O presente trabalho visa analisar o comportamento estrutural de vigas de concreto armado em flexão, por meio de uma modelagem discreta de fratura com o uso de interfaces coesivas. Avaliou-se, neste estudo, a influência da utilização de elementos de interface entre todos os elementos de concreto da malha de elementos finitos, representando o dano de forma generalizada. Desta forma, é possível analisar desde a alteração na resposta estrutural por meio do gráfico entre força aplicada e deslocamento no centro do vão das vigas, bem como o surgimento e propagação de fissuras ao longo de todo o comprimento das mesmas. Foram utilizadas também leis específicas para simular o comportamento de aderência entre o concreto e o aço através de elementos de aderência. O trabalho envolveu o estudo de diferentes situações, a partir da simulação de vigas com diversas configurações, sendo analisada também a sensibilidade do modelo às variações dos parâmetros de entrada, que abrangem as propriedades dos materiais e os parâmetros numéricos do modelo coesivo utilizado. Os resultados mostraram que metodologia utilizada é capaz de representar importantes fenômenos como a perda de rigidez associada a fissuração no concreto, além de reproduzir a fissuração de maneira adequada destes elementos estruturais. / The aim of this work is to analyze the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams in bending, by means of a discrete modeling using cohesive interfaces. It was evaluated the influence of using interface elements between all concrete elements of the finite element mesh, representing the damage in all the structural element. From that, it is possible to analyze the alteration on the structural behavior on the applied load versus midspan deflection of the beams, as well as the propagation of cracks along the beam length. It was also used specific laws to simulate the adherence between the concrete and steel bars. The work involved the study of the sensibility of the model to the variations of the input parameters, which included the material properties and the numeric parameters of the proposed model. The results showed that the methodology used is capable of representing important phenomena like the rigidity loss associated to the concrete cracking, as well as reproducing the cracking itself accordingly.

Agent-based models are computer models made up of agents that can exist in a finite number of states. The state of the system at any given time is determined by rules governing agents' interaction. The rules may be deterministic or stochastic. Optimization is the process of finding a solution that optimizes some value that is determined by simulating the model. Optimal control of an agent-based model is the process of determining a sequence of control inputs to the model that steer the system to a desired state in the most efficient way. In large and complex models, the number of possible control inputs is too large to be enumerated by computers; hence methods must be developed for use with these models in order to find solutions without searching the entire solution space. Heuristic algorithms have been applied to such models with some success. Such algorithms are discussed; case studies of examples from biology are presented. The lack of a standard format for agent-based models is a major issue facing the study of agent-based models; presentation as polynomial dynamical systems is presented as a viable option. Algorithms are adapted and presented for use in this framework. / Master of Science

Fenômenos multifásicos são frequentemente observados na natureza, tais como nas gotas de chuva ou neve no ar, nos vulcões e tempestades de areia, e em diversas outras situações. Na solução desses problemas que envolvem escoamentos gás-sólidos e granulares são frequentemente utilizadas duas abordagens: a contínua (formulação Euleriana-Euleriana) e a discreta (formulação Euleriana-Lagrangiana). Na abordagem discreta pode-se utilizar dois modelos para descrever o contato entre as partículas: o modelo de esfera rígida e o modelo de esfera suave. Neste trabalho é realizado um estudo detalhado dos modelos de contato, com foco na modelagem de esfera suave, que é baseada em um sistema dinâmico mola-massa-amortecedor. Por meio desse estudo, com a finalidade de aprimorar o modelo de contato não-linear, são propostas duas relações para o mecanismo de contato de partículas. Essas relações são fundamentadas em um modelo dinâmico, com não-linearidades nas partes conservativas e dissipativas, não apresentando descontinuidades entre as acelerações do início e do fim do contato. A metodologia de desenvolvimento da presente pesquisa está dividida em três partes: pesquisa bibliográfica dos modelos de contato; estudo analítico e numérico desses modelos e testes de problemas com a realização de experimentos numéricos, utilizando o código computacional MFIX (Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchange). As novas aproximações propostas neste trabalho são analisadas e aplicadas em três diferentes problemas: de dinâmica, escoamento gás-sólido e escoamento granular. Os resultados obtidos utilizando as relações são comparados com dados disponíveis na literatura, mostrando-se adequados para os casos investigados neste trabalho. / Multiphase flow are frequently observed in nature, such as rain drops in air or snowfalls, volcanoes and sandstorms, and several other situations. For solving these problems which involve gas-solid and granular flows are often used two models: the continuous model (Eulerian-Eulerian formulation) and the discrete model (Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation). There are two main contact models used in DEM, the hard-sphere model and the soft-sphere model. In this work is carried out a detailed study of contact models, focusing on soft-sphere model, based on a dynamic system modeled as nonlinear mass-spring-damper. In order to improve the nonlinear contact model, in this study it is proposed two new approximate relations for determining the damping coefficient and duration of contact for a specific nonlinear soft-sphere contact model where the contact force is continuous at the start and end of the contact. The methodology of the development of this work is divided into three parts: literature research of the contact models; analytical and numerical study of these models and test problems with numerical experiments, using the open source code MFIX (Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchange). The proposed relations are analyzed and applied in three different problems: dynamic problem, gas-solid flow and granular flow. All results are compared with literature data showing good agreement for these cases studied in the present work.

