Mémoire de master recherche 2e année : Droit pénal : Lille 2 : 2006. / Bibliogr. f. 123-129 . Index.

Doctor of Education / Department of Educational Leadership / Royce Ann Collins / There is a need for critical thinking skills in our society. This research study examines graduate student’s growth in critical thinking after experiencing a specifically designed curriculum. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff Officer Common Core Course to change student critical thinking skills and habits of the mind attributes, and further examined instructor perceptions of the curriculum, instructional methods, and instructor skills and behaviors that impact student critical thinking development within the Core Course. This study used an explanatory sequential mixed method research design in order to answer the four research questions and test their respective hypotheses. Eight student staff groups (n=120) were selected from the Command and General Staff Officer Common Core Course Class 15 population, and the quantitative data used to conduct the analyses was derived from a pretest and posttest using the Military and Defense Critical Thinking Inventory (MDCTI), a nationally recognized instrument designed specifically for individuals in the defense and military profession. The qualitative component of the study consisted of focus group interviews conducted with instructors from the eight selected staff groups (n=24) to examine their perceptions on the role of the curriculum, instructional methods, and instructor skills and behaviors in developing student critical thinking. The data collected from these interviews were analyzed and presented using a collective case study approach. Analysis of the student pretest and posttest score change results indicated statistically significant changes in analysis, induction, deduction, and overall critical thinking skills, and in the communicative confidence, professional confidence, expression, and directness habits of the mind attributes. Further analysis indicated that there was no statistically significant change differences in critical thinking skills or habits of the mind attributes between the teaching team groups. Analysis of the qualitative data revealed nine themes that were categorized within the theoretical framework of curriculum, instructional methods, and instructor skills and behaviors. Four additional themes emerged which did not address the role of curriculum, instructional methods, and instructor skills and behaviors in developing student critical thinking. These themes included: lack of contact time, the importance of the physical classroom configuration, the military/school culture, and student attributes.

Control is a concept that has received surprisingly little attention in the philosophy of action and ethics, given its prima facie ties to freedom, responsibility, intentionality and agency more generally. In this collection I take the first step towards an account of agential control: the kind of control that agents commonly exercise over actions, events, and even other agents. In the introduction I give a sketch of the complete thesis on control: characterising agential control as consisting primarily in the restriction or guidance of some process, and secondarily in the continuous monitoring of that same process. I go on to suggest that the primary aspect of control involves an agent’s having the ability to effectively intervene in the process that they are controlling. The collection itself consists of three journal style papers that, whilst not being focussed explicitly on control themselves, begin to fill out the sketch in my introduction: roughly, I think that control requires an ability to intervene (effectively, an ability to do otherwise), I think that ability should be understood as a kind of disposition to effectively intervene in a process should an agent try, and I think that to build a satisfactory conditional account of dispositions we need to appeal to the recently proposed contextualist account of dispositions from David Manley and Ryan Wasserman. The three papers aim to support each of these thoughts: The first paper, ‘The Anti-Akrasia Chip’, presents a counterexample to the well-known Fischer-Ravizza account of guidance control and suggests that what that account lacks is an emphasis on an agent’s being able to effectively intervene in their own behaviour; the second paper, ‘Getting Specific with Manley and Wasserman’, uses a novel counterexample to motivate a particular reading on Manley and Wasserman’s contextualist account of dispositions; and the final paper, ‘Relevant Abilities’, involves a defence of dispositional compatibilism by introducing the notion of a relevant ability: one grounded by the contextualist account of dispositions developed in the previous paper.

