Hábitos de vida saudáveis e uma dieta balanceada aliados ao alto consumo de frutas e vegetais, estão associados à prevenção de doenças e à manutenção da saúde. A maçã possui em sua composição compostos bioativos que podem agir na prevenção e no controle das dislipidemias. Tendo em vista a preocupação da Saúde Pública em encontrar uma fonte alternativa na redução das doenças cardiovasculares, esse trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a composição química da maçã, variedade Gala, e estudar os efeitos do seu consumo no ganho de peso, consumo alimentar, níveis sanguíneos de colesterol total, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglicerídeos, colesterol hepático e colesterol excretado em ratos Wistar hipercolesterolêmicos. Foram utilizados 6 animais em cada grupo de tratamento (controle, 5%, 15% e 25% de maçã na dieta) durante 30 e 60 dias. Foi observado neste estudo, quanto a composição centesimal da maçã, que uma maçã (200g), é capaz de fornecer 14,5% das recomendações de fibras totais e 55% de vitamina C, além de quantidades consideráveis de compostos fenólicos (0,38g/100g em base fresca) e tanino (0,16g/100g em base fresca). No ensaio biológico, os animais de ambos os tempos, apresentaram uma redução não significativa no ganho de peso e no consumo de dieta com o aumento das concentrações de maçã. Ao final de 30 dias, todas as dietas proporcionaram uma redução significativa (p ≤ 0,05) nos níveis de triglicerídeos comparativamente ao grupo controle e não significativa com relação aos níveis de HDL-C. As dietas com 15% e 25% de maçã mostraram reduções significativas nos níveis sanguíneos de colesterol total e LDL-C e um aumento no teor de colesterol excretado em relação ao grupo controle. A dieta com 25% de maçã promoveu uma redução significativa nos níveis de colesterol hepático em comparação ao grupo controle. Aos 60 dias, os níveis sanguíneos de colesterol total, LDL-C, HDL-C e triglicerídeos de ratos alimentados com as dietas 5%, 15% e 25% de maçã foram semelhantes ao grupo controle.A partir desses resultados, pode-se concluir que a maçã Gala é um potente alimento no controle dirigido das dislipidemias em ratos. Uma dieta rica em verduras, legumes e frutas, inclusive a maçã, associado a um estilo de vida saudável, ao longo do tempo, podem ser considerados fundamentais na prevenção e redução do risco de doenças, principalmente as cardiovasculares. / Healthy life habits and an equilibrate diet, associated with a high fruit and vegetable intake, are joined with the prevention of diseases and health maintenance. The apple has in its composition bioactives compounds that can help in the prevention and control of hyperlipidemia. With the worry of Public Health to find an alternative source in the reduction of the cardiovasculars diseases, the objective of this work was to analyse the chemical composition of the Gala apple and to study the effects of its consumption in the gain of weigh, food intake, seric levels of total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides, hepatic cholesterol and feces cholesterol in hypercholesterolemics Wistar rats. Six animals were distributed in each treatments (control, 5%, 15% and 25% apple diet) during 30 and 60 days. This study showed that one apple (200g) can provide 14,5% of the total fiber and 55% of the vitamin C within the recommendation, besides considerable quantities of phenolic compounds (0,38 g/100g wet weigh) and tannins (0,16 g/100g wet weigh). In the biological assay all the animals showed a non significative reduction in the gain of weigh and food intake with the increase of apple concentrations in the diets. At the end of 30 days, all the diets provided a significative reduction in the levels of tryglicerides comparable to the control group and non significative in relation to HDL-C levels. The 15% and 25% apple diets showed significatives reductions in the seric levels of total cholesterol and LDL-C and an increase in the level of feces cholesterol in relation to the control group. The 25% apple diet provided a significative reduction in the hepatic cholesterol levels comparable to the control group. After 60 days, the seric levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and tryglicerides in rats fed with 5%, 15% and 25% apple diets were alike to the control group. These results confirm the importance of the Gala apple in the rats hyperlipidemia control. A diet rich in vegetables and fruits, including apple, associated with a healthy life habits, along the time, can be considered in the prevention and reduction against the risk of disease, mainly, the cardiovascular ones.

