In 16 sächsischen Landwirtschaftsbetrieben wurde das Stickstoff-Management umfassend analysiert. Das Projekt hatte zum Ziel, die N-Bilanzüberschüsse zu reduzieren und betriebsbezogene Maßnahmen zur optimalen N-Nutzung abzuleiten. Es geht konform mit der Vorgabe der Wasserrahmenrichtlinie, die Nährstoffeinträge in Gewässer und Grundwasser wirksam zu verringern. Bilanziert wurde mit dem in Sachsen entwickelten Programm BEFU und dem Umwelt- und Betriebsmanagementsystem REPRO. Die untersuchten Betriebe wiesen aufgrund der Standortbedingungen eine hohe Auswaschungsgefahr für N-Überschüsse auf. In den Szenariorechnungen mit REPRO zeigte sich, dass durch den Anbau von Zwischenfrüchten und einem reduzierten N-Einsatz die N-Salden und die potenzielle Nitratauswaschung deutlich reduziert werden können. Der Bericht enthält zahlreiche Vorschläge zur Optimierung des N-Managements im Betrieb und beweist das erhebliche Potenzial zur Minderung der Nitratverluste und Nitratbelastung.

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the issue of preferential rights in relation to the increased practice of hiring temporary staff. The object is illuminated from a diversity perspective by seeing what a circumvention of the preferential rights may have consequences for vulnerable groups on the Swedish labor market.   The question of preferential rights to reinstatement is controlled in  The Employment Protection Act. The preferential right is for the protection of workers made redundant due to redundancy. The use of agency workers has increased significantly in the Swedish labor market since the industry's legalization in 1993. This has created some problems in terms of preferential rights.   To a circumvention of the law, shall exist requires that the measures constitute circumvention is justified, measures should have been sought to circumvent the law and been unfair in view of the particular case. Hiring of staff is not considered as a new employment, which is the requirement to invoke preferential rights, thus causing it to staff hiring is legitimate action under the preferential time.   To reduce the abuse of the right of priority, I believe that the application of law should be changed so that it takes into account the triangular available on today's labor market.

No description available.

This study aims to evaluate the waste management in Norrbottens municipalities in key areas such as possibilities to reach the two national waste goals, information to the public, the effect of legislation, future of waste management and differences in geographic- and demographic areas. The Waste Framework Directive (WFD) issued by the EU and incorporated into Swedish law plays a major part in waste management by defining a hierarchy in five steps how waste should be treated. Interviews conducted with each of the fourteen municipalities aimed to find out what step in the hierarchy they are at and what effect the implementation of EU-legislature into Swedish law has had. Based on the interviews a diverse range of answers was found in relation to the questions asked, generally the more populated municipalities saw a more positive future of waste management, mainly because more developed infrastructure to handle waste is already in place. However the smaller the municipality is the harder it is to allocate resources for waste management and problems arise in the form of expensive transports of waste. A few municipalities think that the WFD has had a positive effect in the form of clearer responsibility for all parties involved in waste management but in general the answers point to a greater effect on a national level rather than a local. Regarding the national waste goals 7 of 14 municipalities believe they will reach the food waste goal but only 1 of 14 believe they will reach the construction waste goal.

