Nous nous intéressons au traitement tertiaire d'eaux issues de stations d'épuration traitant des eaux usées domestiques, en vue de leur réutilisation en particulier pour l'irrigation. Les opérations de séparation membranaires sont aujourd'hui les plus souvent considérées pour ce type de traitement, avec par exemple l'osmose inverse couplée à de l'ultrafiltration en pré traitement. Ces solutions présentent les inconvénients propres à ces technologies, inconvénients qui restent à lever au plan scientifique mais aussi au plan technologique. Notre objectif initial était de reconstruire totalement le schéma de procédé de réutilisation des eaux, à partir de son analyse globale. Nous avons pu réaliser seulement trois des étapes de ce travail : L'analyse de l'efficacité de techniques de modification de surface de membranes d'ultrafiltration en vue de rendre le colmatage réversible. L'analyse de la faisabilité d'utiliser la distillation membranaire pour traiter des eaux usées en sortie de station d'épuration traditionnelles ou par bio réacteurs à membranes, dont nous avons fait une évaluation expérimentale à partir d'eaux de complexité croissante, allant jusqu'au traitement d'eaux prélevées directement en sortie de station. Les résultats prometteurs de ces essais ont été complété par une recherche de points de fonctionnement de la distillation membranaire, par une analyse classique de bilans matière et d'énergie, dont l'originalité est la prise en compte du facteur de conversion comme paramètre opératoire. / We are interested in polishing steps of waters from sewage treatment plants dealing with domestic wastewater, with a view to their re-use, in particular for irrigation. Membrane separation operations are today most often considered for this type of treatment, with, for example, reverse osmosis coupled with ultrafiltration as a pretreatment. These options present the disadvantages peculiar to these technologies, disadvantages which still need to be sorted out scientifically but also at the technological level. Our initial objective was to completely reconstruct the water reuse flow sheet, based on its overall analysis. We were able to achieve only three of the stages of this work: Analysis of the efficiency of surface modification techniques of ultrafiltration membranes in order to make them fouling resistant. The analysis of the feasibility of using membrane distillation to treat wastewater discharged from traditional sewage treatment plants or by bio-membrane reactors, of which we have made an experimental evaluation based on waters of increasing complexity, up to the treatment of water taken directly from the treatment plant. The promising results of these tests lead us to define operating points for membrane distillation, by a classical analysis of material and energy balances, in which the stage cut-off was considered as an operational parameter.

Este trabalho aborda a predição da eficiência de pratos valvulados de dois passes, de escoamento cruzado com downcomers de uma coluna de destilação industrial, através do uso de diferentes modelos com e sem o uso do método Stagnant Regions Model proposto por Lockett em 1986. Contrariando o esperado, poucos artigos foram publicados sobre as principais características de pratos valvulados e bem menos sobre eficiência de pratos valvulados de dois passes. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que a correlação de O'Connell, o modelo de Chan e Fair aplicado aos pratos valvulados de dois passes convertidos para um passe e o modelo de Chan e Fair com uso do método SRM são os que melhor predizem a eficiência de pratos valvulados de dois passes, de escoamento cruzado com downcomers, no caso estudado.Em consonância com os estudos prévios, a correlação de O'Connell subestima o valor da eficiência, mostrando-se levemente conservativa, enquanto as predições pelo uso do modelo de Chan e Fair e do modelo modificado de Chan e Fair com uso do comprimento equivalente proposto por Klemola e Ilme superestimam o valor da eficiência, mostrando-se levemente não-conservativas. / This work approaches the prediction of the efficiency of two passes, crossflow valve trays with downcomers of an industrial distillation column, through the use of different models with and without the use the Stagnant Regions Model, method proposed by Lockett in 1986.Contradicting what it could be expected, few papers were published about the main characteristics of valve trays and fewer about efficiency of two passes valve trays. The results suggest that the O'Connell's correlation, the model of Chan and Fair applied to the two passes valve trays converted for one pass valve tray and the model of Chan and Fair with SRM method are those that best predict the efficiency of two passes, crossflow valve trays with downcomers. In consonance with the previous published studies, the O'Connell'correlation underestimates the value of the efficiency, showing a slightly conservative value, while the predictions using Chan and Fair model and the modified Chan and Fair model with equivalent length proposed by Klemola and Ilme overestimates the value of the efficiency, showing a slightly non-conservative results.

