Sentiment analysis concerns the computational study of opinions expressed in text. Social media domains provide a wealth of opinionated data, thus, creating a greater need for sentiment analysis. Typically, sentiment lexicons that capture term-sentiment association knowledge are commonly used to develop sentiment analysis systems. However, the nature of social media content calls for analysis methods and knowledge sources that are better able to adapt to changing vocabulary. Invariably existing sentiment lexicon knowledge cannot usefully handle social media vocabulary which is typically informal and changeable yet rich in sentiment. This, in turn, has implications on the analyser's ability to effectively capture the context therein and to interpret the sentiment polarity from the lexicons. In this thesis we use SentiWordNet, a popular sentiment-rich lexicon with a substantial vocabulary coverage and explore how to adapt it for social media sentiment analysis. Firstly, the thesis identifies a set of strategies to incorporate the effect of modifiers on sentiment-bearing terms (local context). These modifiers include: contextual valence shifters, non-lexical sentiment modifiers typical in social media and discourse structures. Secondly, the thesis introduces an approach in which a domain-specific lexicon is generated using a distant supervision method and integrated with a general-purpose lexicon, using a weighted strategy, to form a hybrid (domain-adapted) lexicon. This has the dual purpose of enriching term coverage of the general purpose lexicon with non-standard but sentiment-rich terms as well as adjusting sentiment semantics of terms. Here, we identified two term-sentiment association metrics based on Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency that are able to outperform the state-of-the-art Point-wise Mutual Information on social media data. As distant supervision may not be readily applicable on some social media domains, we explore the cross-domain transferability of a hybrid lexicon. Thirdly, we introduce an approach for improving distant-supervised sentiment classification with knowledge from local context analysis, domain-adapted (hybrid) and emotion lexicons. Finally, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of all identified approaches using six sentiment-rich social media datasets.

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We explore the use a Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) imitating pseudo-topic-model, based on our original relevance metric, as a tool to facilitate distant annotation of short (often one to two sentence or less) documents. Our exploration manifests as annotating tweets for emotions, this being the current use-case of interest to us, but we believe the method could be extended to any multi-class labeling task of documents of similar length. Tweets are gathered via the Twitter API using "track" terms thought likely to capture tweets with a greater chance of exhibiting each emotional class, 3,000 tweets for each of 26 topics anticipated to elicit emotional discourse. Our pseudo-topic-model is used to produce relevance-ranked vocabularies for each corpus of tweets and these are used to distribute emotional annotations to those tweets not manually annotated, magnifying the number of annotated tweets by a factor of 29. The vector labels the annotators produce for the topics are cascaded out to the tweets via three different schemes which are compared for performance by proxy through the competition of bidirectional-LSMTs trained using the tweets labeled at a distance. An SVM and two emotionally annotated vocabularies are also tested on each task to provide context and comparison.