Education in South Africa has experienced many changes since the dawn of democracy in 1994. The demographic composition of schools has changed dramatically as urbanisation has increased and the movement of people is no longer regulated by Apartheid laws. Classrooms now are multi-lingual and multi-cultural with learners from diverse socio-economic backgrounds. Many senior teachers at Ditlou Primary School started their teaching careers more than 20 years ago and were trained to work within an almost homogeneous school context, using their mother tongue - Afrikaans - exclusively as the medium of instruction. They are now required to teach in English. The purpose of this intrinsic case study was to describe the communicative dispositions of Afrikaans-speaking Foundation Phase teachers and to establish how the changing linguistic context of Ditlou Primary School may have influenced their communicative dispositions when teaching. This qualitative study is theoretically underpinned by McCroskey’s Model of Instructional Communication (2004) as a theoretical framework and used interpretivism as an epistemological paradigm. Data were collected through extensive field work. The instrumentation included a language-biography questionnaire, semi-structured and group interviews and a participant journal. The data collected were pooled categorised and coded (deductive and inductive). Although unique to each teacher-participant, key findings suggests that a generic communicative disposition could be sketched for Afrikaans-speaking Foundation Phase teachers at the research site. The teacher-participants agreed that they spoke at a much slower pace and that their voice pitch was higher than when they taught in their mother tongue. The volume of their speech also differed when using English for instructional purposes. Their oral proficiency in the language of teaching and learning could be considered sufficient. In terms of non-verbal communicative aspects, the layout of all classrooms was strictly traditional and authoritarian ensuring learner eye-contact constantly. Yet despite strict discipline, teachers prioritised the emotional well-being of their learners by displaying positive haptic and kinaesthetic behaviour. The influence of personality or temperament on their communicative disposition cannot be negated and is directly linked to their habitual behavioural patterns and unique traits exhibited in their classroom communication. The changed linguistic context primarily influenced the teacher-participants communicative dispositions by necessitating a switch to English as the medium of instruction - a language which is neither theirs nor the learners’ home language. Teaching multi-cultural and multi-lingual learners also had a direct bearing on how the teacher-participants communicative dispositions changed although this was self-reported and would need further investigation. Further recommendations emanating from this study include providing a framework to prepare pre-service teachers to teach in a non-native language and to help them develop effective communicative dispositions for the classroom. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Humanities Education / MEd / Unrestricted

As Mathematics Educators, we want to help our students not only develop a deep, conceptual understanding of mathematical concepts and processes, but also a positive disposition towards mathematics. Despite the importance of helping students develop a positive mathematical disposition, little research has been conducted examining how students' dispositions develop as they progress through their mathematical studies. In particular, the effects of college algebra on students' mathematical dispositions is not well understood. To examine the influence of college algebra on students' dispositions, students using two different college algebra curriculums were studied at Brigham Young University. Using a mathematical disposition survey, student interviews, and open response surveys, data were gathered about changes in students' dispositions as they progressed through the course. Results suggest that college algebra, on average, does not improve students' mathematical dispositions, and can actually be harmful to students' beliefs about mathematics being sensible and useful, students' beliefs about the importance of hard work and perseverance, and students' self-efficacy beliefs. However, the Pathways college algebra course, which was context-based and conceptual in nature, was less harmful than a more traditional college algebra course. These results corroborate other college educators and researchers' perceptions that the content of college algebra needs to be reexamined and changed, in addition to how it is taught.

The escalating youth crime in the United States has included a disproportionate number of incarcerated youthful offenders with learning and behavioral disabilities. The differential disposition hypothesis maintains that youthful offenders with disabilities may receive more restrictive dispositions than their nondisabled counterparts for similar offenses. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between judges’ familiarity with learning and behavioral disabilities and the dispositions they imposed. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were employed to examine the differential disposition hypothesis. A sample of juvenile judges presiding within the Commonwealth of Virginia was surveyed. The population of offenders consisted of 1,570 incarcerated youths at the Virginia Department of Youth and Family Services Center. The records of 36 nondisabled male youthful offenders and 36 male youthful offenders with disabilities were analyzed. Demographic and dispositional data were coded to determine evidence of disparity. Although the statistical analysis did not support the differential disposition hypothesis, the qualitative findings and demographic information may be of interest to school systems, the juvenile justice system, and persons interested in appropriate habilitation and rehabilitation of youthful offenders with disabilities. / Ed. D.

In an attempt to staff every classroom with a highly qualified teacher, the No Child Left Behind Act (2001) mandated that only "highly qualified" teachers be hired to teach beginning in the 2005 school-year (U.S. Department of Education, 2002). Highly qualified is defined by a teacher's background characteristics that include state certification, a bachelor's degree and subject area competence for secondary teachers. Researchers Palardy and Rumberger (2008), determined that a teacher's background characteristics alone are not sufficient in determining the effectiveness of a teacher but that it is the teacher's attitudes, beliefs and practices that should be considered , as these attributes have a greater impact and are most malleable. This study aimed to increase the body of research in the area of teacher effectiveness and how teachers' dispositions impact students' math achievement at the elementary level in an urban school district. Descriptive statistics were used to report the findings. The participants in this study were all full-time, general education teachers who worked with students in grades three, four and five in an urban school district. The data collected demonstrated that effective teachers in an urban school district believed it was their ability to reach students through their sense of efficacy and belief system that makes the difference in students' positive outcomes on high stakes tests. Findings revealed that effective teachers have high teaching efficacy, they are able to build personal relationships with their students and they are able to motivate their students to do well in school. This study confirms that effective urban teachers share a set of common dispositions and beliefs that make a difference in student achievement when all factors are considered. / Ed. D.