An experimental characterisation of a pre-commercial spiral wound permeate gap membrane distillation module was carried out to test its performance at different operating conditions for the purpose of seawater desalination. The experimental setup consisted of a flat plate solar collector field indirectly coupled to the permeate gap membrane distillation module via an inertia tank. The operating parameters varied were the condenser inlet temperature (from 20 °C to 30 °C), evaporator inlet temperature (from 60 °C to 80 °C) and seawater feed flow rate (from 200 l/h to 400 l/h). Within this operational boundary, it was found that the maximum permeate/distillate flux was 4.135 l/(h∙m2) which equates to a distillate production/flow rate of close to 21.3 l/h. The maximum potential distillate production rate is expected to be significantly higher than this value though as the maximum manufacturer specified feed flow rate is 700 l/h and the maximum evaporator inlet temperature is rated at 90 °C. Both these parameters are positively related to the distillate production rate. The minimum specific thermal energy consumption was found to be 180 kWh/m3. A mathematical model of the overall system was developed, and experimentally validated, to mathematically describe the coupling of the membrane distillation module with a solar collector field. The effectiveness of internal heat recovery of the membrane distillation module was found to be an accurate and simple tool to evaluate the thermal energy demand of the distillation process at a given set of operation parameters. The mathematical model was used to further investigate the experimental findings and provide insights into the operational dynamics of the membrane distillation module. It was also used to determine some external conditions required for steady state operation, at a given distillation operating point, such as the minimum solar irradiation required for operation and the auxiliary cooling required in the solar collector loop for maintaining steady state conditions. Finally, general guidelines are provided toward better operational practices to improve the coupling of a solar thermal collector unit/field with a membrane distillation system using a storage tank or inertia tank.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09668.pdf: 6341914 bytes, checksum: 8514c212809df88b758a80f7ad2d2fd8 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Este trabalho aborda a predição da eficiência de pratos valvulados de dois passes, de escoamento cruzado com downcomers de uma coluna de destilação industrial, através do uso de diferentes modelos com e sem o uso do método Stagnant Regions Model proposto por Lockett em 1986. Contrariando o esperado, poucos artigos foram publicados sobre as principais características de pratos valvulados e bem menos sobre eficiência de pratos valvulados de dois passes. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que a correlação de O'Connell, o modelo de Chan e Fair aplicado aos pratos valvulados de dois passes convertidos para um passe e o modelo de Chan e Fair com uso do método SRM são os que melhor predizem a eficiência de pratos valvulados de dois passes, de escoamento cruzado com downcomers, no caso estudado.Em consonância com os estudos prévios, a correlação de O'Connell subestima o valor da eficiência, mostrando-se levemente conservativa, enquanto as predições pelo uso do modelo de Chan e Fair e do modelo modificado de Chan e Fair com uso do comprimento equivalente proposto por Klemola e Ilme superestimam o valor da eficiência, mostrando-se levemente não-conservativas. / This work approaches the prediction of the efficiency of two passes, crossflow valve trays with downcomers of an industrial distillation column, through the use of different models with and without the use the Stagnant Regions Model, method proposed by Lockett in 1986.Contradicting what it could be expected, few papers were published about the main characteristics of valve trays and fewer about efficiency of two passes valve trays. The results suggest that the O'Connell's correlation, the model of Chan and Fair applied to the two passes valve trays converted for one pass valve tray and the model of Chan and Fair with SRM method are those that best predict the efficiency of two passes, crossflow valve trays with downcomers. In consonance with the previous published studies, the O'Connell'correlation underestimates the value of the efficiency, showing a slightly conservative value, while the predictions using Chan and Fair model and the modified Chan and Fair model with equivalent length proposed by Klemola and Ilme overestimates the value of the efficiency, showing a slightly non-conservative results.