Ce travail concerne la modélisation du mouvement des piétons via l’approche non régulière du contact dynamique des solides rigides et déformables. Une reformulation de cette approche est proposée en accord avec le formalisme de M.Frémond et celui de J.J.Moreau. L’approche proposée est basée sur la notion de percussion qui est l’intégrale de la force de contact au cours de la durée de la collision. Contrairement aux modèles classiques d’éléments discrets, il est supposé que les percussions ne peuvent être exprimées qu’en fonction de la vitesse avant l’impact. Cette hypothèse est vérifiée pour des lois de comportement classiques de la collision. Les équations de mouvement sont ensuite reformulées en tenant compte de multiples collisions simultanées. L’existence et l’unicité de la solution du nouveau modèle sont discutées en fonction de la régularité des forces (densité de Lebesgue apparaissant au cours de l’évolution régulière du système) et la régularité des percussions (Dirac-densité décrivant la collision). A la lumière des principes de la thermodynamique, une condition sur la percussion interne assurant que la collision est thermodynamiquement admissible, est établi. L’application aux collisions de disques rigides et à l’écoulement dans un sablier en forme d'entonnoir est présentée. L’approche est étendue au mouvement de la foule, en effet ; la circulation des piétons à travers les goulets d’étranglement est étudiée. Une analyse de sensibilité est effectuée pour étudier l’effet des paramètres d’un modèle de mouvement de foule discret 2D sur la nature des collisions et des temps d’évacuation des piétons. Nous avons identifié les paramètres qui régissent une collision de type piéton-piéton et étudié leurs effets sur le temps d'évacuation. Puis une expérience d’évacuation d’une salle avec une sortie de goulot d’étranglement est introduite et sa configuration est utilisée pour les simulations numériques. La question de l’estimation des forces de contact et de la pression générée dans une foule en mouvement est abordée à la fois d’un point de vue discret (un piéton est assimilé à un disque rigide) et continue (la foule est considérée comme un solide déformable). Une comparaison entre le modèle microscopique du second ordre (modèle discret 2D) et l’approche continue est présentée. Les forces de contact sont rigoureusement définies en tenant compte des contacts multiples et simultanés et le non chevauchement entre piétons. Nous montrons que pour une foule dense les percussions (saut de la quantité de mouvement correspondant au contact instantané) deviennent des forces de contact. Pour l’approche continue, la pression est calculée en fonction des contraintes volumiques et surfaciques. Et tenant compte les interactions non locales entre les piétons. Afin de rendre l’approche plus efficace, nous avons modélisé chaque piéton par un solide déformable, le cas unidimensionnel est étudié, une comparaison avec le cas discret est présentée pour un exemple d’écrasement d’une chaîne de piétons dans un obstacle fixe. La solution analytique des équations de contact est développée ce qui permet une calibration de paramètres du modèle et une étude asymptotique des solutions. La théorie non-régulière de la dynamique de solides déformables permet de calculer la vitesse réelle de la foule en tant qu’un milieu continu en tenant compte des interactions avec l’environnement et de la vitesse souhaitée. Une représentation macroscopique donnée par un problème couplé d’équations hyperbolique et elliptique. Une équation hyperbolique décrivant l’évolution de la densité de la foule dont la vitesse est calculée une équation elliptique, celle de l’évolution d’un solide déformable. Un résultat d’existence et unicité est développé concernant l’existence et l’unicité de la solution du problème couplé et la stabilité par rapport à la condition initiale et les conditions aux limites / This work concerns the modeling of pedestrian movement inspired by the non-smooth dynamics approach for the rigid and deformable solids. Firstly, a reformulation of the non-smooth approaches of M.Frémond and J.J.Moreau for rigid body dynamics is developed. The proposed theory relies on the notion of percussion which is the integral of the contact force during the duration of the collision. Contrary to classical discrete element models, it is here assumed that percussions can be only expressed as a function of the velocity before the impact. This assumption is checked for the usual mechanical constitutive laws for collisions. Motion equations are then reformulated taking into account simultaneous collisions of solids. The existence and uniqueness of the solution of the proposed model are discussed according to the regularity of both the forces (Lebesgue-density occurring during the regular evolution of the system) and the percussions (Dirac-density describing the collision). A condition on the internal percussion assuring that the collision is thermodynamically admissible is established. An application to the collision of rigid disks and the flow in a funnel-shaped hourglass is presented. The approach is extended to crowd motion, indeed; the circulation of pedestrians through the bottlenecks is studied and deals with to optimize evacuation and improve the design of pedestrian facilities. A sensitivity analysis is performed to study the effect of the parameters of a 2D discrete crowd movement model on the nature of pedestrian’s collision and on evacuation times. The question of estimation of contact forces and the pressure generated in a moving crowd is approached both from a discrete and continues point of view. A comparison between the second-order microscopic model (2D discrete model) and the continues approaches is presented. Contact forces are rigorously defined taking into account multiple, simultaneous contact and the non-overlapping condition between pedestrians. We show that for a dense crowd the percussions (moment umjump corresponding to instantaneous contact) become contact forces. For continuous approach, the pressure is calculated according to volume and surface constraints. This approach makes it possible to retain an admissible right-velocity (after impact), including both the non local interactions (at a distance interactions) between non neighbor pedestrians and the choice of displacement strategy of each pedestrian. Finally, two applications are presented : a one-dimensional simulation of an aligned pedestrian chain crashing into an obstacle, and a two-dimensional simulation corresponding to the evacuation of a room. In order to make the approach more efficient, we modeled each pedestrian with a deformable solid, the unidimensional case is studied a comparison with the discreet case is presented that corresponding to a crash of a pedestrian chain in a fixed obstacle is treated. The analytical solution of contact equations is developed for both approaches. This allows to calibrate the model parameters and offers an asymptotic study of the solutions. The non-smooth theory of deformable solids makes it possible to calculate the current velocity of the crowd as a continuous medium taking into account the interactions with the environment and their desired velocity. a macroscopic representation is developed through Hyperbolic – Elliptic Equations. indded;the crowd is described by its density whose evolution is given by a non local balance law. the current velocity involved in the equation is given by the collision equation of a deformable solid with a rigid plane. Firstly, we prove the well posedness of balance laws with a non smooth ux and function source in bounded domains, the existence of a weak entropic solution, it’s uniqueness and stability with respect to the initial datum and of the boundary datum. an application to crowdmodeling is presented