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos epidemiológicos demonstram que as doenças cardiovasculares e suas complicações estão associadas ao estilo de vida das pessoas. Há evidências de que o processo aterosclerótico se inicia na infância, e que sua prevenção pode ser mais efetiva se iniciada precocemente, com ações de educação em saúde que visem a promover a prática regular de atividade física e a mudança de hábitos alimentares. OBJETIVOS: Observação das representações dos adolescentes sobre hábitos alimentares e práticas de atividade física no contexto da promoção da saúde cardiovascular. Verificação d a exeqüibilidade das técnicas de ensino-aprendizagem baseadas em Paulo Freire, Pichon-Rivière, Prochaska e Di Clemente na reflexão com os adolescentes sobre a prevenção primária dos fatores de risco relacionados com essas representações. Testar a hipótese de que a presença da doença cardiovascular nos familiares têm influência nas representações observadas. MÉTODOS: Alunos da sétima série de uma escola pública de São Paulo foram levantados por meio de questionário epidemiológico para avaliar os riscos associados ao estilo de vida. Dois grupos diferentes de alunos, selecionados de acordo com a presença de doença cardiovascular nos pais, receberam a intervenção educativa em dinâmicas aplicadas no decorrer de 10 reuniões de grupo. RESULTADOS: A matriz de Prochaska e Di Clemente permitiu avaliar que a representação dos temas de alimentação e atividade física foi modificada nos dois grupos, que passaram do estágio de pré-contemplação para contemplação; no entanto, dez reuniões não foram suficientes para os grupos se manterem no estágio de preparação para mudança, oscilando com o estágio de contemplação. A análise feita pela matriz de Pichon- Rivière demonstra que o aprendizado do grupo sem história familiar aparece de forma clara como conhecimento construído sobre os temas propostos, enquanto o grupo com história familiar possui conhecimento pré-existente, e adquire novos conceitos de maneira mais lenta. Justificando as diferentes formas de abordagem aplicadas às atividades dos grupos no presente trabalho. CONCLUSÃO: A intervenção por meio de grupos educativos baseados em Paulo Freire, Pichon-Rivière e Prochaska e Di Clemente se mostrou útil para observar as representações dos adolescentes sobre hábitos alimentares e práticas de atividade física no contexto da promoção da saúde cardiovascular. Durante as atividades dos grupos educativos foi possível avaliar a informação pré-existente, como também, estabelecer com eles um diálogo construtivo para a prevenção primária dos fatores de risco relacionados com essas representações. / INTRODUCTION: Epidemiologic studies demonstrated that the cardiovascular disease and its complications are associated with people\'s life style. There are evidences that the atherosclerotic process begins in infancy and that its prevention can be more effective if it is precociously started by taking educative actions concerning health, which aim at promoting regular physical activity practice and the change of eating habits. OBJECTIVE: Observe the adolescents\' representations on eating habits and physical activities practices to promote cardiovascular health. Verify the techniques applied in the teaching - learning process, based on Paulo Freire, Pichon- Rivière, Prochaska and Di Clemente and together with the adolescents reflect on the primary prevention of the risks related to these representations. Test the hypothesis that the presence of the cardiovascular disease in the family influences in the representations observed. METHODS: Students of the 7th. grade of a public elementary school of São Paulo were surveyed by means of an epidemiologic questionnaire to evaluate the risks associated with their life style. Two different groups of students, chosen according to the presence of cardiovascular disease in their parents were followed during ten sections, when educative dynamics were applied. RESULTS: Prochaska and Di Clemente\'s matrix enabled the evaluation of the representations related to eating and physical activity. The representations were modified in both groups, which changed from pre- contemplation stage to contemplation stage. However, the ten group meetings were not enough for the groups to keep in the stage of preparation for the change, oscillating to the stage of contemplation. The analyses made by Pichon-Rivière?s matrix demonstrates that the learning process in the group which belongs to a family with no risk of cardiovascular disease presents a clear constructed knowledge on the proposed themes, whereas the group belonging to families under such risks has a pre- existing knowledge and acquires new concepts more slowly, justifying the different approaches applied to the activities of the groups in this study. CONCLUSION: The intervention by means of educative groups based on Paulo Freire, Pichon-Rivière, Prochaska and Di Clemente was useful to observe the representations of the adolescents on eating habits and physical activities practices to promote cardiovascular health. During the activities of the educative groups it was possible to evaluate the adolescents pre-existing information as well as establish a constructive dialogue for a primary prevention of the risk factors related to these representations.