Η οδηγία της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης 2000/60 για τα νερά θέτει το πλαίσιο δράσης όλων των κρατών μελών της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης για σωστή διαχείριση των υδάτινων πόρων τους προκειμένου να επιτευχθεί «καλή» οικολογική ποιότητα των επιφανειακών και υπόγειων υδάτων τους μέχρι το έτος 2015 και να αποτραπεί η περαιτέρω υποβάθμισή τους, με στόχο να διασφαλισθεί η υγιής λειτουργία των υδρόβιων οικοσυστημάτων. Προκειμένου να εκτιμηθεί η οικολογική ποιότητα των υδάτων των ποταμών Πείρου-Παραπείρου και Βουραϊκού, πραγματοποιήθηκαν δειγματοληψίες και εν συνεχεία χημικές, υδρομορφολογικές και βιολογικές αναλύσεις σε έντεκα θέσεις, επιλεγμένες με συγκεκριμένα κριτήρια κατά μήκος αυτών. Συγκεκριμένα, η συλλογή των δειγμάτων πραγματοποιήθηκε και τις τέσσερις εποχές του έτους 2006, ενώ στους ποταμούς Πείρο και Παραπείρο υλοποιήθηκε μια επιπλέον δειγματοληψία κατά την άνοιξη του έτους 2007. Η υδρομορφολογική ανάλυση πραγματοποιήθηκε ακολουθώντας τη μεθοδολογία River Habitat Survey, ενώ η βιολογική ανάλυση περιελάμβανε τη συλλογή δειγμάτων βενθικών μακροασπον-δύλων σύμφωνα με τη μεθοδολογία STAR AQEM. Παράλληλα, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τεχνικές στατιστικής ανάλυσης προκειμένου να εντοπιστούν οι σημαντικότερες περιβαλλοντικές παράμετροι που επηρεάζουν τις βιοκοινότητες των μακροασπον-δύλων. Για τον υπολογισμό της οικολογικής ποιότητας εφαρμόστηκε η μεθοδολο-γία REFCOND προκειμένου να εκτιμηθεί αυτή με βάση την επιμέρους συμβολή των χημικών, υδρομορφολογικών και βιολογικών παραμέτρων στη διαμόρφωσή της. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας περισσότερο του ήμισυ του μήκους των ποταμών Πείρου-Παραπείρου και των 3/5 του μήκους του ποταμού Βουραϊκού δεν ικανοποιούν τις απαιτήσεις της οδηγίας 2000/60/ΕΕ, εκτιμώμενη η οικολογική τους ποιότητα από «φτωχή» έως «μέτρια». Για τους Πείρο και Παραπείρο, η ποιοτική υποβάθμιση αποδίδεται σε αγροτικές και κτηνοτροφικές δραστηριότητες καθώς και στην παρουσία αστικών και βιομηχανικών αποβλήτων στις κατάντη θέσεις. Η αντίστοιχη του Βουραϊκού, εν μέρει οφείλεται σε αγροκτηνοτροφικές δραστηριότη-τες αλλά κυρίως στην παρουσία σημαντικών ποσοτήτων τυροκομικών αποβλήτων. Επιπλέον, τα ευρήματα στο συγκεκριμένο ποτάμι πιστοποιούν τον καθοριστικό ρόλο της παρόχθιας βλάστησης στην απορρύπανση των υδάτων των ποταμών. Κατόπιν των ανωτέρω κρίνεται επιτακτική η ανάγκη να ληφθούν τα ενδεδειγμένα μέτρα προστασίας των νερών των ποταμών από τα παντοειδή απόβλητα, προκειμένου να αναβαθμιστεί η ποιότητά τους με τελικό στόχο να ικανοποιηθούν οι απαιτήσεις της οδηγίας 2000/60 για διασφάλιση «καλής» οικολογικής ποιότητας μέχρι το έτος 2015. / One of the main issues of the EU Water Framework Directive 2000/60 is the achievement of “good” ecological status for the surface waters by the year 2015. All European countries are obliged to assess the ecological quality of their surface water bodies and classify them into a five-quality class system, with a final purpose to ensure “good” status for Europe’s water bodies and prevent their further deterioration. Eleven sites located in the rivers Peiros - Parapeiros and Vouraikos (Western Greece), were sampled seasonally and analyzed using physicochemical, hydromorphological and biological data, in order to classify the water quality according to the aforementioned directive. Physicochemical classification was performed using the Nutrient Classification System, while the habitat quality was estimated by applying the River Habitat Survey methodology. Biological sampling was performed by application of the STAR AQEM methodology, while the ecological classification was achieved by utilizing the “REFCOND guidance for the relative roles of the physicochemical, hydromorphological and biological quality elements”. Various multivariate techniques (Canonical Correspondence Analysis, Cluster Analysis and MDS) revealed the most important environmental factors that affected the macroinvertebrate communities. According to the results of the study, half length of the rivers Peiros-Parapeiros and the 3/5 of the river Vouraikos were found not to fullfil the demands of the WFD, with their quality being assessed from “moderate” to “poor”. Agriculture, urbanization and hydromorphological alteration were the main factors that contributed to the water quality degradation of the rivers Peiros and Parapeiros, while the presence of dairy wastewaters has been assessed as the main reason for the quality degradation of Vouraikos river. Moreover, the results of the study revealed the valuable role of the riparian vegetation in absorbing a large part of the incoming pollution. Finally, the results reveal the obligation for focused actions to be taken for monitoring and improvement of water quality, in order to meet the demands of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EU for “good” ecological quality, by the year 2015.

