The purpose with this study is to investigate, scrutinize and to understand the current political situation in Ukraine and why it has not been progressed. The disastrous democratic process and the country´s existing and indefatigable problems are studied through dynamics that deals with the country’s ethnic divisions and the conflict with Russia regarding several regions in Ukraine. In this paper, a case study is used as the method, and by applying Anna Jarstads dilemmas of democracy process and Arend Lijpharts Consociational democracy is as well, the investigation shows that this system of democracy model can be successful Ukraine if they take regards to Anna Jarstads four dilemmas. The conclusion of this study means that it is important to take regards into the dilemmas of democracy and therefore must be regarded to when a country is trying to build a state based on democracy and that no improvement can be done without it. And the process of democracy should take impression of the Consociational democracy model, otherwise it´s more likely that the political volatility will remain and further increase.

No description available.

This study allocates the issue of democratization in Tanzania and Botswana between 1961-2015. The purpose is to explain why Tanzania’s democratization process between 1961 and 2015 has not developed into a solid democracy. Nine factors, both internal and external that has affected the countries democratization process has been highlighted and compared in a macro-perspective in order to find explanatory factors the aim. A qualitative, theory consuming approach is used, where methodological understandings such as the method of difference and the congruence method are applied. Furthermore an analytical framework is used to pinpoint important differences between the two countries democratization processes that are considered being valid explanations to why contemporary Tanzania is not considered being a full-scale working democracy. The comparative conclusion showed that there are three explanatory factors to Tanzania’s present democracy status. The lack of free values, an economic development and authoritarian divisions within the country has proven being vital in the failure of consolidating a democracy.

Pendant la régénération musculaire, les cellules souches musculaires (dites satellites) prolifèrent de manière symétrique et asymétrique. La ségrégation non aléatoire des brins d'ADN est un mécanisme associé à la division asymétrique, souvent en lien avec des destins cellulaires distincts. Quand ce phénomène apparaît et comment il est régulé durant la régénération musculaire sont des points clés sur lesquels je me suis focalisée durant ma thèse. Afin d'étudier le rôle de signaux extracellulaires dans les décisions du type de division, nous avons utilisé des micropatrons de motifs symétrique et asymétrique recouverts de matrice extracellulaire. Nous avons alors montré que les fréquences de divisions asymétriques peuvent être modulées selon la forme du motif. En outre, nous décrivons une fenêtre de temps in vivo au cours de la régénération musculaire où une sous population de cellules satellites peut passer d'une division symétrique à asymétrique. Une analyse transcriptionnelle de ces cellules a permis d'identifier des gènes candidats potentiellement impliqués dans la régulation de cette transition. Nous avons testé l'effet de quelques protéines associées à ces gènes incorporées dans des niches artificielles 2D. Des données préliminaires suggérèrent que des signaux extrinsèques (protéine de la matrice extracellulaire et rigidité du substrat) combinés à une signalisation intracellulaire peuvent réguler la balance entre prolifération et différentiation. L'ensemble de ces données de thèse montre l'importance d'un dialogue entre le microenvironnement et les signaux intracellulaires dans la régulation du comportement des cellules souches. / During muscle regeneration, muscle stem (satellite) cells proliferate symmetrically and asymmetrically. Non-random segregation of old and new template DNA strands (NRDS) is one mechanism associated with an asymmetric cell division, and this is often linked with distinct daughter cell fates. How this frequency is modulated and when during tissue remodelling are key questions that are the focus of my thesis project. To address the role of extrinsic cues in NRDS and cell fate decisions, we used micropatterns coated with extracellular matrix and designed with symmetric and asymmetric topological motifs. We show that the frequency of NRDS and transcription factors asymmetry (Pax7, stem; Myogenin, differentiated) can be modulated depending on the topology of the adhesion cues of the micropattern. Moreover, we show that a temporal switch occurs in vivo during early muscle regeneration from symmetric to asymmetric DNA segregation in a subpopulation of satellite cells. Gene expression profiling of symmetrically and asymmetrically dividing cells allowed the identification of candidate regulators that might impinge on this regulatory transition. Some candidate genes were assayed in a high throughput screen that was on 2D artificial stem-cell niches. Preliminary data show that extrinsic cues (ECM protein and substrate stiffness) combined with signalling pathways can regulate the balance between proliferation and differentiation in a context dependent manner. Taken together, this thesis project shows that the interplay between microenvironment and intracellular signalling impacts on the regulation of stem cell behaviour.