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-04-03T11:16:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mário Henrique da Mata Martins.pdf: 5332165 bytes, checksum: 092a2beea420955fa7d651dff0349e90 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-03T11:16:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mário Henrique da Mata Martins.pdf: 5332165 bytes, checksum: 092a2beea420955fa7d651dff0349e90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-01 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The purpose of this thesis was to explore the ways in which causes to a public health problem, people responsible for its existence and specific places and periods for intervention are assigned, engendering certain government strategies to the detriment of others. Our goal was to make visible the effects of these definitions on the actions of a public policy and to problematize the bases that sustain their production. The phenomenon of our study was human leptospirosis, a potentially lethal disease which has been doubly neglected by public policy because of the invisibility of its population profile and its mimetic clinical picture. We adopted discursive practices as our theoretical and methodological framework and focused on the attribution processes presented in the definition of this public health problem and on the versions produced. An analytical tool was developed in order to enable the analysis of these elements in documents of public domain (scientific articles, models of notification and investigation forms, campaign materials) and speeches (interviews with managers, technicians and users of public health services). In our analysis of the Brazilian scientific literature on the subject, we have identified a recurrent attribution of cause to the bacteria, which could lead one to believe that the investment in vaccines and antibiotics would eliminate the problem. However, the plurality of types of bacteria and the controversy over the use of antibiotics in cases of leptospirosis show the limitation of this reasoning. The analysis of the leptospirosis models of notification and investigation forms made it possible to identify that a biomedical version of the disease was produced with the justification that only clinical-laboratory factors, in detriment of environmental and epidemiological data would be under direct responsibility of the health sector. On the other hand, when analysing posters, folders and leaflets used in the campaigns for the prevention of leptospirosis in a Brazilian municipality, we have identified that they present a preventive version of the disease. In these materials, the communicational model is unidirectional and authoritarian, and the responsibility for infection and prevention actions is attributed to the population, sometimes acknowledging and sometimes neglecting their living conditions. Finally, we have also analysed the attributions of cause and responsibility for the disease in the speeches of managers, technicians and users of health services. Through the analysis, it was possible to identify five common causes and responsibilities addressed by the participants: social conditions, basic sanitation, the rat, the preparation of the health sector and the population. However, the resolution uttered by the majority of managers and technicians was the need to inform, educate and/or punish the population, an attribution that is not presented in the users' speech and points to a lack of dialogue between these groups. Given the multiplicity of attributions and the potential effects they generate for the management of Brazilian health policy, we could defend the thesis that the definition of a health problem is a psychosocial practice in which the attributions and associations between repertoires constitute a central element of dispute, produced in the use of language / O objetivo desta tese foi explorar os modos pelos quais se atribuem causas a um problema de saúde pública, pessoas responsáveis por sua existência e lugares e períodos específicos para intervir sobre ele, engendrando determinadas estratégias de governo em detrimentos de outras. Nossa meta foi tornar visíveis os efeitos dessas definições nas ações de uma política pública e problematizar os fundamentos que sustentam sua produção. Nosso fenômeno de estudo foi a leptospirose humana, uma doença potencialmente letal que tem sido duplamente negligenciada pela política pública em virtude da invisibilidade de seu perfil populacional e seu quadro clínico mimético. O referencial teórico-metodológico adotado foi o das práticas discursivas com foco nos processos de atribuição, presentes na definição do problema e nas versões produzidas sobre o fenômeno. Uma ferramenta analítica foi desenvolvida para possibilitar a análise desses elementos em documentos de domínio público (artigos científicos, modelos