In the present study, the role of locus of control and critical thinking in handling dissatisfactions in the romantic relationships of university students was examined. Five hundred and eighty university students (373 females, 207 males) from different faculties of five universities located in Ankara voluntarily participated in the study. Convenient sampling procedure was used in all phases of the study. A pilot study was conducted to adapt My Responses to Relationship Problems Scale (MRRPS) into Turkish. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) were utilized to assess factorial and dimensional structure of MRRPS. Results revealed MRRPS to be psychometrically satisfactory. In the main study, four separate, moderated regression analyses were conducted to assess the predictive role of locus of control, critical thinking, and their interaction on exit, voice, loyalty and neglect responses. Results revealed that locus of control significantly predicted exit, voice and neglect responses. Participants with external locus of control had significantly higher exit and neglect scores whereas participants with internal locus of control had significantly higher voice scores. In addition, critical thinking significantly predicted exit and voice scores. Participants with lower levels of critical thinking disposition had higher exit scores whereas participants with higher levels of critical thinking had significantly higher voice scores. Findings of the present study were discussed in the framework of locus of control, critical thinking and close relationships.

This thesis deals with the topic of body image and bodily dissatisfaction with non-clinical population with a focus on gender aspects. It has two main parts - theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part focuses on the term body image as a psychological concept that is a component of self-concept. For that reason, there is a definition of the overall self-concept and the difference between the real self and the ideal self. This part of the thesis stresses out the theoretical basis of the term. An important part is a chapter describing factors influencing a development of the bodily self-concept that influences the development and extent of bodily dissatisfaction. I talk about the current western society and its high standards on a physical appearance for both men and women. The thesis then deals with possible consequences of this dissatisfaction on human behavior, again with respect to the gender differences. The thesis also mentions human sexuality that is related to one's relationship with their own body. In the end of the theoretical part there are some possibilities for measuring body image and bodily dissatisfaction outlined. The empirical part consists of a quantitative study called " Gender aspects of Body image and body dissatisfaction in nonclinical population", just like the whole...

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-06-02T12:27:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardodesouzafortes.pdf: 2175066 bytes, checksum: 5dc60120ea13b80dff3466072f6fcaa2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-06-02T16:07:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardodesouzafortes.pdf: 2175066 bytes, checksum: 5dc60120ea13b80dff3466072f6fcaa2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-02T16:07:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardodesouzafortes.pdf: 2175066 bytes, checksum: 5dc60120ea13b80dff3466072f6fcaa2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / Instrumentos psicométricos foram desenvolvidos com o intuito de avaliar a insatisfação corporal ou a checagem corporal. No entanto, vale ressaltar que estas ferramentas foram construídas com base na população geral. Considerando que os atletas demonstram “dupla” imagem corporal (e.g., geral e esportiva), estes instrumentos podem não ser suficientemente sensíveis para detectar atletas insatisfeitos com o corpo, nem atletas com elevada frequência de comportamentos de checagem corporal. Logo, faz-se necessário construir escala psicométrica que busque analisar componentes de imagem corporal no âmbito esportivo. Diante do exposto, o objetivo da investigação foi construir e validar as versões feminina e masculina da “Escala de Insatisfação e Checagem Corporal nos Esportes” (EICCE). Utilizou-se o método dedutivo para a elaboração da escala. Assim, a criação inicial dos itens foi baseada na teoria sociocultural da imagem corporal, nos achados de três estudos qualitativos e nos apontamentos de autores de sete revisões sistemáticas. Foram selecionados seis doutores, considerados especialistas na área de imagem corporal, para compor o grupo de peritos. Os peritos apontaram necessidades de alterações, bem como acréscimo de diversos itens em ambas as versões da escala (feminina e masculina). Em seguida, confeccionou-se a segunda versão da EICCE. Em razão de todos os itens da escala atingirem média igual ou superior a quatro (“Entendi quase tudo”), aplicou-se a segunda versão da EICCE em uma amostra diversificada de atletas (50 do sexo feminino e 65 do masculino) e treinadores (futebol, natação e basquetebol). A versão final da EICCE foi idêntica a segunda versão, em razão de atletas e treinadores indicarem média acima de