Cette thèse a pour objet l’analyse des inégalités appliquées d’une part aux parcours éducatifs des jeunes et, d’autre part, à leurs répercussions sur l’emploi. En effet, les inégalités à l’insertion s’accentuent, non seulement entre détenteurs de diplômes distincts, mais aussi comparables. Pour expliquer les déterminants des choix individuels dans un contexte de file d’attente, nous mobilisons une approche socioéconomique originale autour des concepts de Sen et Bourdieu pour décrire les espaces d’opportunités dont disposent les jeunes. Une telle démarche nécessite dans une première partie une revue critique des théories usuelles de l’offre. Les théories de la demande offrent une prise en compte plus complète des caractéristiques des emplois, mais sont limitées pour expliquer le rôle des parcours éducatifs sur l’accès à l’emploi. Les conceptualisations de Sen et Bourdieu sont alors associées pour expliquer les situations de reproduction sociale comme de non-reproduction. Dans une seconde partie, les analyses s’intéressent en premier lieu aux parcours des diplômés en sciences à l’issue de l’obtention de la licence générale. La pondération des parcours par les capitaux économiques et culturels permet de caractériser les éléments qui contrecarrent ou renforcent une reproduction qui n’en demeure pas moins dominante. Les investigations sur les parcours sont prolongées autour du décrochage, à partir des données Génération 2010. Une lecture à l’aune des capabilités permet d’illustrer son caractère protéiforme et l’influence du milieu social. La dernière partie élargit la perspective à la transition sur le marché du travail. La pondération sociale est cette fois appliquée aux trajectoires de sortie du supérieur qui ne produisent pas les mêmes effets sur les capabilités pour l’emploi suivant le milieu social. In fine, les investigations sur les dispositifs d’accompagnement à l’insertion suggèrent qu’ils peuvent faciliter les transitions mais peinent à réduire les inégalités. / This thesis aims to analyze the inequalities in the educational pathways and their implications for access to the labor market. Indeed, integration inequalities are increasing, not only between holders of distinct degrees but also comparable. To explain the determinants of individual choices, we’re drawing on an original socio-economic approach mixing Sen and Bourdieu concepts to describe the opportunities available to young people in an institutional context marked by a queue.Such an approach requires, in a first part, a review of the usual theories around the labor supply. The labor queue and segmentation theories offer a more comprehensive view of the determinants of demand and job characteristics but are limited to explain the role of education on employment. Sen and Bourdieu conceptualizations are associated to overcome these limitations. This association makes it possible to explain situations of social reproduction as well as non-reproduction. Empirical investigations to operationalize the approach focus first deal with science graduates’ paths after obtaining the general bachelor. The weighting by economic and cultural capital of the courses helps characterize the elements which either stymie or reinforce a nonetheless dominant reproduction. Investigations on pathways are extended in a subsequent chapter on the issue of dropping out, using Generation 2010 data. A reading by capability yardsticks illustrates its protean character, varying with the social milieu. The last part broadens the Seno-Bourdieusian perspective to the transition to the labor market. This time, the social weighting is applied to trajectories in higher education and shows that these paths do not have the same effects on the "capabilities for work" following social milieu. Ultimately, investigations into the integration support devices suggest that if they can facilitate professional transitions, they are struggling to reduce the "capability gap".