L'Europe des paiements a connu une incontestable avancée avec l'instauration de la monnaie unique mais il y'avait une réelle nécessité d'aller au-delà de cette simple monnaie en créant un véritable espace unique de paiement européen. Le législateur européen a voulu créer un cadre commun et homogène en matière de services de paiement à l'ensemble des acteurs bancaires et financiers de la zone économique européenne. De ce souhait d'harmonisation est née la volonté de diminution des coûts. A cet effet, le législateur européen a introduit un nouvel acteur dans le système bancaire et financier : l'établissement de paiement. Cette nouvelle structure a donc été créée avec un objectif clairement affiché : celui de favoriser la mise en concurrence sur le marché des services de paiement afin d'aboutir à cette baisse des coûts. Afin de favoriser le développement des établissements de paiement, le législateur européen leur a consacré un cadre spécifique avec des conditions prudentielles assouplies et une procédure d'agrément dédiée. En contrepartie de ce cadre allégé, ces nouveaux établissements de paiement ne pourront proposer que des services de paiement restreints. Dès lors, la mise en concurrence avec leurs prédécesseurs ne pourra être que limitée.Par ailleurs, en présence de ces nouveaux acteurs et des services de paiement innovants pouvant être proposés, il était nécessaire d'offrir aux utilisateurs de services de paiement une protection spécifique. Mais le cadre réglementaire européen établi semble être incomplet. De même, notre réglementation nationale paraît inadaptée soulevant ainsi une nécessité de réforme générale.

On legal-philosophical grounds the constitutional protection of socio-economic rights has been the subject of much debate. The question is whether socio-economical rights should be protected by a constitution and, if so, to what extent. In this study a theological-ethical evaluation is done about socio-economical rights and the protection thereof. This is done by examining certain Biblical themes and parts of Scripture of the Old and New Testament. From this investigation it is clear that socioeconomical rights are very important human rights that must be protected as effectively as possible. Several points of view on the constitutional protection of socio-economical rights are investigated and evaluated. These points of view are based on legal-philosophical grounds and argue respectively against the constitutional protection of socioeconomical rights, the protection of socio-economical rights as directive principles and the protection of socio-economical rights as fundamental rights. From this investigation it is clear that in principle the constitutional protection of socioeconomical rights as fundamental rights is the most effective way to protect these rights. The current state of affairs with regard to socio-economical rights in the Constitution of South-Africa is also investigated and evaluated. From this investigation it is clear that the Constitution does protect certain socio-economic rights, but not all of them. The rights to labour, clothing and scientific progress do not occur in the Constitution. In principle the right to labour is a very important socio-economic right and it leads to the realization of other socio-economic rights. The Constitution of South Africa also has several measures in place to ensure the protection of socio-economic rights. In spite of these measures, the socio-economic rights in the Constitution remain little more than rights on paper. There state, private sector, church and each individual will still have to do a lot to ensure the protection of socio-economic rights in South-Africa. / Thesis (M.Th. (Ethics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Žmonija, žengdama progreso keliu, visą laiką yra priversta spręsti energetines problemas. Iš pradžių vėjas ir vanduo, kietas kuras ir garas. XIX amžiaus pabaigoje, išradus vidaus degimo variklį, vis daugiau reikėjo skysto kuro ir dujų – prasidėjo naftos era, kuri tebesitęsia iki šiol. Jau senokai visame pasaulyje siekiama, kad nors dalis žmonijai reikalingos energijos būtų gaunama panaudojant netradicinius, ekologiškai švarius jos gavybos