O objetivo desta dissertação é pensar a transmissão direta via televisão a partir do que aqui se denomina tempo morto, períodos menos concentrados de fluxo do evento transmitido. Em toda teletransmissão, há embates entre dois fluxos informativos distintos – o do evento e o da televisão –, que são resolvidos segundo processos (moldurações) que expressam figuras (molduras) propriamente televisivas. Ao circunscrever a observação aos tempos mortos, pode-se compreender com maior clareza que estratégias televisivas são empregadas nesta transposição. O objeto de estudo é o futebol televisivo, a partir da observação das onze últimas finais de Copas do Mundo (1970-2010). Nelas, são identificadas algumas figuras de tempo morto, como imagens de personas e figuras de manipulação temporal, analisadas sincrônica e diacronicamente. / The aim of this work is to think direct broadcast television from what is called dead time herein, periods less concentrated of flow of the event broadcast. Throughout teletransmission there is clashes between two different information flows - the event and the television - which are resolved in accordance with processes (moldurações) expressing television figures (molduras). When observing the dead time, one can understand more clearly what strategies are employed in this transposition of an event to the television. The object of study is football, based on the observation of the eleven last World Cups final games (1970-2010).

O objetivo desta dissertação é pensar a transmissão direta via televisão a partir do que aqui se denomina tempo morto, períodos menos concentrados de fluxo do evento transmitido. Em toda teletransmissão, há embates entre dois fluxos informativos distintos – o do evento e o da televisão –, que são resolvidos segundo processos (moldurações) que expressam figuras (molduras) propriamente televisivas. Ao circunscrever a observação aos tempos mortos, pode-se compreender com maior clareza que estratégias televisivas são empregadas nesta transposição. O objeto de estudo é o futebol televisivo, a partir da observação das onze últimas finais de Copas do Mundo (1970-2010). Nelas, são identificadas algumas figuras de tempo morto, como imagens de personas e figuras de manipulação temporal, analisadas sincrônica e diacronicamente. / The aim of this work is to think direct broadcast television from what is called dead time herein, periods less concentrated of flow of the event broadcast. Throughout teletransmission there is clashes between two different information flows - the event and the television - which are resolved in accordance with processes (moldurações) expressing television figures (molduras). When observing the dead time, one can understand more clearly what strategies are employed in this transposition of an event to the television. The object of study is football, based on the observation of the eleven last World Cups final games (1970-2010).

A form of data transmission which is increasing in popularity is satellite communication. In order to insure that data is received correctly, certain error control strategies are employed. In packetized transmission, automatic-repeat-request (ARQ) schemes and error correcting codes have been employed. Currently a combination of both is not employed by the AX.25 protocol. The purpose of this project is to determine which error correcting code should be combined with ARQ to provide the optimum performance. This project investigates the performance of the (7,4) Hamming code, (23,12) Golay code, Reed-Solomon, RS , codes over the Galois fields of 16, GF(16), and 256, GF(256), elements, and common rate convolutional codes of various constraint lengths. The codes are evaluated on three primary criteria, which include: throughput vs. input bit error rate, coding complexity, and burst error performance. The class of Reed-Solomon codes over GF(256) was chosen to be superior due to the throughput and burst error performance. The encoding complexity is small, but the decoding is more complicated. The conclusion is that error correcting codes should be employed in ARQ satellite systems. However, the error correcting strength of the code must be determined by observing the channel characteristics. / Master of Science

The past two decades have witnessed a dramatic growth in Middle Eastern satellite television. The corresponding diversification of content and restructuring of media power in the region raise many important questions for research. This dissertation is a case study of Huda TV, an English-language Islamic satellite channel broadcasting from Cairo, Egypt. The author collected participant observation data as an employee of the channel in 2005-2006. The primary research question asks how Huda TV asserts an Islamic presence in the satellite television arena. Many areas of media research, including the broad historical debates on culture and power, contemporary conceptions of hybridity, and the analysis of media institutions in the Middle East, share an overarching secular bias. Consequently, this dissertation plots out relevant bodies of theoretical and empirical research that both inform and constrain the kind of questions that can be asked about Huda TV as a Muslim institution. With a conscious effort to overcome the reductionist secularism of media studies, this work offers empirical data on the manner in which orthodox Sunni Islam operates within the global mediascape--the increasingly integrated, geographically expansive, and globally accessible media environment of which satellite television is one important component. This dissertation first examines the concrete manner in which Huda TV attempts to define Islamic satellite television as a distinct set of content and practices. Next, it turns to the channel's engagement with dominant discourses and bodies of knowledge that may compete with Islam for ultimate authority. Finally, it examines the impact of cultural and political-economic factors on the channel's work. This dissertation offers original insights into the study of contemporary Islam and contributes to significant, enduring questions of media research. / text