quatro na compreensão verbal e peritos na compreensão verbal e conceito. A EICCE foi aplicada em 484 atletas do sexo feminino (versão feminina) e 713 do sexo masculino (versão masculina). Para avaliar a insatisfação corporal direcionada para a magreza foi aplicado o Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Utilizou-se a subescala Muscularity-oriented body image da Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) para avaliar a insatisfação com a muscularidade. Os comportamentos de checagem corporal no sexo feminino foram avaliados pelo Body Checking and Avoidance Questionnaire (BCAQ). Os comportamentos de checagem corporal no sexo masculino foram avaliados pelo Male Body Checking Questionnaire (MBCQ). Utilizou-se o Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) para avaliar o comportamento alimentar de risco para os transtornos alimentares. O percentual de gordura foi avaliado para classificar a adiposidade corporal dos atletas. Para a avaliação da fidedignidade da EICCE, utilizou-se intervalo de 2 semanas para o reteste. O tratamento dos dados foi conduzido no software SPSS 21.0, adotando-se nível de significância de 5%. Os achados demonstraram estrutura fatorial que explicou mais de 40% da variância da escala e consistência interna com valores superiores a 0,70 e 0,65 para todos os fatores das versões feminina e masculina, respectivamente. Além disso, as versões da EICCE indicaram validade concorrente, bem como reprodutibilidade adequada, avaliada com o intervalo de duas semanas. Por fim, os resultados evidenciaram validade discriminante e preditiva da EICCE a partir das classificações de adiposidade corporal e da relação com os escores do EAT-26, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que a EICCE indicou boas propriedades psicométricas para a população de atletas. O presente estudo traz inovação científico-prática para os profissionais que atuam no contexto esportivo. A EICCE pode ser utilizada para se detectar distúrbio de imagem corporal em atletas. / Psychometric instruments were developed in order to evaluate body dissatisfaction or body checking. However, it is noteworthy that these tools were built based on the general population. Whereas athletes show "double" body image (e.g., general and sports), these instruments may not be sensitive enough to detect athletes dissatisfied with the body, or athletes with high frequency of body checking behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to build psychometric scale that seeks to examine body image components in sports enviroment. Given the above, the objective of the research was to construct and validate the male and female versions of "Dissatisfaction and Body Checking in Sports Scale" (SDCS). We used the deductive method for the preparation of the scale. Thus, the initial creation of the items was based on sociocultural theory of body image, the findings of three qualitative studies and notes author of seven systematic reviews. A total of six doctors, considered experts in body image area to compose the group of experts. Experts pointed changing needs, as well as adding several items in both versions of the scale (female and male). Because of all scale items reach average above than four ("Got almost everything"), was conducted to the second version of SDCS in a diverse sample of athletes (50 female and 65 male) and coaches (soccer, swimming and basketball). The final version of SDCS was identical to the second version, due to athletes and coaches indicate average above 4 verbal comprehension and coaches in verbal comprehension and concept. The SDCS was administered to 484 female (female version) and 713 male athletes (male version). To evaluate body dissatisfaction directed to the thinness was conducted the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). We used the subscale Muscularity-oriented body image of Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) to assess muscularity dissatisfaction. The body checking behaviors in females were evaluated by the Body Checking and Avoidance Questionnaire (BCAQ). The body checking behaviors in males was evaluated by the Male Body Checking Questionnaire (MBCQ). We used the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) to assess disordered eating. The percentage of fat was evaluated for classifying the body fat athletes. To evaluate the reliability of SDCS, we used two weeks interval for retesting. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS 21.0 software, adopting a significance level of 5%. The findings showed factor structure that explained more than 40% of the variability scale and internal consistency with values above .70 and .65 for all factors of female and male versions, respectively. Furthermore, the versions of SDCS indicated convergent validity, reproducibility and suitable as measured by the interval of two weeks. Finally, the results showed discriminant and predictive validity of SDCS from body fat ratings and the relationship with the scores of EAT-26, respectively. It was concluded that the SDCS indicated good psychometric properties for the athletes. This study provides scientific-practical innovation for professionals working in the sporting context. The SDCS can be used to detect body image disturbance in athletes.

