação das propriedades eletrônicas e catalíticas destes complexos de rutênio através de reações de protonação/desprotonação dos grupos -NH. Além disso, neste trabalho é investigada a inesperada formação do complexo [Ru(phtpy)2] nas reações do complexo [RuCl3(phtpy)] puro com ligantes bidentados, utilizando-se espectroscopia UV-Vis e de 1H RMN. / This work is focused on the development of dinuclear ruthenium complexes with potential application as catalysts for oxidation of water, that are characterized by a benzobisimidazole 2,6-bis(2-pyridyl)benzodiimidazole (dpimH2) bridging ligand, whose interaction between the metal centers as well as the electronic and catalytic properties can be tuned by acid-base reactions in that moiety. Thus, the preparation and characterization of the respective mononuclear species are described. The dinuclear complex [2(dpimH2)](Otf)2(phtpy=4-phenyl-2,2\':6\',2\'\'-terpiridine), in which two catalytic centers are covalently linked through that bridging ligand, and of the [(dpimH2)](ClO4)3 complex (where bpy=2,2\'-bypiridine) integrating a chromophore and a catalytic center in the same molecule as expected for a photocatalyst. The structural and electronic characterization of both complexes by NMR, ESI-MS and UV-vis spectroscopy indicated the presence of geometric isomers with similar electronic profiles. On the other hand, the electrochemical analysis by cyclic voltammetry displayed redox potential values for the Ru3+/Ru2+ couples lower than the respective polypyridyl complex counterparts. This redox potential can be even more shifted to less positive potentials by removal of protons from the imidazole groups in the bridging ligand, opening the possibility of tuning the electronic and catalytic properties of those ruthenium complexes based on protonation/deprotonation of the -NH groups. Furthermore, in this work is analyzed the unexpected formation of the bisterpyridine [Ru(phpy)2] complex in reactions starting with pure [RuCl3(phtpy)] complex with bidentated ligands, as through UV-Vis spectroscopy and RMN.

Les processus d’oxydation et d’amination sont très importants dans le monde de l’industrie mais les procédés actuels sont polluants. Afin de réaliser ces transformations de manière catalytique et propre, les réactions bioinspirées par transfert d’atome d’oxygène (TAO) et d’azote (TAN) ont été étudiées. La formation de l’espèce active à haut degré d’oxydation étant bien connue dans le cas des TAO, l’enjeu se situe dans le design des ligands. Dans le cas des TAN, cette étape est moins bien étudiée, limitant le développement de nouveaux catalyseurs. Enfin, l’utilisation d’une source d’énergie lumineuse, et non plus chimique, est recherchée afin de diminuer les déchets produits lors de ces réactions.Deux stratégies ont été mises en œuvre au cours de ce projet. Pour l’étude des réactions par TAO, deux nouveaux jeux de ligands, similaires aux porphyrines et aux BODIPY, ont été synthétisés. L’obtention et la caractérisation des complexes de ruthénium ainsi que leur réactivité par oxydation chimique ou électrochimique ont été réalisées. Pour les réactions de TAN, le mécanisme du dimère connu Rh2(esp)2 de type PCET (transfert couplé de proton et d’électron), semblable à celui des réactions par TAO, a été étudié en identifiant les différents intermédiaires formés grâce à une étude spectro-électrochimique. Ces différentes étapes ont ensuite été réalisées par voie photochimique développant ainsi l’utilisation de l’énergie lumineuse pour réaliser des réactions de TAO et TAN de manière éco-compatible. / Processes of oxidation and amination hold an important place on an industrial level but the current available methods are polluting and non-sustainable. To perform these transformations in the contour of green catalysis, bio-inspired oxygen atom transfer (OAT) and nitrogen atom transfer (NAT) reactions were addressed. In the case of OAT, the mechanism for the formation of the active species, the highly oxidized metal-oxo, is rather well described, and the challenge relies in the design of ligands to stabilize such species. For NAT, this step is less studied which limits the development of new catalysts. An even more challenging task resides in the use of light energy to generate these active species in the perspective to replace the classic oxidants. During this thesis, two projects have been undertaken. Firstly, the synthesis of dipyrrin based ligands and the corresponding ruthenium complex was evaluated for their ability to perform OAT reactions using conventional oxidants or the electrochemical way. Regarding the NAT reactions, we have investigated on the electrochemical, chemical and photochemical activation of the known catalyst Rh2(esp)2. Our strategy consisted in the activation of the nitrogen atom donor substrate, the sulfonamidate, in the coordination sphere of the catalyst. We disclose the spectroscopic signatures for the stepwise activation of the catalyst-substrate form. This work has as objective to set us on the path to develop a sustainable way to perform these reactions.

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