Orientadores: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel, Cesar Benedito Batistella / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T23:41:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fregolente_LeonardoVasconcelos_M.pdf: 590348 bytes, checksum: 2ba3d20d50e05dcaaf811d7862b9cb67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Monoglicerídeos são emulsificantes amplamente utilizados em alimentos, fármacos e cosméticos. Industrialmente, são produzidos através da interesterificação de triglicerídeos com glicerol, a altas temperaturas (> 200°C), na presença de catalisadores inorgânicos. Também conhecida como glicerólise, esta reação produz uma mistura com aproximadamente 50% de monoglicerídeos. Este nível de concentração é adequado a muitos tipos de aplicações, no entanto, para fabricação de alguns produtos como argarinas, sorvetes e recheios, devem ser utilizados monoglicerídeos de alta concentração (teor mínimo de 90%), os quais são normalmente produzidos através do processo de destilação molecular. Assim, neste trabalho, foi utilizado um destilador molecular centrífugo com área de evaporação igual a 0,0046m2, para a obtenção de monoglicerídeos de alta concentração (até 96,3%). A metodologia de análise de superficie de resposta foi utilizada para a identificação das condições operacionais ótimas de enriquecimento de monoglicerídeos na corrente de destilado. Além disso, um planejamento experimental 23 foi empregado para estudarem-se os efeitos de alguns parâmetros reacionais sobre a concentração de monoglicerídeos na condição de equilíbrio químico da reação de glicerólise de óleo de soja refinado, catalisada por hidróxido de sódio. Então, utilizando-se as condições de destilação otimizadas através da metodologia de análise de superficie de resposta, os produtos reacionais foram destilados, aumentando-se assim a concentração de monoglicerídeos / Abstract: Monoglycerides are emulsifiers widely used in food, harmaceutical, and cosmetic fields. Current industrial processes for monoglycerides production consist on the interesterification of triglycerides with glycerol in the presence of inorganic catalysts at high temperatures (>200°C). This reaction is known as glycerolysis and produces a mixture of approx 50 % of monoglycerides. This leveI of concentration is suitable for many applications, although, some specific uses like margarine, icing and cream filling require distilled monoglycerides, which are purified monoglycerides (min. 90%) normally obtained by molecular distillation processo Therefore, in this work, a centrífugal molecular distillator of evaporation area of 0.0046m2 was used to obtain monoglycerides with up to 96.3% of purity. Response surface methodology was applied as a tool to identifY operating conditions that can lead to higher monoglycerides purity in the distillate stream. Furthermore, a 23 factorial design was employed to evaluate the effects of reaction parameters on the monoglycerides concentration after the interesterification reaction of refmed soybean oil with glycerol in the presence of sodium hydroxide as catalyst. The monoglycerides content in the reaction product was enhanced, using the optimized distillation conditions obtained by the response surface methodology / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09668.pdf: 6341914 bytes, checksum: 8514c212809df88b758a80f7ad2d2fd8 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

La technologie la plus utilisée pour séparer les principaux composants de l'air est aujourd'hui ladistillation en colonne à garnissage structuré. Ce procédé se caractérise par un écoulement gazliquide contre-courant au sein d'une structure constituée de plaques corruguées placées parallèlement et agencées en packs. La description d'un tel procédé est rendue difficile par les très grandes dimensions du système et par la complexité des phénomènes à la petite échelle. La méthode de la prise de moyenne volumique, utilisée pour les problèmes de changement d'échelleen milieu poreux, est utilisée pour décrire le système à une échelle qui permet une résolution. Le travail est organisé en trois étapes. Dans un premier temps, pour les débits modérés, une méthode est proposée pour évaluer la perte de charge au sein de la structure en prenant en compte des rugosités de structure ou créées par des instabilités du film liquide. A ce stade, l'effet de la surface rugueuse est caractérisé par une condition limite effective. Le problème aux limites effectif pour la phase gaz est ensuite moyenné en volume pour obtenir un système d'équations à grande échelle. Le bilan de quantité de mouvement à grande échelle est une loi de Darcy généralisée aux écoulements inertiels, dans laquelle les paramètres effectifs contiennent les effets des instabilités de surfaces de la petite échelle. La seconde étape est dédiée à l'interaction entre les deux phases à plus hauts débits. On montre que des modèles qui incluent explicitement des termes croisés à grande échelle permettent de décrire l'écoulement au sein du garnissage à grands nombres de Reynolds. Plus généralement, ces modèles, peu utilisés dans la littérature sur les milieux poreux, s'avèrent adaptés pour les écoulements dans les milieux très perméables, pour lesquels des variations importantes de la perte de charge et des saturations sont observées. Enfin, on s'intéresse à la description de la distribution de la phase liquide au sein de la structurede garnissage. Une approche multiphasique, où la phase liquide est séparée en plusieurs pseudophases, est adaptée pour modéliser l'anisotropie de l'écoulement. Deux méthodes impliquant une approche à deux pseudo-phases et une approche à quatre pseudo-phases pour la phase liquide sont comparées. Cette dernière méthode est notamment utile pour décrire des régimes d'écoulement très différents, et permet de capturer à grande échelle les chemins préférentielssuivis par le film liquide au sein du garnissage. / Distillation in columns equipped with structured packings is today the most used technology for separating air in its primary components. This process is characterized by a counter-current gasliquid flow in a structure made of parallel corrugated sheets arranged in packs. The description of such system is constrained by the large dimensions of the columns and by the complexity of the local-scale phenomena. This leads to consider a strategy of upscaling, based on the volume averaging method, to describe the system at a scale at which a resolution is possible. The work is organized in three steps. As a first step, considering moderate flow rates, a methodology ofupscaling is developed to predict the pressure drop in the flow of the gas phase taking into account small scale roughnesses due to the structure itself or perturbations of the liquid film. At this stage, the effect of this rough surface is characterized by an effective boundary condition. The boundary value problem for the flow of the gas phase is volume averaged in order to derive a system of equations at large scale. The resulting momentum balance is a generalized Darcy's law for inertial flows, involving effective parameters accounting for the roughness at the microscale. The second step of this work focuses on the interaction between the two phases at higher flow rates. It is shown that models involving non-standard macroscopic cross-terms are more prone to describe the flow in packings at high Reynolds numbers than the models usually used in porousmedia sciences. More generally, these models are shown to characterize accurately processes in highly permeable media, where drastic changes of pressure drop and retention are observed. We finally study the distribution of the liquid phase in the structured packing. It is shown that a specific approach involving a multiphase model with liquid decomposition is required to capture the anisotropy generated in the flow of the liquid phase. Two methods involving two pseudo-phases and four pseudo-phases for the liquid phase are compared. This last method captures a number of very different distribution regimes in the column and offers additional flexibility to describepreferential paths of the liquid.