La famille et les pairs peuvent promouvoir des messages soutenant l’idéal de minceur, en commentant des aspects corporels et pondéraux des individus. Herbozo et Thompson (2006) ont développé le Verbal Commentary On Physical Appearance Scale, évaluant la fréquence et le retentissement immédiat (positif à négatif) des commentaires relatifs à l’apparence, qu’ils soient positifs ou négatifs. Le but de ces différents travaux est de mieux comprendre l’articulation des commentaires d’apparence dans les troubles de l’image du corps et des conduites alimentaires. Nous avons d’abord analysé les liens entre la fréquence et le retentissement des commentaires d’apparence et l’insatisfaction corporelle, puis avec les troubles des conduites alimentaires et le recours aux stratégies de contrôle de poids. A l’instar du modèle d’Influence Tripartite (Thompson et al., 1999), nous avons cherché à vérifier la médiation du lien entre les commentaires d’apparence et l’insatisfaction corporelle, par la comparaison sociale d’apparence et l’internalisation de l’idéal de minceur. Enfin, nous souhaitions valider le Parental Comments (Rodgers, Faure, & Chabrol, 2009), qui est un outil de mesure des commentaires d’apparence, spécifique aux parents. Les commentaires négatifs présentent des liens consistants avec les variables explicatives de l’image du corps. Les commentaires positifs ont des liens plus modérés avec ces mêmes variables, mais leur retentissement pourrait peut-être participer à entretenir le focus sur l’apparence physique. Enfin, nous développons les implications scientifiques et préventives de ces différents résultats au niveau des influences socioculturelles de l’image du corps. / Family and peers can promote messages that support thin ideal, by commenting body and weight aspects. Herbozo and Thompson (2006) developed the Verbal Commentary On Physical Appearance Scale, assessing frequency and impact (positive to negative) of appearance commentary, both positive and negative. The purpose of these different works is to understand the connection between appearance commentary, body image and eating disorders. First, we analysed the relationship between frequency and impact of appearance commentary and body dissatisfaction, and then with the eating disorders and the use of weight control strategies. According to tripartite Influence model (Thompson et al., 1999), we sought to verify the mediation of the link between appearance commentary and body dissatisfaction, by social comparison of appearance and internalization of thin ideal. Finally, we wanted to validate the Parental Comments (Rodgers, Faure, & Chabrol, 2009), which is parental-specific instrument of appearance commentary measure. Negative comments show solid relationships with explanatory variables of body image. Positive comments have moderate links with same variables, but their impact may take part in maintaining a focus on physical appearance. Finally, we develop scientific and preventive implications of our different results on sociocultural influences of body image.

