This study investigates the role of transformational leadership in influencing students’ outcomes in public secondary schools using Kuwait as a case study. The standard of academic achievement in Kuwait’s public schools has been declining over the years, which calls for a different type of leadership to transform these schools. It is argued in this thesis that there is merit in bringing in private sector business models to the public education sector in order to transform the sector and improve the schools’ outcomes. Furthermore, not much research has been undertaken on the paths through which transformational leadership influences public school outcomes in developing countries such as Kuwait. Following a critical review of leadership literature, a theoretical model for leadership that is transformational was conceptualised and this formed the basis of hypotheses formation and data collection. The thesis is thus original in its attempt to understand the paths through which school heads’ transformational leadership influence student’s outcomes in public secondary schools in a developing country (Kuwait). The study adopted a positivist ontology and objective epistemology and obtained data from 495 school heads and staff from 86 public secondary schools in Kuwait via a structured questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation models (SEM) tested the direct and indirect effects of school heads’ transformational leadership in influencing students’ outcomes the student “achievement” and the student “engagement” via several mediating variables including “school culture”, “class room condition” and “academic emphasis”. The analysis identified idealized influence (attributes) and idealized influence (behaviour) as the underlying dimensions of transformational leadership that directly and indirectly influences both student engagement and student achievement as the final outcome. The findings also confirmed differences between males and females in their leadership styles and subsequent influence on students’ achievement, and student engagement with the latter appearing to be better school heads. Therefore, two structure equation models were built to investigate the characteristics of each gender leadership style on the outcome variables. The findings also revealed that males’ leadership style has significant effect on student achievement but not student on engagement, while female leader ship style has significant effect on both student achievement and student engagement stronger than the males’ effect counterpart. Generally however, transformational leadership style has significant effect on both student achievement and student engagement. The study objectives were met and the study contributes to understanding the role of transformational leadership and its influence on staff and students’ achievement, from a developing country in the GCC. Managerial recommendations and suggestions for policy makers are made. Study limitations are highlighted leading to suggestions for further study.

For the second study, a web-based survey was developed and distributed to all members of four major health education organizations. A total of 1,925 HEs’ completed the survey and 1,607 responses were utilized in the final analysis. This study indicated that participants had deficient knowledge and unfavorable attitudes toward the CDCproposed genomic competencies. In the third study, a theoretical model was developed to predict HEs’ likelihood to incorporate genomic competencies into their practice. Using techniques from Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the model was tested with the same data of the second study. Findings supported the proposed theoretical model. While genomic knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy were significantly associated with HEs’ likelihood to incorporate genomic competencies into their practice, attitudes was the strongest predictor of likelihood. In summary, these studies indicated that participating HEs had deficient genomic knowledge, unfavorable attitudes toward a set of CDC-proposed genomic competencies, and low likelihood to adopt genomic competencies into health promotion. Relevant training should be developed and advocated. As the SEM analysis results indicated the survey findings supported the proposed theoretical model, which can be utilized to steer future training for HEs. statistics, 2) unadjusted inferential statistics, 3) stratified analysis, and 4) multivariable models. My investigation produced results in accord with generally accepted notions in addition to significant findings that interestingly counter current preconceptions. Intraspecies contact was more common than inter-species, with indirect contact occurring more frequently than direct. Direct contact between species occurred extremely rarely. The most important factors that influenced the rate of contact for both species were water, winter, and cultivated fields. Information regarding probability of infectious agent survival and transfer will be used in the future to advance current epidemiological models, including geographicautomata (Ward et al. 2007: In Press) and cellular automata models (Doran and Laffan 2005) to better understand and manage integrated domestic cattle and free-ranging wildlife populations. Such modeling provides essential and necessary knowledge for developing prevention, detection, response, and recovery strategies – employed in advance, during, and after a disease outbreak, respectively.

