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Cette thèse est le volet expérimental d’un projet de recherche qui vise à développer un code de calcul qui prédit finement la micro ségrégation des aciers présentant une réaction péritectique. La caractérisation expérimentale de la micro ségrégation a été menée grâce à des essais de solidification dirigée et des essais de trempe en cours de solidification dirigée ainsi que sur des échantillons de lingots industriels. Les alliages sélectionnés font partie des systèmes Fe-C-Ni et Fe-C-Cr. Nous avons d’abord étudié sur des aciers solidifiés l’effet de la composition chimique et l’effet du premier solide ferrite / austénite sur la micro ségrégation. Par la suite nous avons caractérisé la formation de la micro ségrégation avec et sans réaction péritectique. On a montré aussi les effets de la taille de la structure, de la microstructure (dendritique / cellulaire)et de la texture du grain sur la micro ségrégation (colonnaire / équiaxe) sur la micro ségrégation. Enfin, nous avons comparé les résultats expérimentaux avec les résultats de la modélisation. / This PhD work is an experimental part of a global R&D project witech aim to study the microsegregation in peritectic steels. The experimental investigations were made by a Directional Solidification device (DS), Quenched Directional Solidification (QDS) and from parts of industrials ingots. The alloys selected were taken from the Fe-C-Ni and Fe-C-Cr systems. On the solidified steels we investigate the effect of the chemical composition and the first solid (ferrite/austenite) on the microsegregation. The next step was the characterization of the microsegregation during the solidification with and without a peritectic reaction. Afterwards we study the effects of the length of the structure, the microstructure (dendritic/cellular) and the texture of the grains (columnar/equiaxed) on the microsegregation. At the end we have do a comparison bethween the experimental results and those from the numerical simulations

Afin de clarifier et caractériser les mécanismes fondamentaux de formation des réseaux étendus cellulaires et dendritiques en régime diffusif, des expériences de solidification dirigée permettant l’observation in situ en temps réel de l’interface solide-liquide d’un alliage transparent ont été réalisées dans l’instrument « DECLIC-DSI» à bord de la Station Spatiale Internationale. Des procédures spécifiques d'analyse d'images ont été développées pour caractériser les réseaux et extraire des données de référence à comparer aux modèles théoriques ou numériques. Les mécanismes d’évolution et de sélection de l'espacement primaire sont décrits et reliés à la courbure macroscopique de l'interface qui apparait comme un paramètre important de la dynamique de réseau. L’obtention de réseaux homogènes étendus nous a permis d'observer des instabilités secondaires du régime cellulaire pour la première fois dans des systèmes tridimensionnels: Oscillation et multiplet structure. Nos analyses mettent en évidence l'absence de cohérence globale de l’oscillation, exceptée dans des zones localement ordonnées dans lesquelles les oscillations de cellules voisines peuvent être synchronisées. Dans une autre gamme de paramètres de contrôle, la formation de multiplets -autre type d'instabilité secondaire- a été observée. La structure et la dynamique de ces multiplets est décrite. Enfin, des essais comparatifs ont été réalisés au sol, pour les mêmes paramètres de croissance, afin de clarifier l'influence de la convection. Les différences entre les expériences au sol et en microgravité, en particulier concernant l'espacement primaire, sont reliées à l'amplitude de la convection. / To clarify and characterize the fundamental physical mechanisms active in the formation of three-dimensional (3D) arrays of cells and dendrites, in situ monitoring of series of experiments on a transparent alloy was carried out under low gravity in the DECLIC-DSI on-board the International Space Station. Image analysis procedures have been developed to characterize the patterns and get benchmark data to compare with theoretical or numerical modelling. The mechanisms of primary spacing evolution and selection are described and related to the macroscopic interface curvature that appeared to be a critical parameter. The extended homogeneous patterns obtained in microgravity enabled us to observe secondary instabilities of the cellular pattern for the very first time in 3D patterns: cell oscillation and multiplet structure. Our analyses highlight the absence of global coherence of cell oscillations, except in locally ordered areas where synchronization of neighbor cells may happen. In another range of control parameters, another type of secondary instability has been identified that corresponds to multiplet formation; the structure and dynamics of those multiplets are also described. Finally, comparative experiments have been performed on ground with similar growth parameters to point out the influence of convection. The differences between ground and microgravity results, especially regarding the primary spacing, are related to fluid flow magnitude.