de fichas de investigação e materiais de campanha) e falas (entrevistas com gestores, técnicos e usuários dos serviços de saúde). Em nossa análise da literatura científica brasileira sobre o assunto, identificamos uma recorrência à atribuição de causa à bactéria, o que poderia levar a crer que o investimento em vacinas e antibióticos eliminaria o problema. Todavia, a pluralidade de tipos da bactéria e a controvérsia sobre o uso ou não de antibióticos para casos de leptospirose evidenciam a limitação desse raciocínio. A análise que realizamos dos modelos das fichas de notificação e investigação da leptospirose, possibilitou identificar que, conforme os modelos eram alterados, uma versão biomédica da doença era produzida, com a justificativa de que apenas fatores de ordem clínico-laboratorial, em detrimento de dados ambientais e epidemiológicos, seriam de responsabilidade direta do setor saúde. Por outro lado, analisamos os cartazes, folders e panfletos utilizados nas campanhas de prevenção à leptospirose em um município brasileiro e identificamos que eles apresentam uma versão preventiva da doença. Nesses materiais, o modelo comunicacional é unidirecional e autoritário e a responsabilidade pela infecção e pelas ações de prevenção é atribuída à população, ora reconhecendo, ora negligenciando suas condições de vida. Por fim, analisamos também as atribuições de causa e responsabilidade pela doença nas falas de gestores, técnicos e usuários dos serviços de saúde. Por meio da análise, foi possível identificar cinco causas e responsáveis comuns abordados pelos participantes: as condições sociais, o saneamento básico, o rato, a preparação do setor saúde e a população. Todavia, a resolução proferida pela maioria dos gestores e técnicos foi a necessidade de informar, educar e/ou punir a população, atribuição que não se apresenta na fala dos usuários e aponta para uma falta de diálogo entre esses grupos. Tendo em vista a multiplicidade de atribuições e os efeitos potenciais que geram para o gerenciamento da política de saúde brasileira, pudemos defender a tese de que a definição de um problema de saúde é uma prática psicossocial na qual as atribuições e as associações entre repertórios que as constituem figuram um elemento central de disputa, produzidos na linguagem em uso

published_or_final_version / Politics and Public Administration / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) have been widely studied for their role in biocontrol against many arthropods and extensively exploited for insect pest control. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of four B. bassiana and two Bti formulations and their respective combinations, for the biological control of the common house fly, Musca domestica L., a major pest in poultry facilities. In vitro screening was undertaken to select the best B. bassiana isolates from 34 B. bassiana isolates and two Paecilomyces isolates. All the isolates of B. bassiana were found to be effective against adult house flies, but were marginally effective in controlling fly larvae. The Paecilomyces isolates were non-pathogenic towards both adult house flies and larvae. The best four isolates R444, 7320, 7569 and 7771 caused >90% mortality within 2d and were subjected to dose-mortality bioassays. Microscopic studies using light and scanning electron microscopy indicated the different durations of the lifecycle of B. bassiana development on the house fly. High temperature was found to delay conidial germination. Spore germination and mycelial growth were also inhibited by high adjuvant concentrations. Laboratory baseline bioassay data established, a dose-time response relationship using a waterdispersible granules (WDG) Bti formulation that demonstrated that the susceptibility of M. domestica larvae to a given concentration of Bti increased as the duration of exposure increased. In the laboratory studies, the LC50 and LC90 values of Bti for the larvae ranged between 65 - 77.4 and 185.1 - 225.9?g ml-1, respectively. LT50 and LT90 values were 5.5 and 10.3d respectively. In the field, a concentration of 10g Bti kg-1 (bran formulation) of feed resulted in 90% reduction of larvae for 4wk post-treatment. A higher concentration (2g L-1) of Bti in spray (WDG) applications was not significantly more effective than the lower concentration of 1g L-1. Thus, adding Bti to chicken feed has potential for the management and control of house flies in cagedpoultry facilities. The impact of oral feed applications of a bran formulation of Bti and a commercial chemical larvicide, Larvadex®, were compared with respect to their efficacy on the control of house fly 3 larval populations in poultry manure. The sublethal effects were manifested in terms of decreasing emergence of adult house flies. Although Larvadex® reduced larval density and caused significant reductions in emergence of adult house flies, it generally exhibited weaker lethal effects than Bti. The reduction levels achieved as a result of feeding 250mg Bti kg-1 at 5wk were similar to those achieved as a result of feeding twice the amount of Larvadex® at 4wk to