Objetivo: Este estudo se propõe a verificar a influencia do tipo de luz fotopolimerizadora na força de retenção de pinos intra-radiculares, tanto na técnica direta como na direta indireta. Métodos: 40 raízes de dentes bovinos com comprimento de 12 mm foram tratadas endodonticamente e divididas aleatoriamente em 4 grupos de acordo com a técnica de obtenção dos pinos e luz fotopolimerizadora (n=10): grupo 1 (técnica direta associada à lâmpada halogena); grupo 2 (técnica direta ao LED); grupo 3 (técnica direta-indireta associada à lampada halógena); e grupo 4 (técnica direta-indireta associada ao LED). A força de retenção foi determinada através do teste de tração usando Universal Testing Machine (Instron). Todos os dados foram analisados usando one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) com a significância de p<0.05 e complementadas com teste de Tukey. Após o teste, as interfaces adesivas onde ocorreram as falhas foram examinadas e classificadas. Resultado: Os grupos 3 (246,05N ± 29,51) e 4 (241,60N ± 28,95) não apresentaram força de retenção estatisticamente diferente mas foram maiores que os grupos 1 (142,30N ± 25,60) e 2 (178,56N ± 25,67). A maior parte das fraturas ocorreu na interface dentina/resina. Conclusão: Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluímos que o método direto-indireto proporcionou a melhor retenção dos pinos de fibra de vidro. / Objectives: The purpose of this study is to verify the influence of light curing type on retention force of direct technique and direct-indirect technique. Methods: Fourth bovine single root teeth with 12mm of length were used in this study. The roots were endodontically treated and randomly divided in four groups according to the light curing unit and technique used: group 1(direct technique, halogen lamp), group 2(direct technique, LED), group 3(direct-indirect technique, halogen lamp), group 4(direct-indirect technique, lamp). The retention force was determined sing a Universal Testing Machine (Instron). All data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test. After the test, the failure was examined and classified according to the fracture place: post/ resin; resin/dentin; mix. Results: Group 3 (246,05N ± 29,51) and 4(241,60N ± 28,95)4 (95,18N) did not show statistically difference but presented higher retention force than group 1 (142,30N ± 25,60) and 2 (178,56N ± 25,67). Most of fracture occurred in interface between dentin/resin. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that adhesive cementation technique influenced in the retention of glass fiber post.

Objetivo: Este estudo se propõe a verificar a influência do adesivo, material de preenchimento e hibridização da dentina na força de retenção de pinos intra-radiculares na técnica direta indireta e comparar o teste de tração de push out com o pull out. Métodos: 60 raízes de dentes bovinos com comprimento de 12 mm foram tratadas endodonticamente e divididas aleatoriamente em 6 grupos (n=10): grupo 1 (técnica direta-indireta, adesivo fotopolimerizável, cimento resinoso, teste de pull out); grupo 2 (idem ao grupo 1 porém o cimento resinoso foi substituído pela resina composta); grupo 3 (idem ao grupo anterior porém o adesivo fotopolimerizável foi substituído pelo químico); grupo 4 (idem ao anterior porém o teste utilizado foi o de push out); grupo 5 (idem ao grupo anterior porém o adesivo utilizado foi o auto condicionante); e grupo 6 (idem ao grupo anterior porém a dentina foi pré hibridizada). A força de retenção foi determinada através do teste de tração usando Universal Testing Machine (Instron). Todos os dados foram analisados usando one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) com a significância de p<0.05 e complementadas com teste de Tukey. Após o teste, as interfaces adesivas onde ocorreram as falhas foram examinadas e classificadas. Resultado: Houve diferença estatística na comparação de materiais (adesivo, material de preenchimento). A hibridização da dentina não apresentou melhoras na retenção dos pinos . A maior parte das fraturas ocorreu na interface dentina/resina. Conclusão: Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluímos que material de preenchimento, o tipo de adesivo, influenciaram na retenção de pinos de fibra; e a pré-hibridização da dentina não apresentou melhoras a retenção dos pinos. O teste de push out apresentou mais detalhes para verificar o valor da adesão de cada terço da raiz; e o teste de pull out, para a força de retenção do pino ao longo do interior do conduto e o tipo de falha. / Objective: The aims of this study is to verify the influence of adhesive, filling material and dentin hybridization on fiber post retention force in diretc -indirect technique and compare the tensile test of push out with pull out. Methods: 60 bovine single roots with a length of 12 mm were endodontically treated and randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 10): group 1 (direct-indirect technique, light-curing adhesive, resin cement, pull out test), group 2 (same as group 1 but the resin cement was replaced by composite resin), group 3 (same as previous group but the light-curing adhesive was replaced by the chemical), group 4 (same as group 3 but the test was used was push out test), group 5 (same as group 4 but the adhesive used was the self etching) and Group 6 (same as previous group but the dentin was pre-hybridized). The retention force was determined by Universal Testing Machine (Instron). All data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with significance of p <0.05 and complemented with Tukey test. After testing, the adhesive interfaces were examined and classifie. Result: There was a significant difference between comparison of materials (adhesive and filling material). The hybridization of dentin showed no improvement in the retention post. Most fractures occurred at the interface dentin / resin. Conclusion: Based on the results, we conclude that filling material, adhesive, influenced the retention of fiber posts, and the prehybridization of dentin did not improve the retention of fiber post. The push out test showed more details to verify the bonding between the post and dentin, and the pull out test for the retention force of the post inside the canal.