Melt flow plays an important role in directional solidification of multicrystalline silicon influencing the temperature field and the crystallization interface as well as the transport of impurities. This work investigates the potential of a traveling magnetic field (TMF) for an active control of the melt flow. A system of 3D numerical models was developed and adapted based on open-source software for calculations of Lorentz force, melt flow, and related phenomena. Isothermal and non-isothermal model experiments with a square GaInSn melt were used to validate the numerical models by direct velocity measurements. Several new 3D flow structures of turbulent TMF flows were observed for different melt heights. Further numerical parameter studies carried out for silicon melts showed that already a weak TMF-induced Lorentz force can stir impurities near to the complete mixing limit. Simultaneously, the deformed temperature field leads to an increase of the deflection of crystallization interface, which may exhibit a distinct asymmetry. The numerical results of this work were implemented in a research-scale silicon crystallization furnace. Scaling laws for various phenomena were derived allowing a limited transfer of the results to the industrial scale.

Lorsqu'un champ magnétique est appliqué au cours de la solidification directionnelle, une convection dans la phase liquide peut être induite par l'effet thermoélectrique. En effet la présence d'un gradient de température le long du front de solidification peut provoquer la circulation du courant thermoélectrique, qui interagit avec le champ magnétique appliqué pour créer un écoulement (convection thermo électromagnétique-TEMC). Les conditions de transport de soluté et de l'énergie sont affectées par cette convection, donc il y a influence sur l'espacement des dendrites et la macro-ségrégation des composants de l'alliage. Dans ce travail, l'influence du champ magnétique sur la solidification directionnelle d'alliages métalliques est étudiée. Des travaux expérimentaux de la solidification directionnelle de Sn-Pb et Sn-Bi alliages sont réalisés. La solidification directionnelle dans la configuration Bridgman est effectuée avec ou sans champ magnétique appliqué. L'influence, sur la solidification, du champ magnétique et d'un courant électrique (AC et DC) appliqués est étudiée. Les mouvements du liquide provoquent de fortes macro-ségrégations ainsi qu'un modification des espacements interdendritiques. Les résultats expérimentaux sont interprétés à la lumière d'une modélisation heuristique. Le cas d'un champ magnétique tournant a été aussi étudié. Ainsi, la valeur de la rotation du champ est choisie pour ralentir assez brassage électromagnétique sans pour autant supprimer les effets de TEMC. À faible vitesse de tirage et faible vitesse de rotation faible champ une macro-ségrégation en forme de spirale a pu être obtenue. / If magnetic field is applied during directional solidification, liquid phase convection can be induced by means of thermoelectromagnetic effect. Temperature gradient at the solidification front can cause thermoelectric current circulation, which then interacts with field and creates convection (Thermoelectromagnetic convection-TEMC). Solute and energy transport conditions are affected by this convection, thus it influences dendrite spacing and macrosegregation of the alloys. In this work magnetic field influence on the directional solidification of metallic alloys is studied. Experimental work of directional solidification of Sn-Pb and Sn-Bi alloys is done. Alloys are directionally solidified in Bridgman setup without or with applied magnetic field. Influence on the structure by magnetic field and applied electric current (AC and DC) is studied in this work. Analytical and experimental results are compared and interpreted. Bridgman solidification under rotating transverse magnetic field is studied as well, field rotation value is chosen to be slow enough that electromagnetic stirring does not fully suppress effects of TEMC. At low pulling velocity and low field rotation velocity spiral shaped component macrosegregation can be achieved.