the layers. From both an efficiency and economic perspective, comparisons to assess the impact of combining different concentrations of the two Bti formulations were carried out to evaluate their success in controlling house fly larvae and adults in poultry houses. The percentage mortality of larvae accomplished as a result of using a combination of 250mg kg-1 Bti in feed and 2g L-1 spray applications was equivalent to that obtained as a result of combining 500mg kg-1 Bti in feed and 1g L-1 spray application. The cost-benefit analysis (expressed in terms of mortality of larvae) indicated that the most effective combination for control of house fly larvae and fly emergence was the 500mg kg-1 in feed and 2g L-1 spray application combination that resulted in 67% larval mortality and 74% inhibition of adult house fly emergence. This study presents commercial users with possible combinations of applications of the two Bti formulations. Comparisons of larval mortalities and house fly emergence resulting from the Bti - B. bassiana treatments with those from Larvadex® - B. bassiana treatments, showed better control levels compared to any of the individual agents alone. The Bti treatments were more effective at controlling larval populations and inhibiting the emergence of house flies than Larvadex®, even when Larvadex® was applied together with B. bassiana. The effects of the Bti - B. bassiana and the Larvadex® - B. bassiana interactions were additive. These trials suggest that the efficacy of Bti in the control of house fly larvae may be improved with frequent applications of B. bassiana. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.Dev.Studies)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

The aim of this study was to explore African high school boys' articulations of masculinity, the meanings they give to their sexuality and risky sexual behaviours in the age of HIV/AIDS. The study focused on finding out what explanations boys offer for engaging in risky and unsafe sexual practices. The study used qualitative research in the form of focus group discussions and individual interviews. Seven African high school boys aged 16 turning 17 were the source of data. The findings show that some boys engage in unprotected sex, while others indicated that unprotected sex is risky. This study argues that the risky sexual behaviours that boys engage in are closely related to their constructions of masculinity. It also found that the meanings boys give to their sexuality are also influenced by external factors whereby they imitate what their peers do in order to gain acknowledgement from them and the society. Alcohol is a key factor promoting unsafe sexual practices, while social networks, such as Facebook and Mixit, are used by boys to share sex videos and pictures, thus exposing them to too much sex. With regards to implications, this study shows that the notion of being a real man is something that most boys want to achieve. Being a real man is tantamount to being courageous enough to engage in risky practices. / Thesis (M.Ed.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

The purpose of this research was to obtain information on the content of education within cardiac rehabilitation programs, methods of administering education, what the barriers are to providing education and which professionals administer education.To reach this goal, a questionnaire was modified from a previous study and a pilot study was undertaken to establish reliability of the questionnaire. The questionnaire was then sent to a sample of 100 directors of cardiac rehabilitation programs belonging to The American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation (AACVPR). The questionnaire focused on 13 established areas of education within cardiac rehabilitation programs.Once the questionnaires were completed, the information was transferred to a table format based upon the 13 content areas. The following conclusions were drawn from the research and the data gathered: 11 of the 13 content areas are offered at least 84% of the time, the major barriers for the 13 content areas were lack of time and lack of interest on the patient's behalf, the most frequent methods of education for all 13 content areas were individual education, print materials, and group education, and the primary educator overall for all 13 content areas was the nurse followed by the exercise physiologist and dietitian/nutritionist. / Department of Physiology and Health Science