En repartant des recherches qui ont été menées par Pierre Curie sur la dynamique des matériaux et du magnétisme, nous montrerons comment l’hypothèse du sujet de l’inconscient peut s’expliquer par la théorie de la courbe d’hystérésis. L’ambition de ce travail est de montrer comment la question du sujet et son désir peuvent être intégrables à la théorie de l’hystérèse et décrire ce qu’on appellera l’hystérèse du sujet de l’inconscient et de son rapport à la sexualité. Par retour au théorème de Thalès et à sa déclinaison la division harmonique, nous verrons comment l’hystérèse du sujet permet de revisiter de façon originale la théorie des quatre discours posée par Jacques Lacan dans son séminaire livre XVII. Cette nouvelle approche épistémologique aura des implications psychanalytiques notamment sur la question du phallus, de la dette en psychanalyse et va nous mener progressivement à la prolonger à la question du non-discours mais également l’étendre à partir de la théorie freudienne sur les souvenirs écrans au concept d’Écran en psychanalyse. Des précisions et un complément conceptuel seront apportés sur la question de la culture et des invariants qui la structure dans sa fonction capitalistique. Ce nouvel apport conceptuel, qu’on appellera la fonction capitalistique de la culture, sera par ailleurs déterminant pour faire montre des caractéristiques d’une société sous gouvernance néolibérale. En conjuguant l’hystérèse du sujet par la fonction capitaliste de la culture, vont s’agencer différents types de gouvernances sociales, et mettre à jour leurs implications sur les liens des individus entre eux et leur rapport à la liberté versus insécurité. Enfin, à partir de ce nouvel apport conceptuel nous pourrons tirer des enseignements et affiner notre analyse sur le malaise actuel. Un malaise soutenu par un type de discours analytique qui au lieu d’épanouir l’individu dans sa sexualité le plonge dans la misère. Une misère qui selon toute vraisemblance offre la garantie au système sous gouvernance néolibérale de se pérenniser par la mise en place de dispositifs de contrôle et d’évaluation de renforcer sa prégnance et son éthique sur la question de la rentabilité économique. / By restarting the research which has been led by Pierre Curie on the dynamics of materials and magnetism, we will demonstrate how the hypothesis of the subject « unconscious fantasy » can be explained by the hysteresis curve. The goal of this work is to show how the subject in question and their desire can be integrated into the hysteresis theory and describe what we would call the subject's unconscious hysteresis, and its relationship with sexuality. By returning to the Thales theoreom and its declension; the harmonic division, we will see how the subject's hysteresis allows to revisit the Four Speeches theory in an original way, posed by Jacques Lacan in his seminary book. This new epistemological approach would have psychoanalytical implications, notably on the question concerning the phallus, from the debt of psychoanalysis and leading us progressively to extend the question of non speech but equally extending from the Freudian theory of screen memories from the concept Screen Psychoanalysis. Some details and an abstract complement will be provided on the question of culture and its variations which has its structure in the capital-intensive function. This new abstract contribution, which we will call the Capital-Intensive Culture will be furthermore decisive in demonstrating the characteristics of a society under neoliberal governance. By conjugating the subject's hysteresis by the capital-intensive culture, different types of social governance are going to be implemented followed by their implications on the relationship between individuals and their freedom versus insecurity. Finally, from this new abstract contribution, we can teach and refine our analysis on the current unrest. An unrest supported by a type of analytical speech which sends the individual into destitution instead of opening up to their sexuality. Destitution which apparently guarantees being controlled by a system of neoliberal governance and perpetuating the implementation of measures to control and evaluate to strengthen its way and ethics on the question of economic profitability.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether Psychological Well-Being (comprised of self-esteem, optimism, satisfaction with life, and self-determination), perfectionism, body surveillance, and neuroticism moderated the relationship between body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptoms after controlling for social desirability and actual physical size. 847 female undergraduate students participated in the study. Participants completed an online questionnaire packet. An exploratory factor analysis determined that self-determination, optimism, self-esteem, and satisfaction with life loaded on to one factor representing Psychological Well-Being. Hierarchical moderated regression (HMR) was used to control for the influences of social desirability and body mass index on bulimic symptoms and then determine the main and interactive effects of body dissatisfaction and each moderator. Four variables (neuroticism, body surveillance, concern over mistakes, and doubts about actions) strengthened the relationship between body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptomatology, whereas Psychological Well-Being weakened the relationship. Parental expectations, parental criticism, and personal standards did not moderate the relationship between body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptomatology.