Orientadores: Amauri Garcia, Jose Eduardo Spinelli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T23:27:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MariaAdrinaPaixaodeSouzada_M.pdf: 3527327 bytes, checksum: 88f3012a000dcdb2956852ed7fa40402 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Ligas de alumínio dispersas com bismuto apresentam aplicações promissoras em componentes automotivos resistentes ao desgaste. Essas dispersões de elementos de baixa temperatura de fusão diminuem a dureza e escoam facilmente em condições de deslizamento, resultando em um comportamento tribológico favorável. Muitos estudos têm sido realizados a fim de melhor compreender as distintas morfologias obtidas pela reação monotética. Algumas pesquisas assumem que a evolução do espaçamento interfásico na liga monotética Al-Bi obedece à clássica relação utilizada para eutéticos: ?2v = C, onde v é a velocidade de solidificação e C é uma constante. Não há nenhum consenso a respeito dos valores de C encontrados. Além disso, tais estudos utilizaram fornos de aquecimento à resistência do tipo Bridgman para produzir a solidificação direcional de ligas monotéticas. Existe uma falta de estudos consistentes no desenvolvimento microestrutural de ligas monotéticas durante condições de fluxo de calor transitório, que são de importância primordial, uma vez que esse tipo de fluxo de calor engloba a maioria dos processos industriais de solidificação. No presente estudo, foram feitos experimentos de solidificação unidirecional em regime não-estacionário com as ligas hipomonotética Al-2,0%Bi e monotética Al-3,2%Bi. Os parâmetros térmicos como velocidades de crescimento, taxas de resfriamento e gradientes térmicos foram determinados experimentalmente por curvas de resfriamento adquiridas ao longo do comprimento do lingote. Os crescimentos celular e monotético foram caracterizados por técnicas metalográficas, e os espaçamentos celulares e interfásicos correlacionados com os parâmetros térmicos de solidificação. Verificou-se que a lei de crescimento ?2v = C pode ser expressa por um valor de C de 1,70 x10-12, que é em torno de duas ordens de magnitude maior do que aqueles reportados para o regime estacionário. Embora o fluxo convectivo induzido não tenha sido suficiente para mudanças consideráveis na magnitude dos espaçamentos interfásicos, as partículas ricas em bismuto foram afetadas pela direção do crescimento, diminuindo o diâmetro em condições de solidificação vertical descendente, quando comparadas com aquelas obtidas no modo vertical ascendente / Abstract: Aluminium alloys dispersed with bismuth show promising applications in wear-resistant automotive components. Such dispersions of low melting temperature elements decrease hardness and flow easily under sliding conditions, resulting in favorable tribological behavior. Much research has been devoted in order to better comprehend the distinct morphologies obtained by monotectic reaction. Some researches assume that the phase spacing evolution in the monotectic Al-Bi alloy follows the classical relationship used for eutectics: ?2v = C, where v is the solidification velocity and C a constant value. There is no consensus concerning the found C values. Other than, such studies have used Bridgman-type resistance heated furnaces to produce the directionally solidified monotectic samples. There is a lack of consistent studies on the microstructural development of monotectic Al-Bi alloy during transient heat flow conditions, which are of prime importance since this class of heat flow encompasses the majority of solidification industrial processes. In the present study, directional unsteady-state solidification experiments were carried out with hypomonotectic Al-2.0wt%Bi and monotectic Al-3.2wt%Bi alloys. The thermal parameters such as growth rates, cooling rates and thermal gradients were experimentally determined by cooling curves recorded along the casting length. The cellular and monotectic growths were characterized by metallography, being both the cell and the interphase spacing correlated with the thermal parameters. It is shown that the ?2v = C growth law can be expressed by a C value of 1,7x10-12, which is about two orders of magnitude higher than those reported for the steady-state regime. Although the induced convective flow was not enough to considerably change the interphase spacing's magnitude, the Bi-rich particle diameters have been affected by the direction of growth, decreasing in conditions of downward vertical solidification when compared with those grown vertically upwards / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Amauri