Objetivo: Este estudo se propõe a verificar a influência do adesivo, material de preenchimento e hibridização da dentina na força de retenção de pinos intra-radiculares na técnica direta indireta e comparar o teste de tração de push out com o pull out. Métodos: 60 raízes de dentes bovinos com comprimento de 12 mm foram tratadas endodonticamente e divididas aleatoriamente em 6 grupos (n=10): grupo 1 (técnica direta-indireta, adesivo fotopolimerizável, cimento resinoso, teste de pull out); grupo 2 (idem ao grupo 1 porém o cimento resinoso foi substituído pela resina composta); grupo 3 (idem ao grupo anterior porém o adesivo fotopolimerizável foi substituído pelo químico); grupo 4 (idem ao anterior porém o teste utilizado foi o de push out); grupo 5 (idem ao grupo anterior porém o adesivo utilizado foi o auto condicionante); e grupo 6 (idem ao grupo anterior porém a dentina foi pré hibridizada). A força de retenção foi determinada através do teste de tração usando Universal Testing Machine (Instron). Todos os dados foram analisados usando one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) com a significância de p<0.05 e complementadas com teste de Tukey. Após o teste, as interfaces adesivas onde ocorreram as falhas foram examinadas e classificadas. Resultado: Houve diferença estatística na comparação de materiais (adesivo, material de preenchimento). A hibridização da dentina não apresentou melhoras na retenção dos pinos . A maior parte das fraturas ocorreu na interface dentina/resina. Conclusão: Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluímos que material de preenchimento, o tipo de adesivo, influenciaram na retenção de pinos de fibra; e a pré-hibridização da dentina não apresentou melhoras a retenção dos pinos. O teste de push out apresentou mais detalhes para verificar o valor da adesão de cada terço da raiz; e o teste de pull out, para a força de retenção do pino ao longo do interior do conduto e o tipo de falha. / Objective: The aims of this study is to verify the influence of adhesive, filling material and dentin hybridization on fiber post retention force in diretc -indirect technique and compare the tensile test of push out with pull out. Methods: 60 bovine single roots with a length of 12 mm were endodontically treated and randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 10): group 1 (direct-indirect technique, light-curing adhesive, resin cement, pull out test), group 2 (same as group 1 but the resin cement was replaced by composite resin), group 3 (same as previous group but the light-curing adhesive was replaced by the chemical), group 4 (same as group 3 but the test was used was push out test), group 5 (same as group 4 but the adhesive used was the self etching) and Group 6 (same as previous group but the dentin was pre-hybridized). The retention force was determined by Universal Testing Machine (Instron). All data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with significance of p <0.05 and complemented with Tukey test. After testing, the adhesive interfaces were examined and classifie. Result: There was a significant difference between comparison of materials (adhesive and filling material). The hybridization of dentin showed no improvement in the retention post. Most fractures occurred at the interface dentin / resin. Conclusion: Based on the results, we conclude that filling material, adhesive, influenced the retention of fiber posts, and the prehybridization of dentin did not improve the retention of fiber post. The push out test showed more details to verify the bonding between the post and dentin, and the pull out test for the retention force of the post inside the canal.