L’accélération des changements techniques et l’intégration des TIC dans la vie quotidienne renouvellent la problématique de la formation à l’ère du numérique. Il est largement admis aujourd’hui que les technologies transforment les pratiques sociales à un rythme exponentiel, mais il est cependant moins reconnu que ce sont les personnes elles-mêmes qui façonnent les usages en fonction de leurs goûts ou leurs intérêts. Or la logique de l’usager et les pratiques de détournement des outils techniques confirment cette place centrale de l’acteur dans l’exploitation finale des ressources (Perriault, 2008). Parallèlement un mouvement de recherche dévoile le fait que les personnes n’apprennent pas que dans les lieux formels de formation (Brougère & Ulmann, 2010 ; Carre & Charbonnier, 2003). Ces mutations ouvrent des perspectives de transformation radicale des pratiques d’apprentissage qui nous ont amenée à réfléchir à la question centrale des usages des ressources numériques chez les jeunes en partant du « comment » des usages (De Certeau, 1980 ; Perriault, 1989 ; Proulx, 2005) pour essayer de comprendre le « pourquoi » des pratiques (Lahire, 2012). Notre recherche utilise le principe de la triangulation des méthodes : une première démarche de nature web documentaire a permis d'établir une synthèse du rapport des jeunes au numérique. La seconde, qualitative, menée auprès de 12 jeunes de 15, 20 et 25 ans, nous a permis d’établir, des portraits numériques et de les confronter à l’observation de pratiques : recherche sur le web, Serious Game, module e-Learning et jeu vidéo. La troisième démarche, quantitative, repose sur deux études conduites à partir de questionnaires numériques. L’un a réuni un corpus de 845 répondants de 15 à 78 ans, de toutes origines sociales et l’autre, 51 jeunes de 18 à 24 ans sortis du système éducatif intégrés dans des Ecoles de la deuxième chance. Les conclusions de ce travail de recherche portent sur le rôle des contextes numériques familiaux, des dynamiques personnelles d’usage et des pratiques d’autoformation numérique, dans l’essor de conduites d’apprenance tout au long de la vie. / The acceleration of technical change and integration of information and communication technologies in everyday life renew the issue of learning and training in the digital age. Although it is now widely accepted that technology is changing social practice at an exponential rate, it is less known that the people themselves play an essential role in shaping the uses of such tools according to their tastes or interests. However the notion of “user’s logic” and practices of diverting technological tools from their original purpose both confirm the actor’s essential role in the final use of the resource (Perriault, 2008). Simultaneously, a consistent research trend on both sides of the Atlantic confirms that people do not learn only in formal training situations (Brougère & Ulmann, 2010 ; Carre & Charbonnier, 2003). These changes provide opportunities for a radical transformation of training and learning practice that led us to investigate the central question of the uses of digital resources among young people by starting with the "how" of uses (De Certeau, 1980 ; Perriault, 1989 et Proulx, 2005) in order to understand the “why” of social practice (Lahire, 2012). Our research uses the principle of methodological triangulation: first, a web-based documentary search allowed us to draw an initial picture of young people’s relation to digital resources. The second, qualitative enquiry was conducted with 12 young people of 15, 20 and 25 years of age. It has enabled us to establish “digital portraits” and link them to the observation of actual practice, using 4 artifacts (web search, serious game, e-learning program and digital game). The third approach was based on two quantitative studies conducted with Internet-based questionnaires. The first study gathered a corpus of 845 people from 15 to 78 years from all social backgrounds and the second, a group of 51 underprivileged respondents from 18 to 24 years of age, enrolled in “Second Chance Schools”. The findings of this research underline the role of family contexts with regard to technology, the personal dynamics of digital uses and the growing importance of digital self-directed learning in promoting learning readiness in today’s society.