Garcia / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T07:59:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosa_DanielMonteiro_D.pdf: 8184541 bytes, checksum: 0b8d932ad9a1091a507ea6b10e4185f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: As morfologias das estruturas de solidificação, caracterizadas principalmente por arranjos celulares e dendríticos, e suas grandezas representadas por espaçamentos celulares e dendríticos primários, secundários e terciários, controlam os perfis de segregação e a formação de segundas fases dentro das regiões intercelulares ou interdendríticas, que determinam as propriedades finais das estruturas fundidas. O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para o entendimento do desenvolvimento microestrutural de ligas binárias através da análise de dois sistemas binários que possuem elevada importância para a indústria na fabricação de peças fundidas automotivas e grades de baterias: Al-Si e Pb-Sb, respectivamente. Os experimentos realizados utilizaram dois diferentes dispositivos em que o calor é extraído somente pelo sistema de resfriamento a água, localizado no fundo (solidificação ascendente) e no topo (solidificação descendente) da lingoteira. As variáveis térmicas de solidificação foram determinadas pela leitura de temperaturas a partir de termopares posicionados dentro da lingoteira em diferentes posições em relação à superfície refrigerada. Estas variáveis térmicas foram confrontadas com as previsões teóricas de um modelo numérico de solidificação. Os aspectos macroestruturais e microestruturais foram caracterizados ao longo dos lingotes através de microscopia óptica. Para as ligas Al-Si foi realizada uma análise complementar do efeito da convecção térmica e constitucional nos espaçamentos dendríticos terciários na solidificação unidirecional transitória descendente. Ligas hipoeutéticas Pb-Sb foram utilizadas para analisar as influências das variáveis térmicas de solidificação e da concentração de soluto nas estruturas celulares, na transição celular/dendrítica e nas estruturas dendríticas. Os espaçamentos celulares e dendríticos foram comparados com as previsões teóricas fornecidas pelos principais modelos de crescimento estacionário e transitório da literatura. Foram também examinados os efeitos da taxa de resfriamento no crescimento celular da liga Pb 0,85%Sb e a influência do tamanho celular e do perfil de macrossegregação correspondente na resistência à corrosão / Abstract: The morphologies of as-cast microstructures, characterized mainly by cellular and dendritic patterns, and their scales represented by primary, secondary and tertiary arm spacings, control the segregation profiles and the formation of secondary phases within intercellular and interdendritic regions, which determine the final properties of castings. The present work aims to contribute to the understanding of microstructural development of binary alloys by analyzing two binary systems, which possess high industrial importance in the manufacture of as-cast automotive components and battery grids: Al-Si and Pb-Sb, respectively. Experiments have been carried out by using two castings assemblies, which were designed in such way that heat was extracted only through the water-cooled system, located at the bottom (upward solidification) and at the top (downward solidification) of the casting. The solidification thermal variables have been determined from thermal readings acquired by thermocouples located inside of the casting in different positions from the cooled surface. Such experimental thermal variables have been compared with theoretical predictions of a numerical model of solidification. Macrostructural and microstructural aspects along the casting were characterized by optical microscopy. For Al-Si alloys a complementary analysis of the influence of thermosolutal convection on the tertiary dendrite arm spacing during the downward unsteady-state directional solidification has been carried out. Hypoeutectic Pb-Sb alloys have been used to analyze the influences of solute concentrations and solidification thermal variables in the development of cellular structures, the cellular/dendritic transition and dendritic structures. Experimental cellular and dendritic spacings have been compared with the theoretical predictions furnished by the main steady-state and unsteady-state growth models from the literature. The effect of cooling rate on the cellular growth of a Pb 0.85wt%Sb alloy and the influences of cell size and of the corresponding macrosegregation profile on the resultant corrosion behavior have also been