L’utilisation de matériaux d’origine végétale dans les bâtiments thermiquement performants pose la question de la pérennité des ouvrages principalement à cause de la dégradation fongique. Postia placenta est une espèce des champignons provoquant la pourriture brune, qui est la plus destructrice pour les constructions en bois.Ce travail se concentre sur l’observation et la modélisation de la croissance de Postia placenta à trois échelles successives : l'arborescence du mycélium (échelle discrète), la croissance en milieu libre (échelle continue) et la croissance en milieu encombré (échelle macroscopique). L’observation expérimentale de la croissance de Postia placenta utilise un microscope confocal à balayage laser pour quantifier les différentes mécanismes et obtenir les paramètres de croissance. A partir de cette observation, un modèle discret capable de générer un mycélium de forme extrêmement similaire à celle observée a été imaginé, développé et validé. Ensuite, à partir des profils de biomasse moyennés selon le rayon des mycéliums simulés par le modèle discret, un modèle continu basé sur une équation de réaction diffusion a été identifié pour décrire l’évolution de la concentration de biomasse fongique. Ce modèle continu offre la possibilité de la transition de l’échelle locale vers l’échelle macroscopique. Pour cela, des simulations de la prolifération en environnement encombré sont obtenues à l'aide du modèle continu. Par prise de moyenne, les champs spatio-temporels obtenus permettent de déterminer les paramètres d'un modèle continu similaire, mais valable à l'échelle macroscopique, sur un milieu fictif qui prend en considération la morphologie des obstacles. / The use of bio-based materials in thermally efficient buildings raises the question of the sustainability mainly due to fungal degradation. Among the wood-decay fungi, Postia placenta is one of the most common brown rot fungi, which are the most destructive due to their rapid decaying mechanisms. This work focused on the experimental observation and the modeling of fungal growth at three successive scales: the mycelial network (discrete scale), mycelial growth in homogeneous media (continuous scale) and mycelial growth in porous media (macroscopic scale).The experimental observation of the growth of Postia placenta was performed using confocal laser scanning microscopy to quantify the different growth mechanisms and obtain the growth parameters. A discrete model has been derived from this observation and is capable of generating mycelial networks extremely similar to the observed ones. A continuous formulation based on a reaction diffusion equation was developed from the radial biomass density of a mycelial network obtained in the discrete model. This continuous formulation was then used to derive an equivalent macroscale model able to account for fungal development in porous media. Simulations were performed on various periodic porous media. The parameters of the macroscale model was identified on the macroscopic fields obtained by averaging the local field over one periodic unit cell.