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the association between body mass index as well as race/ethnicity and established correlates of disordered eating including drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, bulimia, dietary restraint and social physique anxiety in male and female college students. Difference between actual, desirable and perceived body weight was also assessed. ANOVA suggested that as actual body mass index increased, in general, attitudes and behavior toward weight, body shape and eating increased. A two-tailed t-test suggested that males and females differed significantly with regards to attitudes and behavior toward weight body shape and eating. ANOVA indicated that little to no association existed between race/ethnicity and established correlates of disordered eating.

The purpose of this study was to explore how television influences the sexual attitudes and behaviour of adolescent girls in Mabopane Township. Though the area of adolescent sexual behaviour has been researched to a considerable degree elsewhere, there seemed to be lack of information regarding adolescent sexual behaviour and attitudes relating to Africa, especially South Africa, which inspired the researcher to embark on this study. The researcher explored the adolescent girls’ experiences using qualitative approach and in-depth individual interviews, and undertook a content thematic analysis of the textual data she gathered from girls who participated. A qualitative research design was adopted for this study as it allowed the researcher to obtain rich data from the participants. Purposive random sampling was also used to select participants. The four participants were between age 16 and 17, studying in grades 11 and 12. The results of this study indicated that adolescent girls from Mabopane Township feel that television does influence their sexual attitudes and behaviour. They also indicated that television does not display the consequences of sex, thus influencing adolescents to engage in such behaviour. Related to this was the finding that adolescents view characters on television as their role models because the latter are ‘in the limelight’, therefore enhancing the possibility of them doing what they see their role models doing. Furthermore, the participants indicated that television alone is not the only influence in their lives; other factors such as parental guidance and peer pressure also contribute to shaping their sexual attitudes and behaviours. They also indicated that frequent viewing of television is more likely to result in adolescents altering their sexual beliefs and adopting what is being done on television. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Psychology / unrestricted

Business leaders often realize greater profitability when they have strategies to retain IT employees. However, the cost to replace IT employees creates significant challenges for business leaders. Given the growing impact of technology on operational costs, retention of IT employees is imperative. This exploratory single case study sought to identify the strategies that leaders use to increase IT employee retention. The population was 6 leaders from a military organization in Norfolk, Virginia, responsible for the retention of IT employees. Herzberg's two-factor theory was the conceptual framework for this study. The data was collected from semi-structured interviews with 6 leaders along with organization documents. Data analysis and methodological triangulation included thematic analysis to identify 7 themes in the study. These 7 themes were quality of life, telework, leadership, inclusion, and staying abreast of new technology. Implications for social change include the potential for leaders to save money on recruitment and training. It also includes organizations becoming profitable through better employee retention strategies, and it adds to the body of knowledge that leaders could use to provide stable employment opportunities to individuals. The retention rates among IT employees affect individuals, families, communities, organizations, and the economy. Implementing retention strategies may result in improving employee-employer relationships and organizational profitability.

Eating disorders (EDs) cause irreversible physical damage, including organ failure and death. Although EDs receive considerable attention, the number of affected young women who seek help remains low. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the sociocultural and socioenvironmental factors influencing ED development from the perspective of young women, and to explore why the rate of EDs continues to rise in this population. The sociocultural model served as a guide for the study. Ten young women 18-24 years old from Southwest Ohio participated in in-depth, semi structured, face-to-face interviews. Data coding and analysis revealed recurring themes, with findings indicating that family relationships and social media were major factors influencing young women's perceptions of personal image and attractiveness. Participants described that social media's negative portrayal of beauty leads to internalization of the thin-ideal, leading to body dissatisfaction, with subsequent negative dieting behaviors that increase the risk for eating disorder development. Family relationships were described as the main source of positive support to neutralize these external negative forces by creating environments where these young women are accepted. A combination of media, availability of fast food, and society's portrayal of beauty, had significant influences on ED development by creating "constant internal struggles" on body image, good food choices and acceptance in society. The study impacts social change by adding new information for public health program developers and policy makers that may be used to introduce ED programs in local schools that will empower these young women to seek help without fear of stigma or alienation.