Les galaxies amplifiées par lentillage gravitationnel fort offrent une opportunité exceptionnelle pour caractériser la formation stellaire intense au sein des galaxies poussiéreuses les plus distantes. Dans les cas les plus favorables, il est possible d'étudier les mécanismes qui régissent la formation stellaire jusqu'aux échelles des régions de formation d'étoiles individuelles. Les alignements fortuits entre ces galaxies actives et des structures d'avant-plan produisant des facteurs d'amplification par lentillage gravitationnel >> 10 restent néanmoins très rares. L'échantillon des Planck's Dusty GEMS (Gravitationally Enhanced subMillimeter Sources), découvert par le relevé de ciel complet du satellite Planck dans le domaine sub-millimétrique, contient onze galaxies à haut décalage spectral extrêmement brillantes. Leurs densités de flux à 350 microns se situent entre 300 et 1000 mJy, au-delà de la plupart des sources lentillées précédemment découvertes par les relevés en infrarouge lointain et sub-millimétrique. Six d'entre elles dépassent la limite en complétude à 90% du catalogue de sources ponctuelles détectées par Planck (PCCS), indiquant qu'elles sont parmi les plus brillantes sources lointaines sélectionnées par leur formation stellaire intense. Cette thèse s'intègre dans le suivi multi-longueur d'onde de cet échantillon exceptionnel, destiné à sonder les propriétés globales des sources d'arrière-plan et à contraindre les configurations de lentillage. Premièrement, j'utilise de l'imagerie et de la spectroscopie en visible et en infrarouge proche et moyen pour caractériser les structures formant la lentille et pour construire des modèles de lentillage gravitationnel complets. J'en déduis que les onze GEMS sont effectivement alignées avec des surdensités de matière en avant-plan, soit des galaxies massives et isolées, soit des groupes ou amas de galaxies. Ces objets amplifiants contiennent des populations d'étoiles évoluées et âgées de plusieurs milliards d'années, indiquant qu'il s'agit de galaxies précoces. De plus, la modélisation détaillée de l'effet de lentillage vers les GEMS suggère que les amplifications atteignent systématiquement des facteurs > 10, et > 20 pour certaines lignes de visée. Deuxièmement, nous observons dans les domaines infrarouge lointain et millimétrique pour caractériser les sources d'arrière-plan. Les données en interférométrie de l'IRAM et du SMA à des résolutions inférieures à la seconde d'arc montrent que les GEMS ont des morphologies très déformées, preuve de fortes distorsions gravitationnelles. J'obtiens des températures de poussières de 33 à 50 K et des luminosités atteignant 2x10^14 luminosités solaires en infrarouge lointain, sans corriger du facteur d'amplification. La relation entre températures de poussières et luminosités infrarouge confirme également que, pour une température donnée, les GEMS sont plus brillantes que les galaxies similaires non lentillées. Je conclus qu'à ces longueurs d'onde, le chauffage des poussières semble être dominé par l'activité de formation stellaire avec une contamination par d'éventuels noyaux actifs systématiquement inférieure à 30%. Nous trouvons des décalages vers le rouge compris entre 2.2 et 3.6 grâce à la détection d'au moins deux raies d'émission du gaz atomique ou moléculaire par source. Finalement, je cible les trois sources lentillées de l'échantillon ayant les propriétés les plus remarquables. En particulier, la plus brillante d'entre elles s'avère être un sursaut présentant des densités de formation stellaire proches de la limite d'Eddington, et permet de sonder la naissance des étoiles dans ses phases les plus extrêmes. / Strongly gravitationally lensed galaxies offer an outstanding opportunity to characterize the most intensely star-forming galaxies in the high-redshift universe. In the most extreme cases, one can probe the mechanisms that underlie the intense star formation on the scales of individual star-forming regions. This requires very fortuitous gravitational lensing configurations offering magnification factors >> 10, which are particularly rare toward the high-redshift dusty star-forming galaxies. The Planck's Dusty GEMS (Gravitationally Enhanced subMillimeter Sources) sample contains eleven of the brightest high-redshift galaxies discovered with the Planck sub-millimeter all-sky survey, with flux densities between 300 and 1000 mJy at 350 microns, factors of a few brighter than the majority of lensed sources previously discovered with other surveys. Six of them are above the 90% completeness limit of the Planck Catalog of Compact Sources (PCCS), suggesting that they are among the brightest high-redshift sources on the sky selected by their active star formation. This thesis comes within the framework of the extensive multi-wavelength follow-up programme designed to determine the overall properties of the high-redshift sources and to probe the lensing configurations. Firstly, to characterize the intervening lensing structures and calculate lensing models, I use optical and near/mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopy. I deduce that our eleven GEMS are aligned with intervening matter overdensities at intermediate redshift, either massive isolated galaxies or galaxy groups and clusters. The foreground sources exhibit evolved stellar populations of a few giga years, characteristic of early-type galaxies. Moreover, the first detailed models of the light deflection toward the GEMS suggest magnification factors systematically > 10, and > 20 for some lines-of-sight. Secondly, we observe the GEMS in the far-infrared and sub-millimeter domains in order to characterize the background sources. The sub-arcsec resolution IRAM and SMA interferometry shows distorded morphologies which definitively confirm that the eleven sources are strongly lensed. I obtain dust temperatures between 33 and 50 K, and outstanding far-infrared luminosities of up to 2x10^14 solar luminosities before correcting for the gravitational magnification. The relationship between dust temperatures and far-infrared luminosities also confirms that the GEMS are brighter than field galaxies at a given dust temperature. I conclude that dust heating seems to be strongly dominated by the star formation activity with an AGN contamination systematically below 30%. We find secure spectroscopic redshifts between 2.2 and 3.6 for the eleven targets thanks to the detection of at least two CO emission lines per source. Finally, I focus on the three gravitationally lensed sources showing the most remarkable properties including the brightest GEMS, a maximal starburst with star formation surface densities near the Eddington limit.

This thesis aims to understand the emotions expressed by adults watching animated films with death topics through sentiment analysis. The research is a quantitative sentiment analysis from the perspective of distant reading. The previous studies on death scenes in animated films have only focused on child audiences. However, the age group of the audience of animated films is extensive; thus, it is necessary to analyse the sentiments of adult audiences. This thesis attempts to collect two movies produced by Pixar studio: Coco (2017) and Soul (2020), as well as their audience reviews on IMDb, a total of 600, for cross-comparison. Additionally, it analyses the content containing death in the reviews to understand better adult audiences’ emotional expressions on the subject of death. The analysing results show that the positive sentiment scores of the comments containing death are slightly lower than the scores of all the reviews, and the scores of the negative sentiments do not differ much. However, positive emotions still dominate these comments that contain death. The emotional performance between the script and the reviews is roughly similar. Still, the emotional intensity of the comments is higher than that of the script, indicating that the audience is willing to show their emotions on the public online film platform. Future research is recommended to conduct analysis together with other NLP analysis methods or close reading to explore more details of the content.