Baigiamajame darbe atliktas tiltin÷s santvaros, iš metalinių profiliuočių, konstrukcijos formos ir strypų skerspjūvių optimizavimas, esant vienam ir dviems apkrovų variantams. Konstrukcija projektuota atsižvelgiant į STR reikalavimus. Tam buvo spręstas netiesinio programavimo uždavinys. Sudarytos nagrinėjamo modelio pagrindinės priklausomybės taikant pusiausviruosius baigtinius elementus. Jų pagrindu sudaryta konstrukcijos optimizavimo programa MATLAB aplinkoje. Naudojantis ją, nustatyta optimali konstrukcijos struktūra ir optimalūs strypų skerspjūviai, esant minimaliam konstrukcijos tūriui, taikant ir netaikant santvaros aukščio ribojimą. Suformuluotos išvados. Darbą sudaro 6 dalys: įvadas, santvaros skaičiuojamoji schema ir apkrovų deriniai, santvaros įtempių ir deformacijų būvio analizė taikant pusiausviruosius baigtinius elementus, konstrukcijos masės minimizavimo uždavinys,optimizavimo rezultatai, išvados, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 67 p. teksto be priedų, 19 iliustr., 11 lent., 26 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai. / In the work bridge truss made of steel cross sections was optimized. There was both form of truss and cross sections optimized according to one, and two loads combinations. Construction was design by STR (Lithuanian national design codes). For the mathematical nonlinear programing problem was solved. The main equations inequality of structure analyze discrete model was made using finite elements method. Basing on them program for optimization in Matlab language was made. By that program, optimal truss form and cross sections was found by minimizing structure volume. Six projects were found including and not including limitation of truss high. Structure: introduction, truss analytical scheme and load combinations, truss analysis using finite element method, construction mass minimization, optimal structure results, conclusions and suggestions, references. Thesis consist of: 67 p. text without appendixes, 19 pictures, 11 tables, 26 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.

Fenômenos multifásicos são frequentemente observados na natureza, tais como nas gotas de chuva ou neve no ar, nos vulcões e tempestades de areia, e em diversas outras situações. Na solução desses problemas que envolvem escoamentos gás-sólidos e granulares são frequentemente utilizadas duas abordagens: a contínua (formulação Euleriana-Euleriana) e a discreta (formulação Euleriana-Lagrangiana). Na abordagem discreta pode-se utilizar dois modelos para descrever o contato entre as partículas: o modelo de esfera rígida e o modelo de esfera suave. Neste trabalho é realizado um estudo detalhado dos modelos de contato, com foco na modelagem de esfera suave, que é baseada em um sistema dinâmico mola-massa-amortecedor. Por meio desse estudo, com a finalidade de aprimorar o modelo de contato não-linear, são propostas duas relações para o mecanismo de contato de partículas. Essas relações são fundamentadas em um modelo dinâmico, com não-linearidades nas partes conservativas e dissipativas, não apresentando descontinuidades entre as acelerações do início e do fim do contato. A metodologia de desenvolvimento da presente pesquisa está dividida em três partes: pesquisa bibliográfica dos modelos de contato; estudo analítico e numérico desses modelos e testes de problemas com a realização de experimentos numéricos, utilizando o código computacional MFIX (Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchange). As novas aproximações propostas neste trabalho são analisadas e aplicadas em três diferentes problemas: de dinâmica, escoamento gás-sólido e escoamento granular. Os resultados obtidos utilizando as relações são comparados com dados disponíveis na literatura, mostrando-se adequados para os casos investigados neste trabalho. / Multiphase flow are frequently observed in nature, such as rain drops in air or snowfalls, volcanoes and sandstorms, and several other situations. For solving these problems which involve gas-solid and granular flows are often used two models: the continuous model (Eulerian-Eulerian formulation) and the discrete model (Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation). There are two main contact models used in DEM, the hard-sphere model and the soft-sphere model. In this work is carried out a detailed study of contact models, focusing on soft-sphere model, based on a dynamic system modeled as nonlinear mass-spring-damper. In order to improve the nonlinear contact model, in this study it is proposed two new approximate relations for determining the damping coefficient and duration of contact for a specific nonlinear soft-sphere contact model where the contact force is continuous at the start and end of the contact. The methodology of the development of this work is divided into three parts: literature research of the contact models; analytical and numerical study of these models and test problems with numerical experiments, using the open source code MFIX (Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchange). The proposed relations are analyzed and applied in three different problems: dynamic problem, gas-solid flow and granular flow. All results are compared with literature data showing good agreement for these cases studied in the present work.