Objetivo: Este estudo se propõe a verificar a influencia do tipo de luz fotopolimerizadora na força de retenção de pinos intra-radiculares, tanto na técnica direta como na direta indireta. Métodos: 40 raízes de dentes bovinos com comprimento de 12 mm foram tratadas endodonticamente e divididas aleatoriamente em 4 grupos de acordo com a técnica de obtenção dos pinos e luz fotopolimerizadora (n=10): grupo 1 (técnica direta associada à lâmpada halogena); grupo 2 (técnica direta ao LED); grupo 3 (técnica direta-indireta associada à lampada halógena); e grupo 4 (técnica direta-indireta associada ao LED). A força de retenção foi determinada através do teste de tração usando Universal Testing Machine (Instron). Todos os dados foram analisados usando one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) com a significância de p<0.05 e complementadas com teste de Tukey. Após o teste, as interfaces adesivas onde ocorreram as falhas foram examinadas e classificadas. Resultado: Os grupos 3 (246,05N ± 29,51) e 4 (241,60N ± 28,95) não apresentaram força de retenção estatisticamente diferente mas foram maiores que os grupos 1 (142,30N ± 25,60) e 2 (178,56N ± 25,67). A maior parte das fraturas ocorreu na interface dentina/resina. Conclusão: Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluímos que o método direto-indireto proporcionou a melhor retenção dos pinos de fibra de vidro. / Objectives: The purpose of this study is to verify the influence of light curing type on retention force of direct technique and direct-indirect technique. Methods: Fourth bovine single root teeth with 12mm of length were used in this study. The roots were endodontically treated and randomly divided in four groups according to the light curing unit and technique used: group 1(direct technique, halogen lamp), group 2(direct technique, LED), group 3(direct-indirect technique, halogen lamp), group 4(direct-indirect technique, lamp). The retention force was determined sing a Universal Testing Machine (Instron). All data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test. After the test, the failure was examined and classified according to the fracture place: post/ resin; resin/dentin; mix. Results: Group 3 (246,05N ± 29,51) and 4(241,60N ± 28,95)4 (95,18N) did not show statistically difference but presented higher retention force than group 1 (142,30N ± 25,60) and 2 (178,56N ± 25,67). Most of fracture occurred in interface between dentin/resin. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that adhesive cementation technique influenced in the retention of glass fiber post.

Der voranschreitende Ausbau von erneuerbaren Energien (EE) Technologien bringt eine zunehmend dezentralisierte Energieproduktion mit sich. Hieraus ergeben sich unterschiedliche regionalwirtschaftliche Effekte und Wertschöpfungspotenziale für den ländlichen und den urbanen Raum. Ziel dieser Studie ist die Quantifizierung der Wertschöpfung im Kontext von Solarstromerzeugung durch Photovoltaik (PV)-Anlagen. Hierzu wird eine allgemeine Methodik zur Bestimmung der direkten, indirekten und induzierten Wertschöpfungseffekte erstellt, die aktuelle Entwicklungen berücksichtigt und zunächst auf das Praxisbeispiel der Stadt Leipzig im Jahr 2019 angewandt. Die Ergebnisse können Kommunen bei der Frage unterstützen, ob und inwiefern es sich im Hinblick auf veränderte regulatorische Rahmenbedingungen auch in Zukunft lohnt, den PV-Ausbau vor Ort voranzutreiben und geeignete Ansatzpunkte hierfür zu identifizieren. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die Wertschöpfungseffekte für verschiedene Anlagengrößen variieren. Während kleinere Anlagen eine höhere Wertschöpfung pro Kilowattpeak (kWp) generieren, zeigen große Dach- und Freiflächenanlagen durch ihre Skalierung einen größeren Effekt auf die Wertschöpfung in absoluten Werten. Gleichzeitig fließt ein erheblicher Anteil der generierten Wertschöpfung aus der Standortkommune ab. Insgesamt beziffert sich die kommunal verbleibende Wertschöpfung aus dem PV-Betrieb in der Stadt Leipzig 2019 auf rund 4,5 Mio. Euro.