L’objectif général de cette thèse est de se demander dans quelle mesure – notamment au cours de l’adolescence – les alternatives réelles de mobilités à vélo des filles sont particulièrement limitées par rapport à celles des garçons. Nos résultats s’appuient à la fois sur l’exploitation statistique de la dernière Enquête Nationale Transports et Déplacements disponible (ENTD 2008) ; sur de l’observation directe et indirecte ; sur un corpus de 101 entretiens semi-directifs réalisés avec 43 garçons et 39 filles âgé(e)s de 17 ou 18 ans, ainsi que 26 de leurs parents, dans des milieux géographiques et sociaux variés des métropoles de Montpellier et de Strasbourg ; sur un corpus d’images (n = 200); sur un corpus de discussions électroniques (n = 22); et sur un corpus d’articles numériques d’information (n = 30).À travers une analyse sociologique notamment dispositionnaliste et autant que possible intersectionnelle, nous montrons que les socialisations sexuées au (et par le) vélo méritent d'être analysées dans leurs articulations avec les dimensions sexuées des socialisations aux activités physiques/sportives, des socialisations à l’investissement de l’espace public ; des socialisations au risque ; et des socialisations à la sexualité hétéronormée, mais également dans leurs articulations avec les normes et les codes de beauté sexué(e)s. Si toutes les adolescentes ne sont pas sujettes de la même manière aux mêmes injonctions socialisatrices – de surcroît parfois contradictoires entre elles – celles qui impactent essentiellement des filles participent notamment à l’incorporation ou au renforcement de dispositions assujettissantes à protéger son corps, à éviter de forcer physiquement, à craindre de se déplacer seules, de s’aventurer, et de traîner dans l’espace public. Coproduites et mutuellement renforcées avec des compétences cyclistes sexuées, ces dispositions peuvent être plus ou moins activées ou mises en veille selon les contextes. Malgré des variations – notamment observées selon les milieux socio-économiques et résidentiels – elles se repèrent chez des filles de tous les milieux et ont pour effet de restreindre leurs possibilités réelles de s’engager dans des formes de pratiques du vélo ludiques, « de vitesse », « de force », d’endurance, solitaires, aventurières, improvisées, « circulaires », et « de stationnement ».Ces constats sont notamment liés au renforcement – au cours de l’adolescence – des pratiques éducatives sexuées, principalement motivées par le souci des parents de protéger leurs filles des risques de violences sexuelles. Il ne faut pas pour autant sous-estimer le rôle joué par les croyances héritées des religions et des résistances acharnées de la médecine au sport féminin. Au même titre, les agents de socialisation incarnés par les médias et les groupes de pairs, mais également par les vélos, équipements et habillements sexués, sont à prendre très au sérieux. En outre, le clivage sexué des possibilités réelles de pratiques de mobilité à vélo ne semble jamais aussi prononcé que dans les Quartiers Prioritaires de la Ville (QPV) particulièrement défavorisés. À l’opposé, le clivage en question parait réduit chez les adolescent(e)s pour qui le vélo constitue à la fois un divertissement/loisir et leur mode de déplacement préféré. Si le groupe en question comporte – en proportion – peu de filles (n = 4), celles-ci présentent toutes des compétences et dispositions caractéristiques du sexe opposé et bénéficient d’opportunités réelles de mobilités à vélo ainsi que d’un d’accès spatio-temporel à l’espace public bien supérieur(e)s à celles des filles dans leur ensemble. Dans la mesure où les filles en question tendent également à partager à la fois des équipements et des dispositions caractéristiques des fractions intellectuelles des catégories moyennes, les données récoltées suggèrent en somme que le vélo mériterait d’être analysé en tant que pratique de distinction à la fois sexuée, sociale et spatiale / The main purpose of this thesis is to ask to what extent – especially during adolescence – girls have fewer real opportunities to bicycle than teenage boys. Our results are based both on the statistical exploitation of the latest National Transport and Travel Survey available (ENTD 2008); on direct and indirect observation; on a corpus of 101 semi-structured interviews with 43 boys and 39 girls aged 17 or 18, as well as 26 of their parents, in various geographical and social settings of the Montpellier and Strasbourg metropolises; on a corpus of images (n = 200); on a corpus of electronic discussions (n = 22); and on a corpus of digital articles of information (n = 30).Through a sociological analysis, particularly dispositionnaliste and as much as possible intersectional, we show that gendered cycling socialization deserves to be analyzed in its articulations with the gendered dimensions of physical activities socialization, urban socialization; socialization of risk; heterosexual sexuality socialization, but also in its articulations with gendered beauty norms. If all adolescent girls are not equally subject to the same socializing injunctions – moreover sometimes contradictory to each other – those that mostly affect girls participate in the incorporation or reinforcement of dispositions to protect their bodies, to avoid to physically force, to fear to move alone, to fear to venture and to fear to squat public space. These dispositions are co-produced and mutually reinforced with gendered cycling skills, they can be more or less activated or paused depending on the context. Despite variations – particularly in socio-economic and residential settings – they concern girls from all socio-economic backgrounds and have the effect of restricting their real possibilities to practice in playful, speed, strength, endurance, solitary, adventurous, improvised, "circular ", and "parked" bicycle practices. These observations are particularly related to the reinforcement – during adolescence – of gendered educational practices, mainly motivated by parents' concern to protect their daughters from the risks of sexual violence. However, we must not underestimate the role played by beliefs inherited from religions and the fierce resistance of medicine to women's sport. In the same way, socializing agents embodied by the media and peer groups, but also by the bicycles themselves as well as by the gendered equipments and clothes, must be taken very seriously. Furthermore, the gendered cleavage of real possibilities to bicycle never seems as pronounced as in the particularly disadvantaged sensitive urban zones. In contrast, the cleavage in question appears to be reduced in adolescents (boys and girls) who consider cycling to be both a leisure and their preferred mode of travel. If the group in question is composed – in proportion – of few girls (n = 4), all of them have characteristic competences and dispositions of the opposite sex and benefit from real possibilities to bicycle as well as spatio-temporal access to public space far superior to that of girls as a whole. To the extent that the girls in question also tend to share both characteristic equipments and dispositions of middle-class intellectual fractions, the data collected suggests that cycling deserves to be analyzed at once as a distinctive gendered, social and spatial practice