No description available.

連續時間計量方法在國外已廣泛被使用於經濟理論的實證上，而國內相關的研究猶付之如闕。本文首先簡述連續時聞計量方法的緣起及其優點；接著介紹其研究方法；最後以此法對耐久財需求、非自願儲蓄及匯率的決定三個主題進行研究。 　　本文第四章透過消費者耐久財的需求發現，以RMSE為準則時，連續模型所賦予的結構訊息是否優於離散模型，須視經濟現象本身的性質而定。 　　有關第五章台灣地區非自願儲蓄之研究，其結論可歸納為：即使考慮不同預期行為，Deaton (1977) 所宣稱的非自願儲蓄效果仍不顯著。但隨著產品行銷管道日漸流通等因素，此一效果亦值得有關當局注意。 　　第六章中筆者修改Frankel & Rodrignez (1982) 之模型，並利用逼近法進行估計。在完全預期的假設下，可以發現模型配適的匯率波動幅度遠大於實際匯率走向。而考慮政府干預後，模型配適情況良好。最後，就樣本後預測準則而言，本章所考慮之模型皆優於VARX(1,2)。

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-07-26T12:29:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pedroandrearroyosilva.pdf: 4154699 bytes, checksum: 1875b7d54dd015591fcdd55db287ee37 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-03T16:20:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pedroandrearroyosilva.pdf: 4154699 bytes, checksum: 1875b7d54dd015591fcdd55db287ee37 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T16:20:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pedroandrearroyosilva.pdf: 4154699 bytes, checksum: 1875b7d54dd015591fcdd55db287ee37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-23 / A formação de padrões espaço-temporais são observados em processos químicos e bio-lógicos. Apesar dos sistemas bioquímicos serem altamente heterogêneos, aproximações homogenizadas contínuas formadas por equações diferenciais parciais são utilizadas fre-quentemente. Estas aproximações são usualmente justificadas pela diferença de escalas entre as heterogeneidades e o tamanho da característica espacial dos padrões. Em certas condições do meio, por exemplo, quando há um acoplamento fraco entre as células car-díacas, os modelos homogenizados discretos são mais adequados. Entretanto, os modelos discretos são menos manejáveis, por exemplo, na geração de malha para 2D e 3D, se comparado com os modelos contínuos. Aqui estudamos um modelo matemático homoge-nizado contínuo que se aproxima do modelo homogenizado. Este modelo é dado a partir de equações diferencias parciais com um parâmetro que depende da discretização da ma-lha. Dessa maneira nos referimos a este por um modelo matemático com parâmetros que dependem da discretização. Validamos nossa aproximação em um meio excitável genérico que simula três fenômenos em 1D: a propagação do potencial de ação transmembrânico no tecido cardíaco, a propagação do potencial de ação em filamentos de axônios cobertos por bainhas de mielina e a propagação do ativador e inibidor em microemulsões químicas. Para o caso 2D desenvolvemos uma versão da nossa aproximação que reproduz ondas espirais em um meio com acoplamento fraco. / The spatio-temporal patterns formations are observed in chemical and biological pro-cesses. Although biochemical systems are highly heterogeneous, homogenized continuum approaches formed by partial differential equations have been employed frequently. These approaches are usually justified by the difference scales between the characteristic spatial size of the patterns. Under some conditions of the medium, for instance, under weak coupling between cardiac cells, discrete models are more adequate. On the other hand discrete models may be less manageable, for instance, in terms of mesh generation, com-pared to the continuum models. Here we study a mathematical model to approach the discreteness which permits the computer implementation on non-uniform meshes. The model is cast as a partial differential equation but with a parameter that depends on the discretization mesh. Therefore we refer to it as a mathematical model with parameters dependent of discretization. We validate the approach in a generic excitable media that simulates three different phenomena in 1D: the propagation of action potential in car-diac tissue, the propation of the action potentialin filaments of axons wrapped by myelin sheaths, and the propagation of the activator/inhibitor in chemical microemulsions. For the 2D case we develop a version to this approach in microemulsions where it was possible to reproduce spiral waves with weak coupling of the medium.