It is evident from the past forty years of research, debate and literature that the New World was far more populated in 1492 than was previously thought. However, despite the expanding field of study most works omit the effects that epidemics had on the tribes of the Great Plains, particularly those located in present-day Canada, and the works that have been published deal mainly with demographics and fail to delve into how disease affected intertribal relations. As well, almost all studies of disease and the Great Plains tribes end by 1850 or start in 1880. Therefore, the decades from 1860 through to the 1870s are largely ignored and become even more of a mystery when considering the fact that the eventual subjugation of the Plains Natives soon came when the Numbered Treaties commenced in 1871.<p>The omission of research on epidemics from 1860 to 1880 has left historians to concentrate on other reasons for the collapse of the Plains lifestyle, primarily the disappearance of the buffalo, which was crucial to Native existence in the parkland/grassland regions. Although this was obviously a very important factor in weakening warrior societies on the Plains, it was by no means the sole factor. In fact, the smallpox epidemic of 1870-71 and its after effects played an important role in debilitating Native nations, especially great tribes like the Plains Cree in present-day Saskatchewan. Food supplies could not be maintained and starvation became prevalent throughout the Great Plains in the winter of 1870-71. Malnutrition certainly would also have led to further secondary complications such as fertility problems and pulmonary illnesses, such as pneumonia, which would have contributed to the impact of the epidemic through a continued loss of population and disruption of intertribal functioning. Through analysis of the consequences of this epidemic on the Plains Cree it becomes increasingly apparent that disease played a much greater role in leading Natives towards treaty negotiations and settlement than has been formerly thought. This is not to say that epidemics in themselves were the main reason for the collapse of the Plains Cree culture, but rather they deserve to be included along with the traditional causes such as the disappearance of the buffalo.

It is evident from the past forty years of research, debate and literature that the New World was far more populated in 1492 than was previously thought. However, despite the expanding field of study most works omit the effects that epidemics had on the tribes of the Great Plains, particularly those located in present-day Canada, and the works that have been published deal mainly with demographics and fail to delve into how disease affected intertribal relations. As well, almost all studies of disease and the Great Plains tribes end by 1850 or start in 1880. Therefore, the decades from 1860 through to the 1870s are largely ignored and become even more of a mystery when considering the fact that the eventual subjugation of the Plains Natives soon came when the Numbered Treaties commenced in 1871.<p>The omission of research on epidemics from 1860 to 1880 has left historians to concentrate on other reasons for the collapse of the Plains lifestyle, primarily the disappearance of the buffalo, which was crucial to Native existence in the parkland/grassland regions. Although this was obviously a very important factor in weakening warrior societies on the Plains, it was by no means the sole factor. In fact, the smallpox epidemic of 1870-71 and its after effects played an important role in debilitating Native nations, especially great tribes like the Plains Cree in present-day Saskatchewan. Food supplies could not be maintained and starvation became prevalent throughout the Great Plains in the winter of 1870-71. Malnutrition certainly would also have led to further secondary complications such as fertility problems and pulmonary illnesses, such as pneumonia, which would have contributed to the impact of the epidemic through a continued loss of population and disruption of intertribal functioning. Through analysis of the consequences of this epidemic on the Plains Cree it becomes increasingly apparent that disease played a much greater role in leading Natives towards treaty negotiations and settlement than has been formerly thought. This is not to say that epidemics in themselves were the main reason for the collapse of the Plains Cree culture, but rather they deserve to be included along with the traditional causes such as the disappearance of the buffalo.