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PURPOSE/BACKGROUND: Muscle fatigue is related to a decline in force output and proprioception. These can ultimately have an adverse effect on neuromuscular control and functional performance. Local muscle fatigue has been shown to have adverse consequences on dynamic standing balance; however, much less is known regarding the relationship between distant fatigue and dynamic standing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of upper body fatigue on dynamic standing balance. It was hypothesized that distant fatigue in upper body musculature would show a significant decrease in dynamic standing balance as assessed by the Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test (YBT-LQ). METHODS: TWENTY HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS (AGE: 25.0 ± 3.42 years, height: 172.72 ± 13.11 cm, mass: 71.36 ± 13.50 kg) participated in this study. A kayak ergometer was used to implement a fatigue protocol for the upper body. The protocol consisted of a graded intensity session ranging from 50% to 90% of maximum effort lasting ten minutes in duration (2 minutes each at 50% 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90%). The anterior (ANT), posteromedial (PM), and posterolateral (PL) reach directions were normalized to leg length and measured on the YBT-LQ before and after the fatigue protocol for each participant. A fourth value termed overall balance was calculated as the sum of the furthest reach distance of the three directions. Blood lactate analysis taken before and immediately after the fatigue protocol was used to quantify fatigue. Multiple paired t-tests were performed for pre-fatigue and post-fatigue balance assessment. A Bonferroni correction was applied to set the significance value ≤0.0125 a priori. Effect size was calculated using the effect size index. RESULTS: Blood lactate values immediately following the fatigue protocol had an average concentration of 6.15 millimoles (pre: 2.3, post: 8.4). The ANT reach direction (ρ = 0.004) and the calculated overall balance (ρ = 0.011) significantly decreased post-fatigue in the dominant lower extremity. No significant differences were found for the PM (ρ = 0.017) or PL (ρ = 0.021) directions. The ANT reach direction (0.64) and overall balance (0.44) also showed a moderate effect size based on the effect size index. CONCLUSIONS: ANT and overall dynamic standing balance were negatively affected after completing the upper body fatigue protocol. The findings of this research demonstrate that upper body fatigue has adverse effects on dynamic standing balance, as measured by performance on the YBT-LQ. Significant and clinically relevant differences were noted in ANT and overall dynamic standing balance. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Physical therapists should be aware of the adverse influence distant fatigue may exhibit on neuromuscular control in muscles not actively involved in the fatiguing exercise. The balance deficits noted may indicate an increased risk of injury with muscle fatigue in muscles not directly contributing to standing balance. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3b, Case-control study.

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Doctor of Philosophy / Department of History / Mark P. Parillo / The Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line, a key program under President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s “New Look” policy, prepared the United States defense posture for “the long haul” in the Cold War. Eisenhower wanted to prevent the escalation of military costs while still providing an adequate defense. Eisenhower emphasized a retaliatory capability and improved continental defenses, the so-called “sword and shield,” which are key features of the New Look. The DEW Line would prove to be a vital component of both. Whereas the initial emphasis of the DEW Line was to warn against attack providing for both active and passive defense measures, soon there was a definite “counter-offensive” role for the DEW Line as well—the protection of the primary retaliatory capability of the United States: the Strategic Air Command (SAC). The place of the DEW Line in the history of the Cold War has been an under appreciated topic. With the exception of the scholarship from the 1950s and early 1960s, only recently have continental defense and particularly the DEW Line been removed from the shadows of other Cold War events, strategies, and military programs. This doctoral thesis is an account of the DEW Line’s conception, implementation, and position in Eisenhower’s New Look and deterrent strategy. The DEW Line proved to be a cardinal feature of Eisenhower’s New Look strategy: it strengthened overall U.S. defenses and defense posture as the one element of U.S. defense policy (“New Look”) that improved and connected both the active and passive measures of continental defense by providing early warning against manned bombers flying over the polar region; it bolstered the deterrent value of SAC; and it was instrumental in developing closer peacetime military cooperation between the United States and Canada. In fact, U.S.- Canadian diplomacy during the 1950s offers an important case study in “superpowermiddle power” interaction. However, despite the asymmetry in their relationship, U.S.- Canadian defense policies proved to be analogous. All of these objectives could not have been accomplished without the technological and logistical abilities necessary to construct successfully the DEW Line.