examined. / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Amauri Garcia / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T19:19:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cruz_KleberAugustinSabatda_D.pdf: 13994845 bytes, checksum: c0766efdbf4acbaf7d07b0db50f1fe52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A procura por relações funcionais correlacionando parâmetros microestruturais e o comportamento mecânico de ligas metálicas é fundamental para a pré-programação do produto final. O presente estudo pretende contribuir para o entendimento sobre a influência dos parâmetros microestruturais na resistência ao desgaste e nas propriedades mecânicas de ligas de dois sistemas binários: AI-Sn e AI-Si. Tais ligas são bastante usadas em aplicações de engenharia, tais como mancais e camisas de cilindro de motores de combustão, respectivamente. Apesar do grande uso das ligas do sistema AI-Sn como material tribológico, são escassos os estudos sobre o desenvolvimento microestrutural destas ligas na literatura. Neste estudo, quatro ligas hipoeutéticas do sistema AI-Sn e três ligas hipoeutéticas do sistema AI-Si foram submetidas a solidificação unidirecional, na direção vertical e sentido ascendente, sob condições transitórias de fluxo de calor. Os espaçamentos dendríticos primários (À1) e secundários (À2) foram medidos nas direçõe.s transversal e longitudinal dos lingotes, respectivamente, e correlacionados com as variáveis térmicas que atuaram durante a solidificação. Uma abordagem teórico-experimental foi desenvolvida para determinar quantitativamente_as variáveis térmicas, tais como: coeficiente de transferência de calor na interface metal/molde, velocidade de deslocamento da isoterma liquidus, gradientes térmicos, taxa de resfriamento e tempo local de solidificação. Este estudo também aborda a influência do teor de soluto nos espaçamentos dendríticos das ligas estudadas. Os dados experimentais obtidos, concementes à solidificação das ligas AI-Sn, são comparados com modelos de crescimento dendrítico existentes na literatura. O comportamento mecânico das ligas AI-Sn e AI-Si foi analisado por meio de ensaios de tração e de desgaste. O ensaio de desgaste utilizado foi o ensaio de micro-abrasão por esfera rotativa fixa, sob condições a seco (sem óleo lubrificante ou solução abrasiva). As amostras submetidas aos ensaios de desgaste foram retiradas na direção transversal dos lingotes. A condição a seco foi adotada para impedir a interferência de elementos interfaciais na resposta da microestrutura com relação ao desgaste mecânico. O volume de desgaste é o parâmetro quantificador da resistência ao desgaste e, são obtidas equações que correlacionam o volume de desgaste com espaçamentos dendríticos, levando em consideração o tempo de ensaio, que está relacionado com a distância de deslizamento. / Abstract: The search for relationships between microstructural parameters and mechanical behavior of alloys is fundamental for the pre-programming of final properties of as-cast components. The present study aims to contribute to the understanding about the influence of microstructural parameters on the wear resistance and mechanical properties of alloys of two binary systems: Al-Sn and AI-Si. Such alloys are widely used in engineering applications, especially as bearing components such as journal bearings and cylinder liners, respectively. Despite the wide use of Al-Sn alloys as bearing materiaIs studies on the microstructural development of such alloys are rare.. In the present study, four Al-Sn and three AI-Si hypoeutectic alloys were directionally solidified under upward unsteady state heat flow conditions. The primary (1,,1) and secondary (Â.2) dendrite arm spacings were measured along the castings length and correlated with transient solidification thermal variables. A combined theoretical and experimental approach has been used to quantitatively determine such thermal variables, i.e., transient metaVmold heat transfer coefficients, tip growth rates, thermal gradients, tip cooling rates and local solidifÍcation time. This study also focuses on the dependence of dendrite arm spacings on the alloy solute content. Furthermore, the experimental data conceming the solidification of AI -Sn alloys are compared with the main predictive dendritic models from the literature. The mechanical behaviors ofthe AI-Sn and AlSi alloys were analyzed by wear and tensile tests. Micro-abrasive wear tests under dry sliding conditions and by using a fixed rotating sphere were applied to transversal samples collected along the casting. The dry condition is adopted to prevent effects of interfacial elements such