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the industry impact of a hypothetical Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreak in the Texas High Plains using alternative animal tracing levels. To accomplish this objective, an epidemiological disease spread model, AUSSPREAD, is used to simulate the FMD outbreak and an economic model is used to examine the impacts of different animal identification levels in cattle. The different levels of animal identification relate to the model?s ability to trace back the subsequent infected and/or dangerous contacts with which the initial outbreak herd has been in contact. The study examines direct disease management costs (slaughter, euthanasia, disposal, surveillance, and cleaning disinfection), forgone income, and other indirect costs (indemnity payments and welfare slaughter) for outbreaks originating from a large beef operation, a feedlot, and a saleyard across subsequent tracing periods from 1 to 10 days. Welfare slaughter and quarantine costs were estimated for the best and worst outbreaks from the feedlot operation. It is noteworthy that total direct costs of a FMD outbreak would be more extensive than the current study's calculations, which only analyzed the direct disease management costs. The increased days to trace dangerous contacts presented overall increases in outbreak losses over each outbreak scenario. Although outcome averages appear insensitive at times under the assumptions applied, the epidemiological model presented the possibility that traceability could reduce the risk of extreme outcomes in respect to the overall distribution of losses. For each cattle operation, the outbreaks stayed consistent or marginally increased with their respective average costs, but their maximum losses rose steadily, across the trace periods examined. The impact of increased traceability and decreased outbreak length can be justified in affecting FMD outbreak costs in a positive manner. The results provide the industry with estimations of different outbreak scenarios which can be used to inform the decision on the NAIS system. Longer tracing periods, larger simulations (by iteration), and further study of the model is necessary in order to more accurately imitate FMD outbreaks within the Texas High Plains and its detrimental effects.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 247-258.

O vírus influenza A (IAV) é um agente zoonótico de grande relevância tanto para saúde humana como animal. A influenza suína teve seu primeiro reconhecimento clínico em 1918, em suínos do Meio Oeste dos EUA, coincidindo com a pandemia de influenza em humanos. Desde então, o IAV permanece como um importante patógeno para a indústria suinícola em todo o mundo. A grande variabilidade genética destes vírus é causada por dois principais mecanismos genéticos: mutações pontuais e recombinações genéticas. A influenza é endêmica em muitos países e a emergências de recombinantes tem desafiado o controle e o diagnóstico desta enfermidade. No Brasil, a infecção pelo IAV em suínos (swIAV) não está bem caracterizada; poucos relatos evidenciam a prevalência deste agente antes do ano de 2009, especialmente no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, que alberga um dos maiores rebanhos de suínos do Brasil. Em vista disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar ocorrência de swIAV em alguns rebanhos suínos comerciais do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, no período de 2013-2014, e determinar os tipos e subtipos de vírus circulantes naquelas propriedades. O primeiro capítulo deste estudo reporta os aspectos clínicos, patológicos e virológicos da ocorrência de influenza suína e co-infecções identificadas em seis propriedades suinícolas selecionadas na região do Vale do Taquari. Neste estudo foram analisados suabes nasais coletados de 66 animais e 6 amostras de tecido pulmonar de suínos com sinais de infecção respiratória. A detecção viral foi feita através de uma PCR de triagem e confirmada através do isolamento viral em células MDCK. A identificação dos subtipos virais foi feita através de uma PCR em Tempo Real (rRT-PCR) para o subtipo A(H1N1)pdm09 ou através de uma PCR multiplex (RT-PCR) para outros subtipos de swIAV. A detecção de agentes bacterianos foi realizada apenas nas amostras de tecido pulmonar, através da pesquisa de genomas bacterianos por PCR. O subtipo A(H1N1)pdm09 foi identificado em 4/6 granjas e o subtipo H1N2 em 2/6 granjas. Além disso, agentes envolvidos no complexo respiratório dos suínos foram identificados em todas as granjas; Pasteurella multocida foi identificada em 5/6 granjas e Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae em 3/6 granjas. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (1/6), Haemophilus parasuis (1/6) e PCV2 (1/6) também foram detectados. O segundo capítulo deste estudo teve como objetivo o sequenciamento do genoma completo de um novo recombinante H1N2 de origem humana, detectado em suínos. O genoma completo foi gerado através de uma RT-PCR. Os produtos foram purificados e submetidos ao sequenciamento utilizando a plataforma MiSeq (illumina). A análise filogenética revelou que as sequencias dos genes HA e NA correspondem a genes de IAV de origem humana, enquanto que as sequencias dos genes que codificam as proteínas internas do vírus (PB1, PB2, PA, NP, M e NS) correspondem a genes de amostras do vírus A(H1N1)pdm09. O terceiro capítulo reporta o sequenciamento completo dos genomas de 8 amostras de vírus influenza identificados nas populações de suínos amostradas. Foram identificados dois subtipos virais de origem humana (H1N2 e H3N2), além do vírus A(H1N1)pdm09. Os subtipos de origem humana possuem os genes HA e NA similares a vírus sazonais de humanos e os genes internos são estreitamente relacionados com o vírus A(H1N1)pdm09. / Influenza A virus (IAV) is a zoonotic agent of great relevance to human and animal health. Swine influenza was first recognized clinically in pigs in the Midwestern U.S., in 1918, coinciding with the human influenza pandemic. Since that time swine influenza has remained of importance to the swine industry throughout the world. The great genetic variability of influenza viruses is caused by two main genetic mechanisms: point mutations (antigenic drift) and gene reassortment (antigenic shift). Influenza is endemic in pigs in many countries and the emergence of new viruses has been challenging its control and diagnostics. Influenza virus (swIAV) infection in Brazilian swine population is not well characterized, and little evidence existed of swIAV circulation before 2009, especially in Rio Grande do Sul State, which hosts one of the largest swine populations in Brazil. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of IAV in commercial swine herds in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 2013-2014 and to know the types and subtypes of swine influenza viruses that are circulating in these herd. The first chapter of this study reports the clinical, pathological and virological aspects of the occurrence of swine influenza and related co-infections in six pig properties of the Taquari Valley region. In this study were analyzed nasal swabs collected from 66 animals and six lung tissue samples from pigs showing clinical signs of respiratory disease. IAV detection was performed by PCR screening and confirmed by virus isolation in MDCK cells and hemagglutination (HA). Influenza A subtyping was performed by real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) to detect the 2009 H1N1pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09; other swIAV subtypes were identifieded by multiplex RT-PCR. Bacterial infections were identified through detection of bacterial genomes by PCR, only in lung samples. Influenza A was detected by screening PCR in 46/66 swab samples and from 5/6 lungs. Virus was recovered from pigs of the six herds. Subtype A(H1N1)pdm09 was detected in 4/6 herds and H1N2 in the other 2/6 herds. In lung tissues, further agents involved in porcine respiratory disease complex were detected in all cases; Pasteurella multocida was identified in 5/6 samples and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in 3/6. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (1/6), Haemophilus parasuis (1/6) and PCV2 (1/6) were also detected. The aim of the second chapter was to sequence the whole-genome of a novel human-like H1N2 swine influenza virus. Wholegenome sequences were generated by RT-PCR. Amplicons were purified followed by sequencing in the MiSeq sequencing platform (Illumina). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the HA and NA genes clustered with influenza viruses of human lineage, whereas the internal genes (PB1, PB2, PA, NP, M and NS) clustered with the A(H1N1)pdm09. The third chapter reports the genetic sequencing of the full genomes of eight swine influenza viruses circulating in the sampled pig population. Two swine human-like subtypes (H1N2 and H3N2) and the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus were identified. The human-like subtypes have the HA and NA genes similar to the human seasonal strains and the internal genes are closely related to the virus A(H1N1)pdm09.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-07T15:59:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 15.pdf: 4496880 bytes, checksum: 70628242622430623aca45bc57d470ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Durante os anos de 1950, em diferentes países do mundo, surtos epidêmicos de poliomielite deixaram milhares de pessoas, principalmente crianças, com graves sequelas. No Brasil, o clamor social diante das consequências das epidemias de paralisia infantil, as matérias na imprensa e a associação de médicos a empresários, industriais, banqueiros, políticos e familiares das vítimas de poliomielite criaram as condições para o surgimento de uma entidade filantrópica na antiga Capital Federal, a Associação Brasileira Beneficente de Reabilitação (ABBR). O objetivo principal desta tese é analisar o processo de profissionalização da fisioterapia no Rio de Janeiro, a partir da criação da ABBR, em 1954, até o reconhecimento da Escola de Reabilitação do Rio de Janeiro (ERRJ), em 1965. São debatidos o desenvolvimento da fisioterapia e reabilitação no pós-segunda Guerra, o impacto social da poliomielite e a sua relação com ações de filantropia e a mobilização da sociedade carioca em torno da ABBR. A partir da discussão sobre a poliomielite são analisados, do ponto de vista histórico, os critérios para definição de prioridades e alocação de recursos em saúde pública e as responsabilidades assumidas pelo Estado em relação ao tratamento dos doentes. A principal conclusão da tese é que a poliomielite teve um papel central na criação da ABBR e da ERRJ e que estas instituições, assim como a AFEG, tiveram papel decisivo na profissionalização da fisioterapia no país.