būdus. Taigi šiame darbe bus pristatoma bendra alternatyvių energijos šaltinių koncepcija, jų istorija. Išskiriami privalumai ir trūkumai bei analizuojama, kodėl alternatyvūs energijos šaltiniai yra patrauklūs, perspektyvūs ir siektini naudoti kiekvienos valstybės energetikos ekonomikoje. Taip pat bus pateikiamos Europos Sąjungos reformos, skatinančios liberalizuoti centralizuotą energijos ūkį ir taip sudaryti tiesiogines galimybes alternatyvios energijos gamintojams bei vartotojams. Atskiru atveju stengiamasi konkrečiai ir tikslingai išanalizuoti ir išnagrinėti Kogeneracijos direktyvą ir jos barjerus, kurie padėtų įgyvendinti šį tikslą. Ne maža darbo dalis yra skirta Europos Sąjungos energetikos rinkos liberalizavimo apžvalgai bei Lietuvos energetikos pokyčiams, kurie skatintų alternatyvios energijos panaudojimą. Taipogi šioje dalyje yra išanalizuota su kokiomis problemomis, pavojais bei iššūkiais susiduria Europos Sąjungos vidinė ir išorinė energetikos politika siekdama energetinio saugumo. / The mankind, in the course of its progress, is forced to solve energy problems all the time. At first, wind and water, solid fuel and vapour. After having invented the internal combustion engine at the end of the 19th century, the demand for liquid fuel and gas started to increase - the era of oil began which lasts up today. The mankind throughout the world has aimed for a long time to extract at leats part of the necessary energy using non-traditional, ecologically clean methods of its extraction. Therefore, this work will present the general concept of alternative energy sources and its history. The advantages and disadvantages are distinguished as well as the question why alternative energy sources are attractive, perspective and should be strived to be applied in energy economy of every state is analysed. Also the reforms of the European Union will be presented that encourage to liberalize the centralized energy economy and thus form the direct possibilities for producers and consumers of alternative energy. In a separate case, we try to analyse accurately and precisely the Cogeneration directive and its barriers that would help to implement this aim. A large part of the work is devoted for the review of the energy market liberalization of the European Union as well as changes in energy in Lithuania that would encourage the usage of alternative energy. This part of the work also analyses the problems, risks and challenges that are encountered by the domestic and foreign... [to full text]

Magistriniame darbe aptariami laisvo paslaugų judėjimo iššūkiai Europos Sąjungos Bendrojoje rinkoje, susiejant juos su laisvo paslaugų judėjimo direktyva bei jos įgyvendinimu. Visose Europos Sąjungos valstybėse narėse paslaugų sektorius ir jo administravimas yra reikšmingas – sudaro 60-70 proc. veiklos. Siekiant sukurti tolydžią bei konkurencingą rinką, laisvas paslaugų judėjimas yra ne mažiau svarbus nei laisvas asmenų, kapitalo ar prekių judėjimas. Kartu paėmus ir pilnai įgyvendinus, šios keturios laisvės sudaro vieningos rinkos pagrindą. Laisvą paslaugų judėjimą siekiama užtikrinti panaikinant šiam judėjimui kylančias kliūtis. Tačiau tų kliūčių šalinimas nėra lengvai įgyvendinamas dėl valstybių narių siekio apsaugoti savasias rinkas. 2004 m. Europos Komisija pateikė Paslaugų direktyvos projektą, kuriuo buvo siekiama panaikinti administracines kliūtis, kylančias paslaugų teikėjams, norintiems teikti paslaugas kitoje valstybėje narėje. Šiame projekte numatytas šalies kilmės principo taikymas, kuriuo remdamiesi paslaugų teikėjai kitoje valstybėje narėje paslaugas gali teikti vadovaudamiesi savo šalyje galiojančių teisės aktų nuostatomis. Pasiūlytame direktyvos projekte šalies kilmės principas, “vieno langelio” principu veikianti kontaktinė institucija susilaukė daug diskusijų ir vertinimų tarp šalių narių ir jų atstovų Europos Parlamente. Direktyvos oponentai teigė bijantys atviros rinkos pigiai darbo jėgai ir nekokybiškoms paslaugoms. Po ilgai trukusių diskusijų 2006 m... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This master‘s theses discuss the idea of free service movement challenges in the common market of European Union, linking them with the directive of free service movement and its implementation. Service sector and its administration in all states of European Union is very significant and it makes 60-70% of activity. Trying to achieve gradual and competative market, free service movement is not less important than free movement of persons, capital and goods. Taking all them together and implementing, these four subjects form united basis of market. Free service movement is warranted by eliminating arising obstacles for it. However the elimination of obstacles can not be easily implemented because state members are trying to protect their markets. In 2004 European Committee represented the project of Service directive, with the help of this project administrative obstacles were tried to be eliminated for people who want to give service in the other member state. This project includes application of country origin‘s principle, according to it service provider can suggest services in another country, following the law acts obtained in his country. In the suggested directive project country origin‘s principle, „one window“ principle in acting contact institution received a lot of discussions and evaluations among members and their representatives in Europarliament . The opponents of directive afirmed that they were afraid of open market for cheap manpower and nonqualitative... [to full text]

Water governance worldwide is going through a shift towards more holistic and participatory approaches. In Europe, the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) adopted in 2000, aims at protecting surface water and groundwater. The WFD emphasizes the importance of stakeholder participation in planning and implementation of the directive, and in order to reach environmental objectives. However, the empirical findings are insufficient regarding how stakeholder participation can lead to improved decisions and implemented plans. In Sweden, a major water quality problem is eutrophication caused to a large extend by diffuse nutrient leakage from agriculture. Therefore, it is important to involve farmers in water management, since their participation can lead the commitment of mitigation measures for reduced nutrient leakage. The overall aim of this study is to contribute the knowledge and understanding of active stakeholder participation in water management, in particular how it can lead to implementation of water quality objectives. The thesis addresses stakeholder participation in eutrophication management in local Swedish catchments, with a particular focus on farmers’ participation in the commitment of mitigation measures. The results are based on case study research, involving four catchment areas in Sweden with severe eutrophication problems. The thesis identified socio-demographic factors, farmers’ knowledge, and the level of existing information and economic support for wetland creation, as factors affecting farmers’ willingness to participate in wetland creation to mitigate nutrient leakage. In the local catchment groups studied, farmers and other local stakeholders participated to discuss potential mitigation activities. In these, farmers emphasized other emitting actors’ responsibility and commitment in local action plans. Where this was realized, social capital within the group increased and led to further collaboration. The thesis also analyzed large-scale wetland programmes at catchment scale, where the organizational and institutional arrangements were central to realize farmers’ participation: inter-municipal agreements entailed sufficient resources, the organization involved the most relevant actors; and leadership resources were important. The thesis argues that organizing water management at a catchment level can be important to cope with challenges related to stake-holder participation for mitigating diffuse nutrient leakage. In particular for dissemination and collection of information, suggesting potential measures for all concerned actors, provide resources needed to realize actions, and to build trust and collaboration. The thesis also emphasized that stakeholder participation has to be underpinned by a genuine meaning, both for the initiators and the participants. / <p>QC 20150506</p>