La configuration du droit des affaires en Afrique est intimement liée à l’histoire coloniale, histoire d’une compétition entre puissances qui se décline aujourd’hui en compétition de fait entre systèmes juridiques. Le processus de l’OHADA, entamé et mené en grande pompe, s’est contenté d’une harmonisation interne du droit des pays civilistes, avec une large coïncidence entre les règles adoptés et celles qui constituent le droit français des affaires. Ce droit « harmonisé » des affaires laisse donc de côté le droit des pays de common law, l’autre facette du paysage juridique africain et il s’en dégage des clivages entre juristes de deux bords.Mais les clivages ne se limitent pas à cette dichotomie droit civil-common law. A côté de ces systèmes proclamés, existe une régulation informelle dont la prise en compte est indispensable à qui veut comprendre la règle qui régit les affaires en Afrique. L’enjeu est dès lors multiple : Un rapprochement est souhaitable et possible entre le droit OHADA et la common law. La proximité entre les pays et les peuples dont relèvent ces deux systèmes est telle qu’on se demande comment est-ce possible de maintenir les cloisons. Rapprocher la common law de l’OHADA ne voudrait pourtant pas dire les remplacer par un système de substitution et de consensus, belle vue de l’esprit du reste. C’est donc plus la compatibilité que l’uniformité qui est recherchée. Cet objectif parait en tout cas plus en adéquation avec la logique de recherche d’attractivité qui est celle du droit des affaires. Cette étude insiste donc sur cette ouverture vers « l’autre » système, tout en soulignant l’importance du secteur informel, des us et coutumes qui en découlent. / The configuration of business law in Africa is intimately linked to its colonial history, a story of competition between powerful groups, evident today in the competition between legal systems. The process of “OHADA”, which started with such ceremony, has ultimately contented itself with an internal harmonization of the legal systems of countries with a civil law system. There is a notable correlation between the adopted rules and French business law. This “harmonized” law, therefore, ignores countries with common law systems, the other facet of the African legal landscape, generating tensions between lawyers on both sides.Nevertheless, the divisions are not limited to the dichotomy civil law-common law. Informal regulation exists alongside both these legal systems, and they must be taken into account if the rules that govern business in Africa are to be understood. This generates a multiple challenge: bringing OHADA law and common law closer is both desirable and possible. The proximity between these people and countries is too close to justify the existing differences. Nevertheless, bringing common law and OHADA closer, does not mean replacing them with a new common system, which seems unrealistic. Compatibility, rather than uniformity, would be the desired result, offering a better fit with the search of attractiveness, which is in the essence of business law. This study therefore promotes an open approach of the “other” system, while underlining the importance of the informal sector, based on custom and usages.

The diploma thesis is focused on estimation of financial standing of the company Lesostavby Frýdek-Místek, a. s. in the years 2003-2007. The financial standing is estimated by the methods of financial analysis. The key role is played by so-called elementary methods, mainly by absolute, difference, ratio indexes as well as site and bankruptcy models. Based on the situation assessed by the methods the scheme of improvement has been created for several following years.

Hoang Lien National Park has a total area of 68569ha, located at an altitude of above sea 1000-3000m in the territory of the two provinces of Lai Chau and Lao Cai in Vietnam. It has a diversity of flora with 3252 species (including 775 endemic species and 236 endangered species), belonging to 1126 genera, 230 families and 6 different divisions. Due to the mountainous terrain, division diversity of Hoang Lien National Park’s vegetation is thus clearly characterized by high elevations. We have studied the distribution characteristics of the vegetation by high elevations in Hoang Lien National Park of Vietnam by the general survey methodology, fieldwork, remote sensing digital image processing and analysis and inheriting the preceding research results. The study results indicated the divisions in quantity, vegetation composition, especially differentiation of endemic and rare species in accordance with high elevations. Study results were preliminary used to suggest some orientations for preserving plant diversity in high elevations of the terrain. / Vườn quốc gia Hoàng Liên có tổng diện tích 68569ha, nằm ở độ cao từ 1000-3000m so với mặt biển thuộc lãnh thổ hai tỉnh Lai Châu và Lào Cai của Việt Nam. Hệ thực vật của Vườn quốc gia Hoàng Liên rất phong phú với 3252 loài (trong đó có 775 loài đặc hữu và 236 loài quý hiếm), thuộc 1126 chi, 230 họ và 6 ngành khác nhau. Do địa hình núi cao, phân hóa đa dạng nên thảm thực vật của Vườn quốc gia Hoàng Liên có đặc trưng phân hóa theo đai cao rất rõ nét. Bằng các phương pháp điều tra tổng hợp, khảo sát thực địa, xử lí phân tích ảnh viễn thám và kế thừa các kết quả nghiên cứu đi trước nhóm tác giả đã tiến hành nghiên cứu đặc điểm phân bố thảm thực vật theo đai cao tại Vườn quốc gia Hoàng Liên của Việt Nam. Kết quả nghiên cứu chỉ rõ sự phân hoá về số lượng, thành phần hệ thực vật theo đai cao và phân hóa thành phần loài đặc hữu và quý hiếm theo đai cao. Bước đầu nghiên cứu đề xuất một vài định hướng bảo tồn đa dạng thực vật theo đai cao của địa hình.