as abrasive slurry or lubricant oil on the microstructural response during the tests. The wear volume was used to evaluate the wear resistance. Afterwards, equations correlating the wear volume and the dendritic arm spacing have been proposed taking into account the influence of time (sliding distance). / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Solar cells convert sunlight into electrical energy using the photo effect. With a mar-ket share of 60%, multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) is the most frequently used absorber material. Standard mc-Si ingots are directionally solidified in a fused silica (SiO2) crucible, which exhibits a silicon nitride (Si3N4) inner coating. After the entire raw material has been melted, the nucleation takes place on the Si3N4 inner coating at the bottom of the crucible. This results in an inhomogeneous initial grain structure and an increased fraction of dislocation clusters in the upper part of the ingot, which decrease the quality of standard mc-Si. Therefore, the global goal is the development of a cost-effective technology that reduces the formation of clusters and enhances the quality of mc-Si ingots. One way of achieving that goal is to produce the so-called \"high performance multi crystalline silicon\" (HPM-Si). During the directional solidification silicon raw material remains unmelted at the bottom of the SiO2 crucible, whereby crystallization does start on the silicon feedstock a few millimeters above the crucible bottom. Compared to standard mc-Si, a finer grained structure with many small grains is formed, which are separated by so-called random grain boundaries. Since the movement of dislocations across this grain boundary type has rarely been observed, the risk of formation of dislocation clusters, which have a negative impact on the efficiency of solar cells, is greatly reduced for HPM-Si. However, the disadvantage of the HPM-Si compared to the mc-Si is the yield loss resulting from the unmelted raw material at the crucible bottom. Hence, the aim of the present work is to produce mc-Si with a fine-grained structure in combination with a high fraction of random grain boundaries without the disad-vantage of yield loss. In order to investigate the grain structure in dependence of the nucleation conditions G1 ingots having a mass of 14.5 kg and dimensions of 220x220x130 mm³ were directional solidified in a furnace. The analysis of the grain structure with respect to the grain size, grain orientation and the random grain boundary length fraction and the comparison with the HPM-Si reference crystal took place on horizontal wafers with a thickness of 3mm. One possibility to influence the grain structure of mc-Si could be the variation of the cooling conditions before the start of crystallization at the crucible bottom. In a first series of experiments, a gas-flowed cooling plate, positioned below the crucible, was used. An increased gas flow increases the axial heat flow downwards and the cooling rate below the crucible bottom in the same direction. The detected cooling rate, measured by a thermocouple in the silicon melt 5 mm above the crucible bottom, varied in a range between 0.06-1.5 K/min. An increased cooling rate increases the supercooling, with a maximum of 2K. The analysis of the grain structure shows that a reduction in the cooling rate in combination with the lowest supercooling minimizes the average grain size and increases the fraction of random grain boundaries. However, an HPM-Si like grain structure (grain size and fraction of random grain boundaries comparable to HPM-Si) could not completely produced. Furthermore, due to the extended process time, the wafer yield is reduced, whereby the reduction of the cooling rate is not a preferable method for the industrial process. In a second experimental series, which took place under constant cooling rates, the influence of an additional nucleation layer on the initial grain structure was investigated. For this purpose, the additional nucleation layer was applied on the already existing Si3N4 inner coating on the crucible bottom. In order to adjust a HPM-Si like grain structure, the contact angle of the silicon melt on the additional nucleation layer should be lower than on the Si3N4 inner coating. The theoretical basis for this hypothesis is the relationship between the contact angle and the nucleation energy, which states that a reduced contact angle lowers the nucleation energy and can ultimately lead to more nuclei. Furthermore, in order to avoid melting, the additional nucleation layer must have a higher melting point than silicon. Suitable