Water is life for all living organisms on earth, and all human beings need water for every socio-economic activity in their daily lives. However, constant challenges are faced in securing quality water resources due to environmental pollution, a growing demand, and climate changes. To overcome imminent worldwide challenges on water resources, desalination of seawater and saline wastewater became inevitable, and significant efforts have been deployed by the desalination research community to advance the technology. However, there is still a gap to take it to a higher sustainability and compatibility compared to conventional water treatment technologies. Among all efforts, the hybridization of two or more processes stands among the promising solutions for sustainable desalination, which synergizes benefits of multiple technologies. To evaluate the sustainability of hybrid desalination technologies, two different systems, namely; (i) multi-effect distillation – adsorption (MED-AD) and (ii) forward osmosis – membrane distillation (FO-MD), are investigated in this study. The method developed for the analysis of primary energy consumption in complex desalination systems is used to evaluate the performance of the MED-AD pilot facility at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). Results of the MED-AD pilot operation showed an improvement in water production with a higher energy efficiency under the same operating conditions (near the ambient temperature with the solar thermal system). For the FO-MD hybrid system, an investigation is carried out on a novel in-house integrated module and a comparative analysis with the conventional module is provided. An isolation barrier carefully placed in the novel design enhanced the hybrid performance by reducing both concentration and temperature polarization. In addition, the FO-MD hybrid process is evaluated for brine reclamation application in a SWRO-MD-FO system. The sustainability of the proposed system and the potential of a flexible sustainable operation are presented with the experimental study with real seawater and brine from the full-scale desalination plant.

Lack of clean fresh water is one of the most pervasive problems afflicting people throughout the world. Efficient desalination of sea and brackish water and safe reuse of wastewater become an insistent need. However, such techniques are energy intensive, and thus, a good control design is needed to increase the process efficiency and maintain water production costs at an acceptable level. This thesis proposes solutions to the above challenges and in particular will be focused on two membranebased water systems: Membrane Distillation (MD) and Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) for wastewater treatment plant (WWPT). The first part of this thesis, Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) will study as an example an MD process. MD is an emerging sustainable desalination technique which can be powered by renewable energy. Its main drawback is the low water production rate. However, it can be improved by utilizing advanced control strategies. DCMD is modeled by a set of Differential Algebraic Equations (DAEs). In order to improve its water production, an optimization-based control scheme termed Model Predictive Control (MPC) provides a natural framework to optimally operate DCMD processes due to its unique control advantages. Among these advantages are the flexibility provided in formulating the objective function, the capability to directly handle process constraints, and the ability to work with various classes of nonlinear systems. Motivated by the above considerations, two MPC schemes that can maximize the water production rate of DCMD systems have been developed. The first MPC scheme is formulated to track an optimal set-point while taking input and stability constraints into account. The second MPC scheme, Economic MPC (EMPC), is formulated to maximize the distilled water flux while meeting input, stability and other process operational constraints. The total water production under both control designs is compared to illustrate the effectiveness of the two proposed control paradigms. Simulation results show that the DCMD process produces more distilled water when it is operated by EMPC than when it is operated by MPC. The above control techniques assume the full access to the system states. However, this is not the case for the DCMD plant. To effectively control the closed-loop system, an observer design that can estimate the values of the unmeasurable states is required. Motivated by that, a nonlinear observer design for DCMD is proposed. In addition, the effect of the estimation gain matrix on the differentiation index of the DAE system is investigated. Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed observer design. The observer-based MPC and EMPC are also studied in this work. Mathematical modeling of a wastewater treatment system is critical because it enhances the process understanding and can be used for process design and process optimization. Motivated by the above considerations, modeling and optimal control strategies have been developed and applied to the MBR-based wastewater treatment process. The model is an extension of the well-known Benchmark simulation models for wastewater treatment. In addition, model predictive control has been applied to maintain the dissolved oxygen concentration level at the desired value. In addition, a conventional PID controller has also been developed. The simulation results show that the both of controllers can be used for dissolved oxygen concentration control. However, MPC has better performance compared to PID scenario.