Thesis (MPAM.) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / The study investigated the effectiveness of intergovernmental relations in improving service delivery in the Thabazimbi Local Municipality. Literature argue that despite the relationship between the three spheres of government, Intergovernmental Relations (IGR) does not always promote the constitutional objectives of cooperative governance which impacts on how socio-economic rights such as the provision of adequate housing are implemented. The study was conducted under the premise of quantitative methodology. A purposive sample of 42 respondents was used representing different department/sections/subsections of the Municipality, namely; Office of the Mayor, Office of the Municipal Manager, Chief Financial Officer, Town Planning and Economic Planning, and Cooperate Office. The outcome pointed out that the majority of participants agreed that the IGR framework and other legislation governing the IGR process to enhance service delivery were not fully known and understood to them. The results of the study revealed that there are no structures or forums in place to promote and facilitate intergovernmental relations and provide for appropriate mechanisms to ensure an improved service delivery. Some of the recommendations of the study include appointment of the IGR practitioner, that the TLM should embark on community programmes to inform people on the importance of IGR in developing the Municipality.

La démographie québécoise est actuellement caractérisée par de lourdes tendances, se traduisant dans la composition de la population par un vieillissement marqué. Ce phénomène est porteur de bouleversements qui s'opéreront sur quelques décennies et qui soulèvent des enjeux socio-économiques très importants. Cette rédaction propose donc une étude de cette mutation démographique en cours, par l'analyse de la structure de population changeante, avec une attention toute particulière aux changements affectant la population active. À partir de ces transformations démographiques appréhendées, une évaluation des impacts probables sur le marché du travail établira quelques unes des répercussions importantes du vieillissement sur l'évolution de l'offre de main-d'oeuvre québécoise. Une étude des variations d'offre de travailleurs projetée pour chacune des régions du Québec introduira le lecteur aux possibles déséquilibres des interactions sur le marché du travail liés à une réduction substantielle de l'offre de main-d'oeuvre.

Företagsförvärv ger ofta upphov till arbetsrättsliga och skatterättsliga frågor där många människor och stora belopp är inblandade. I samband med partiella företagsförvärv ställs dessa frågor på sin spets, i och med att svåra gränsdragningar måste göras när ett bolag delas upp. Dessa gränsdragningar görs dessutom på olika grunder i olika rättsområden. Ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv kan en misslyckad personalövergång innebära stora kostnader samt risker för konflikter. En skatterättsligt oförmånlig utgång är också kostsam. Av den anledningen har vi, i denna uppsats, valt att lägga fokus på arbetsrättsliga och skatterättsliga frågor vid partiella företagsförvärv. Dessa frågor behandlas på följande sätt. Först görs en genomgång av relevanta rättsregler inom arbetsrätt, skatterätt och bolagsrätt, för att måla upp en någorlunda nyanserad bild av både den arbetsrättsliga bedömningsgången och de skatterättsliga och bolagsrättsliga ramar inom vilka förvärvsmetoderna ligger. Mot denna bakgrund har vi valt att ställa upp tre exempel som illustrerar hur metoderna kan tillämpas för att uppnå olika arbetsrättsliga effekter. Exemplen är utformade för att täcka flertalet av de regelverk som har utretts i uppsatsens första del. Slutligen görs en samlad utvärdering av resultaten. Själva förvärvsmetoden i sig sätter upp ramarna inom vilka arbetsrätten kan tillämpas, men det är den önskade arbetsrättsliga följden som styr valet av förvärvsmetod och dess utformning. Önskade följder vad gäller arbetstagare kan uppnås samtidigt som en skatterättsligt förmånlig behandling är möjlig. Genomförandet av ett partiellt företagsförvärv, med beaktande av skatterättsliga former och arbetsrättsliga följder, kan således innebära en lyckad ”cherry-pick”. / Corporate acquisitions often give rise to questions pertaining labour law and tax law, where many people and large amounts of money are involved. In the context of partial acquisitions, these questions come to a head, since difficult delimitations must be done when dividing a company. These delimitations are, furthermore, based upon different grounds within different fields of law. From an economical perspective, a failed transition of staff can carry considerable costs and risks of conflict. A disadvantageous outcome in the context of tax law is expensive as well. For this reason we have chosen, in this thesis, to focus on questions concerning labour law and tax law in the context of partial corporate acquisitions. These questions are treated in the following manner. Firstly, a review of the relevant norms within labour law, tax law and corporate law is made. This is done to paint a somewhat nuanced picture of both the assessment process within labour law and the frames of tax and company law, in which the methods of acquisition are stipulated. Against this background, we have constructed three examples that illustrate how the methods can be applied to achieve different effects pertaining labour law. The examples are designed to cover the majority of the norms that were investigated in the first part of the thesis. Finally, a general evaluation of the results is made. The method of acquisition, by itself, erects a framework in which labour law can be applied. However, it is the desired outcome in the context of labour law that governs the choice of acquisition method and its arrangement. It is possible to achieve these desired outcomes while receiving an advantageous treatment in the context of tax law as well. The execution of a partial acquisition, with consideration for the methods within tax law and the results within labour law, can therefore amount to a successful ”cherry pick”.