Children with disabilities are equally entitled to a bright future with education being the cornerstone and a fundamental right for this achievement. Global organizations and policies are fighting for the inclusion of children with disabilities in mainstream schools. Nonetheless, inclusion is not enough if children's participation at school is not guaranteed. The provision of support services to ensure children's participation at school is an obligation of each state. Occupational therapists have a long tradition in the school context characterized by discrepancies. Therefore, this systematic literature review aims to map how school-based occupational therapists work with participation interventions to facilitate the participation of children with disabilities. After a comprehensive search in five databases, a selection process, quality assessment and data extraction, this paper resulted in nine qualitative, quantitative, and mixed design studies. The results presented under the scope of OTPF-3 and fPRC frameworks have revealed that occupational therapists traditionally use push-in and pull-out direct approaches as a medium to enhance the performance skills and activity competence of children. However, there is a shift of occupational therapists toward participation interventions with indirect ways through service delivery models focusing on the school's social and physical environment with their collaboration with teachers being of major importance. Children's establishment of a balanced and healthy school routine, as well as the adoption of a representative student role, are identified as chief aspects of facilitating participation. Results can not be generalized, but this paper gives incentive for further investigation of occupational therapy school-based vitality regarding school participation. / Τα παιδιά με αναπηρίες δικαιούνται ένα εξίσου λαμπρό μέλλον με την εκπαίδευση να αποτελεί τον ακρογωνιαίο λίθο και θεμελιώδες δικαίωμα για αυτό το επίτευγμα. Παγκόσμιοι οργανισμοί και νόμοι αγωνίζονται για την ένταξη των παιδιών με αναπηρίες στα γενικά σχολεία. Ωστόσο, η ένταξη δεν αρκεί εάν δεν εξασφαλίζεται η συμμετοχή των παιδιών στο σχολείο. Η παροχή υπηρεσιών υποστήριξης για τη διασφάλιση της συμμετοχής των παιδιών στο σχολείο είναι υποχρέωση κάθε κράτους. Οι εργοθεραπευτές έχουν μακρά παράδοση στο σχολικό πλαίσιο η οποία χαρακτηρίζεται από ασάφειες. Επομένως, αυτή η συστηματική βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση στοχεύει στο να χαρτογραφήσει τον τρόπο με τον οποίο οι σχολικοί εργοθεραπευτές δουλεύουν με παρεμβάσεις συμμετοχής για να εδραιώσουν την συμμετοχή των παιδιών με αναπηρία στο σχολείο.  Μετά από μια ολοκληρωμένη αναζήτηση σε πέντε βάσεις δεδομένων, την διαδικασία επιλογής, την αξιολόγηση ποιότητας και την εξαγωγή δεδομένων, η παρούσα έρευνα οδήγησε σε εννέα ποιοτικές, ποσοτικές και μικτές μελέτες. Τα αποτελέσματα που παρουσιάζονται κάτω από το πλαίσιο των OTPF-3 και fPRC αποκάλυψαν ότι οι εργοθεραπευτές χρησιμοποιούν παραδοσιακά άμεσες προσεγγίσεις εντός και εκτός της τάξης ως μέσο για την ενίσχυση των δεξιοτήτων απόδοσης και της ικανότητας δραστηριότητας των παιδιών. Ωστόσο, υπάρχει μια μετατόπιση των εργοθεραπευτών προς παρεμβάσεις συμμετοχής με έμμεσους τρόπους μέσω μοντέλων παροχής υπηρεσιών που εστιάζουν στο κοινωνικό και φυσικό περιβάλλον του σχολείου, με τη συνεργασία σε σχέση με τους δασκάλους να είναι μείζονος σημασίας. Η καθιέρωση μιας ισορροπημένης και υγιούς σχολικής ρουτίνας στα παιδιά, καθώς και η υιοθέτηση ενός αντιπροσωπευτικού ρόλου μαθητή, αναγνωρίζονται ως βασικές πτυχές της διευκόλυνσης της συμμετοχής. Τα αποτελέσματα δεν μπορούν να γενικευτούν, αλλά αυτή η μελέτη δίνει κίνητρο για περαιτέρω διερεύνηση της σημαντικότητας της σχολικής εργοθεραπείας.

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La non-discrimination est une notion en constante évolution. Elle se doit d’être réceptive aux nouvelles formes discriminatoires vécues par les travailleurs afin de garantir un niveau de protection juridique conforme aux exigences internationales et nationales. En ce sens, les discriminations multiples sont un parfait exemple. Il s’agit de situations dans lesquelles interviennent et interagissent plusieurs motifs prohibés. Or, le concept de discriminations multiples, issu des sciences sociales, n’est théorisé en droit que depuis les années 1980. Si elles sont inconnues du droit positif, la doctrine et la pratique tendent à souligner la nécessité de leur reconnaissance juridique. Saisies par le droit du travail, elles posent de nombreuses questions quant à leur définition et leur mise en oeuvre. Leur étude va permettre de délivrer une approche différente de l’exigence de non-discrimination en droit du travail mais également des objectifs de diversité en entreprise. / Anti-discrimination law is always evolving. It must be receptive to new types of discrimination against workers to guarantee a level of legal protection consistent with international and national standards. In that sense, multiple discriminations are a perfect example. They take place when several protected characteristics occur and interact with each other. The concept of multiple discriminations arises from social sciences but has only been legally theorized since the 80s. If French law does not consider them, jurisprudence and practice tends to underline the necessity of a legal acknowledgment. Seized by employment law, multiple discriminations pose many questions with regard to their definition and implementation. Nonetheless, studying them offers a different approach to the duty to not discriminate at work, and to insuring diversity in the workplace.