Within the context of debates surrounding the consumption of global media by local audiences in Third World countries, this study explores the reasons behind satellite television subscription, and consumption of international news among a sample of young professional men and women in contemporary Zimbabwe. The study seeks to uncover how the research participants respond to news broadcast on SABC Africa's '60 minutes live in Africa', a programme which they can only access via satellite television in their country. Working within the frame of audience studies which insists on understanding media consumption and reception in context, this study examines how the respondents, situated within the specific Zimbabwe context, characterised as it is by serious social, economic and political challenges, respond to both regional news and news about their country on '60 minutes live in Africa'. Within the frame of qualitative research the study employs a two-stage sampling procedure and data collection strategy to uncover the factors that underpin international media consumption and reception by professional men and women situated in a country undergoing rapid change. The findings of the study point to the various social and individual factors that underlie media consumption choices as well as to the different socially patterned reasons why local audiences are either attracted to, or reject global media. The study found that SABC Africa's '60 minutes live in Africa' is more popular and better received than Western-broadcast programmes on channels such as BBC, CNN, and Sky News among Zimbabwean professionals. I also uncovered some evidence that cultural proximity and relevance are of supreme importance in determining which media audiences chose to consume and what level of engagement they bring to their reception of global media. These and other findings directly confront media models that privilege beliefs in cultural imperialism and the dominance of Western media and their effects on Third World audiences.

The growth of direct broadcast satellite television distribution to the home as a viable competitor to cable and terrestrial broadcast has fostered the availability of special interest or niche channels and therefore provided greater choice to the viewer. This study, based on uses and gratifications theory, examined the relationships among ritual and instrumental viewing motivations and satisfactions, viewer religiosity, and viewing attentiveness as they related to the selection of a niche television channel, Brigham Young University Television. The uses and gratification approach provides an appropriate framework for studying "media consumption, the interrelated nature of television user motives, and the relationships among viewing motives and viewing patterns" (Abelman, 1989, p. 57). Data was gathered by way of an online survey of non-random, self-selected BYU Television viewers. Participants answered 67 questions about their motives for choosing to view BYU Television and the gratifications they received from their viewing. The 596 valid responses to the survey were analyzed. The study results are in harmony with previous uses and gratifications studies examining ritual and instrumental viewing patterns. The data found positive relationships between instrumental viewing motives and instrumental viewing satisfactions, as well as instrumental viewing motives and viewing selectivity. There was no support for those hypotheses that dealt with the level of viewing attention as it related to religiosity or instrumental viewing motives. Future topics of study are suggested including the opportunity an expanded media universe provides to increase the depth and breadth of uses and gratification theory, as well as to study the role of niche television services in community building.

Thesis (M. A.) --University of Limpopo, 2021 / This is an exploratory study conducted to assess the effectiveness of the digital migration in South Africa. This study focused on two areas of domicile, which embarked on the process of migrating in Limpopo Province i.e. Shayandima Village in Thohoyandou and Rapotokwane Village in Bela-Bela. The theories that were used to guide the study were the diffusion of innovations theory, political economic theory and media policy theory. These theories were employed to assist in assessing the process, the effectiveness and the importance of Digital Migration. The results for this study are revealed that 85% of respondents asserted that digital broadcasting is very effective and easy to use compared to the analog broadcasting systems, as it shows clear pictures, quality sound and access to more television channels. This help television viewers to get quality television programs. It was interesting to note that respondents mentioned that they did not regret migrating from analog to digital broadcasting because of the benefits and impact that the Set Top Boxes Set (STB)s have on their televisions. The findings reveal that the STBs are effective and affordable and enable to watch more television channels. There is also a need for the Department of Communication and Digital Technologies to ensure that every household in South Africa migrates to digital broadcasting system

Le phénomène des télévisions satellitaires a fait son apparition dans le monde arabe en 1990-1991. Date de l’instauration du Nouvel Ordre Mondial. Une progression foisonnante s’est produite, par la suite, profitant d’un espace géolinguistique étendu, d’une ouverture sans précédent et d’un financement généreux. Sont-elles l’expression d’un changement ou bien celle d’une adaptation ? Et au service de qui ? L’étude des chaines d’information en continu Al Jazeera, Al Arabiya ou « flexibles », Abou Dhabi et Al Manar est particulièrement intéressante pour répondre à cette question. Comprendre le fond de ce phénomène, les intérêts qu’il représente, qu’il sert, et les limites du changement qu’il est capable de produire, exige de dresser un état des lieux panoramique, une étude de la géopolitique qui a donné lieu à la naissance de ces télévisions, et qui a dicté les évolutions qu’elles ont subit. L’analyse du contenu et du discours vient repérer les expressions d’une culture démocratique, ou anti démocratique, dont dépend la nature du changement / Since 1990-1991, the number of satellite channels and viewers has grown exponentially in the Arab world, taking advantage of a geolinguistic space that afforded unprecedented degree of openness in a field previously dominated by t ightly-controlled state-owned television stations. The date also coincides with the inception of the New World Order, the waging of the first Gulf War which established a new regional order, and the stirrings of the society of communication. This study of news channels (Al Jazeera, Al Arabiya) and “flexible” channels such as (Abu Dhabi and Al Manar), aims to examine whether they are an expression of change or adaption and whether they serve to perpetuate the status quo of the powers that fund them.