materials for the application as a foreign seed sample are SiC, SiO2 and Al2O3, which are used in the form of particles with different sizes. The production of the additional nucleation layer was carried out by a spraying as well as by an embedding procedure. These layers exhibit different thermal conductivity as well as surface roughness. Embedded nucleation layers generate higher roughness values than sprayed nucleation layers. The analysis of the grain structure identified the surface roughness as the main influencing factor on the initial grain size. While an increased surface roughness (Rq>100μm) results in a fine-grained structure (average grain size: <2mm²) comparable to HPM-Si, the average grain size increases (>2 mm²) with a reduced surface roughness (Rq<100μm). However, the analysis of the grain boundary relationship shows that the fraction of random grain boundaries does not correlate with the average grain size. Only a ma-terial dependency was detected. All SiO2 nucleation layers generate an increased fraction of random grain boundaries, comparable to the HPM-Si material. In contrast, the fraction of random grain boundaries was reduced for all SiC nucleation layers. This result is probably established with the different thermal conductivities of the used materials. The increased thermal conductivity of the sample with the SiC nucleation layers increases the cooling rate, promoting dendritic growth. In contrast the lower thermal conductivity of the SiO2 nucleation layers reduces the cooling rate and dendritic growth is suppressed. Since dendrites exhibit a Σ3 grain boundary relationship in the center, the fraction of this grain boundary type increases for SiC nucleation layers and the fraction of random grain boundaries decreases. In this thesis, various possibilities for influencing the grain structure have been pre-sented. A SiO2 nucleation layer with a roughness value Rq> 200μm represents an industrially relevant solution for the production of mc-Si with comparable properties to the HPM-Si without the disadvantages of yield loss. Hence, it was possible to in-crease the yield with comparable material quality, whereby the production costs could be reduced. Some first crucible manufacturers have already transferred the use of the SiO2 nucleation layers on top of the already existing Si3N4 inner coating at the crucible bottom to production.

Nous avons étudié les phénomènes convectifs et leur interaction dynamique avec la formation des microstructures pendant la solidification dirigée d’alliages étalliquesbinaires.La méthode post-mortem a été utilisée d’abord pour étudier la Transition olonnaire-Equiaxe pendant la solidification dirigée d’échantillons cylindriques d’Al-3,5wt%Ni non affiné sous la Technique de Rotation Accélérée de Creuset. La simulation numérique a été éffectuée et acquérie les résultats en concordance avec les manipulations.La technique in-situ a été appliquée pour comprendre l’évolution en fonction de temps des grains pendant solidification d’Al-4wt%Cu. La caractéstiques tatistiques des grains ont été discutées.La convection d’instabilité déclenchée par la poussée ou la tension superfaciale sous les gradients thermiques verticale et horizontale dans un système de double couches liquide-zone poreuse ont réspectivement étudié par analysis d’instabilité linéaire.L’inhomogénéité de la perméabilité de zone pateuse dendritique a été tenue en compte afin de comprendre son influence sur le début de convection pendant la solidification dirigée d’Al-3,5wt%Li. / We studied the convective phenomena and their dynamical interaction with the formation of the microstructurs during directional solidification of binary metallic alloys.The post-mortem method was used first to study the Columnar-Equiaxed-Transition during the directional solidification of unrefined Al-3.5wt%Ni in cylindric samples under the Accelerated Crucible Rotation Technique. The numerical imulation was carried out and achieved the results in agreement with experiments.The in-situ technique was applied to understand the evolution of equiaxed grains during solidification of Al-4wt%Cu in function of time. The statistical characteristics of equiaxed grains were discussed.The buoyancy-driven and surface-tension-driven instability convection under vertical and horizontal thermal gradients in a liquid-porous double-layered system were respectively investigated through linear instability analysis.The inhomogeneity of the dendritic mush permeability was taken into account in order to understand its influence on the triggering of convection during the directional solidification of Al-3.5wt%Li.