Submitted by Luis Guilherme Macena (guilhermelg2004@gmail.com) on 2013-04-08T14:27:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria de Marilacc Lima Roiseman _Dissertação.pdf: 2053203 bytes, checksum: 3f8b26a1ca960c5bda126b76263bd541 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-08T14:27:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria de Marilacc Lima Roiseman _Dissertação.pdf: 2053203 bytes, checksum: 3f8b26a1ca960c5bda126b76263bd541 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Ensino. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e da Mulher. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Este trabalho se destinou a elaborar e validar um questionário para avaliar o conhecimento de pediatras e médicos de família em relação à prevenção da doença cardiovascular (DCV) do adulto na infância. Em função de sua importância na saúde pública pela alta mortalidade e grande causa de incapacidade, a DCV, merece ser prevenida. E os fatores de risco já se encontram presentes na infância dando-nos a oportunidade de diagnosticá-los, monitorá-los, erradicá-los, tratá-los e, principalmente prevenir a sua instalação em crianças que não os apresentem. Os médicos da atenção básica que lidam com as crianças, pediatras e médicos de família, são os profissionais que devem estar preparados para esta prevenção em nível primordial e primário. Após pesquisa bibliográfica cuidadosa selecionamos as dimensões a serem estudadas: História familiar positiva para doença isquêmica cardíaca, hipertensão arterial, dislipidemia, obesidade, sedentarismo e tabagismo. Elaboramos um protótipo e o submetemos a validação de face e conteúdo com o julgamento de 25 especialistas. O questionário teve seus atributos avaliados através de um instrumento de validação que abordando o questionário como um todo em relação a sua relevância, aplicabilidade, clareza, possibilidade de sucesso, ausência de vieses, itens não incluídos e extensão, que constituiu a validação de conteúdo. Os resultados da validação apontaram o questionário como relevante, extenso o que limitava a sua aplicabilidade; mas as questões estavam claras e com pouca redundância. As sugestões feitas pelos especialistas, como aumento de opções nas respostas, contribuíram para diminuir os possíveis vieses. Houve ainda redução na extensão do instrumento. O processo de validação não se encerra neste trabalho, necessitando das próximas etapas da validação e do estudo de confiabilidade para que o questionário “Prevenindo DCV na infância” esteja apto a ser utilizado com a população alvo. / This work was meant to elaborate and validate a questionnaire to evaluate the knowledge of pediatricians and family doctors concerning the prevention of adult cardiovascular (DCV) diseases at early age. Regarding its importance for public health due to the high mortality rates and great causer of incapacity, the DCV should be prevented. The risk factors are already present in childhood allowing us the opportunity of diagnosing, monitoring, eradicating and treating them, and, above all, avoiding its installation in children who do not present them. Basic care doctors who deal with infants, pediatricians, and family doctors are the professionals expected to be prepared to grant this prevention at primordial and primary levels. After performing careful bibliographical research we have selected the dimensions to be studied. Positive family history concerning ischemic cardiac disease, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, obesity, sedentary life and the use of tobacco. We have elaborated a prototype and submitted its face and content validation to the judgment of 25 specialists. The questionnaire had its attributes evaluated through a validation instrument broaching it as a whole and in relation to its relevance, applicability, clearness, possibility of success, absence of obliquities, neglected items, and extension, which constituted the content validation. The results pointed to a relevant work, long – which limited its applicability –but the questions were clear and bearing little redundancy. The suggestions made by the specialists, such as a larger number of answers options, contributed to diminish the possible obliquities. Besides, there was a reduction of the instrument length. The validation process does not end with this work, demanding the next validation steps, and a reliability study to enable the “Preventing DCV in Childhood” questionnaire to be used on the target population.

The thesis deals with the prevention of lifestyle diseases in the elderly, is focused on cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus II. type. In the theoretical part, I describe the specifics of senior age. Consequently, the theoretical part deals with the the cardiovascular diseases that occur in the elderly and diabetes mellitus II. type, risk and protective factors for these diseases. In the practical part I focuse on the survey, which examines the level of awareness of seniors on cardiovascular diseases and diseases of diabetes mellitus II. type, the differences in awareness between men and women and relationship between level of education and awareness. The questionnaire survey was attended by 98 respondents. The questionnaire contained 12 questions that examined how respondents are aware of the issue. The obtained data were collected in January and February 2014, and subsequent evaluation in March and April 2014. The obtained data were analyzed using statistical methods. Identified responses were transformed into single tables and compared. Was examined overall awareness of the difference in awareness in relation to sex and then examined the effect of education on awareness issues.