O vírus influenza A (IAV) é um agente zoonótico de grande relevância tanto para saúde humana como animal. A influenza suína teve seu primeiro reconhecimento clínico em 1918, em suínos do Meio Oeste dos EUA, coincidindo com a pandemia de influenza em humanos. Desde então, o IAV permanece como um importante patógeno para a indústria suinícola em todo o mundo. A grande variabilidade genética destes vírus é causada por dois principais mecanismos genéticos: mutações pontuais e recombinações genéticas. A influenza é endêmica em muitos países e a emergências de recombinantes tem desafiado o controle e o diagnóstico desta enfermidade. No Brasil, a infecção pelo IAV em suínos (swIAV) não está bem caracterizada; poucos relatos evidenciam a prevalência deste agente antes do ano de 2009, especialmente no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, que alberga um dos maiores rebanhos de suínos do Brasil. Em vista disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar ocorrência de swIAV em alguns rebanhos suínos comerciais do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, no período de 2013-2014, e determinar os tipos e subtipos de vírus circulantes naquelas propriedades. O primeiro capítulo deste estudo reporta os aspectos clínicos, patológicos e virológicos da ocorrência de influenza suína e co-infecções identificadas em seis propriedades suinícolas selecionadas na região do Vale do Taquari. Neste estudo foram analisados suabes nasais coletados de 66 animais e 6 amostras de tecido pulmonar de suínos com sinais de infecção respiratória. A detecção viral foi feita através de uma PCR de triagem e confirmada através do isolamento viral em células MDCK. A identificação dos subtipos virais foi feita através de uma PCR em Tempo Real (rRT-PCR) para o subtipo A(H1N1)pdm09 ou através de uma PCR multiplex (RT-PCR) para outros subtipos de swIAV. A detecção de agentes bacterianos foi realizada apenas nas amostras de tecido pulmonar, através da pesquisa de genomas bacterianos por PCR. O subtipo A(H1N1)pdm09 foi identificado em 4/6 granjas e o subtipo H1N2 em 2/6 granjas. Além disso, agentes envolvidos no complexo respiratório dos suínos foram identificados em todas as granjas; Pasteurella multocida foi identificada em 5/6 granjas e Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae em 3/6 granjas. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (1/6), Haemophilus parasuis (1/6) e PCV2 (1/6) também foram detectados. O segundo capítulo deste estudo teve como objetivo o sequenciamento do genoma completo de um novo recombinante H1N2 de origem humana, detectado em suínos. O genoma completo foi gerado através de uma RT-PCR. Os produtos foram purificados e submetidos ao sequenciamento utilizando a plataforma MiSeq (illumina). A análise filogenética revelou que as sequencias dos genes HA e NA correspondem a genes de IAV de origem humana, enquanto que as sequencias dos genes que codificam as proteínas internas do vírus (PB1, PB2, PA, NP, M e NS) correspondem a genes de amostras do vírus A(H1N1)pdm09. O terceiro capítulo reporta o sequenciamento completo dos genomas de 8 amostras de vírus influenza identificados nas populações de suínos amostradas. Foram identificados dois subtipos virais de origem humana (H1N2 e H3N2), além do vírus A(H1N1)pdm09. Os subtipos de origem humana possuem os genes HA e NA similares a vírus sazonais de humanos e os genes internos são estreitamente relacionados com o vírus A(H1N1)pdm09. / Influenza A virus (IAV) is a zoonotic agent of great relevance to human and animal health. Swine influenza was first recognized clinically in pigs in the Midwestern U.S., in 1918, coinciding with the human influenza pandemic. Since that time swine influenza has remained of importance to the swine industry throughout the world. The great genetic variability of influenza viruses is caused by two main genetic mechanisms: point mutations (antigenic drift) and gene reassortment (antigenic shift). Influenza is endemic in pigs in many countries and the emergence of new viruses has been challenging its control and diagnostics. Influenza virus (swIAV) infection in Brazilian swine population is not well characterized, and little evidence existed of swIAV circulation before 2009, especially in Rio Grande do Sul State, which hosts one of the largest swine populations in Brazil. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of IAV in commercial swine herds in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 2013-2014 and to know the types and subtypes of swine influenza viruses that are circulating in these herd. The first chapter of this study reports the clinical, pathological and virological aspects of the occurrence of swine influenza and related co-infections in six pig properties of the Taquari Valley region. In this study were analyzed nasal swabs collected from 66 animals and six lung tissue samples from pigs showing clinical signs of respiratory disease. IAV detection was performed by PCR screening and confirmed by virus isolation in MDCK cells and hemagglutination (HA). Influenza A subtyping was performed by real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) to detect the 2009 H1N1pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09; other swIAV subtypes were identifieded by multiplex RT-PCR. Bacterial infections were identified through detection of bacterial genomes by PCR, only in lung samples. Influenza A was detected by screening PCR in 46/66 swab samples and from 5/6 lungs. Virus was recovered from pigs of the six herds. Subtype A(H1N1)pdm09 was detected in 4/6 herds and H1N2 in the other 2/6 herds. In lung tissues, further agents involved in porcine respiratory disease complex were detected in all cases; Pasteurella multocida was identified in 5/6 samples and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in 3/6. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (1/6), Haemophilus parasuis (1/6) and PCV2 (1/6) were also detected. The aim of the second chapter was to sequence the whole-genome of a novel human-like H1N2 swine influenza virus. Wholegenome sequences were generated by RT-PCR. Amplicons were purified followed by sequencing in the MiSeq sequencing platform (Illumina). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the HA and NA genes clustered with influenza viruses of human lineage, whereas the internal genes (PB1, PB2, PA, NP, M and NS) clustered with the A(H1N1)pdm09. The third chapter reports the genetic sequencing of the full genomes of eight swine influenza viruses circulating in the sampled pig population. Two swine human-like subtypes (H1N2 and H3N2) and the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus were identified. The human-like subtypes have the HA and NA genes similar to the human seasonal strains and the internal genes are closely related to the virus A(H1N1)pdm09.

No description available.

Many infectious diseases are spread through interactions between susceptible and infectious individuals. Keeping track of where each exposure to the disease took place, when it took place, and which individuals were involved in the exposure can give public health officials important information that they may use to formulate their interventions. Further, knowing which individuals in the population are at the highest risk of becoming infected with the disease may prove to be a useful tool for public health officials trying to curtail the spread of the disease. Epidemiological models are needed to allow epidemiologists to study the population dynamics of transmission of infectious agents and the potential impact of infectious disease control programs. While many agent-based computational epidemiological models exist in the literature, they focus on the spread of disease rather than exposure risk. These models are designed to simulate very large populations, representing individuals as agents, and using random experiments and probabilities in an attempt to more realistically guide the course of the modeled disease outbreak. The work presented in this thesis focuses on tracking exposure risk to chickenpox in an elementary school setting. This setting is chosen due to the high level of detailed information realistically available to school administrators regarding individuals' schedules and movements. Using an agent-based approach, contacts between individuals are tracked and analyzed with respect to both individuals and locations. The results are then analyzed using a combination of tools from computer science and geographic information science.