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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
371

Mise en place d'outils analytiques et chimiométriques pour les études métabonomiques de matrices biologiques complexes par Spectrométrie de Masse Haute-Résolution / Analytical and chemometric tools for the metabonomic study of complex biological matrices by High- Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Kiss, Agneta Kristina 01 July 2014 (has links)
Mes travaux de thèse mettent en avant le développement de la stratégie métabonomique dans le cadre de deux thématiques d'actualité : le domaine du dopage sportif (Partie A) et celui de l'Exposome (Partie B). La première partie regroupe deux études et a pour objectif d'évaluer la contribution de la métabonomique au développement de nouveaux outils de criblage du dopage. Au cours de ces études, je me suis intéressée à l'analyse non-ciblée d'échantillons d'urine d'athlètes dopés et non- dopés, fournis par l'Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage et par des volontaires. L'originalité de cette démarche réside dans son caractère non-ciblé et plus particulièrement, dans sa capacité à mettre en évidence des perturbations au niveau métabolique grâce à (i) la spectrométrie de masse haute résolution (ToF) et très-haute résolution (FT-ICR) et (ii) l'analyse de données multivariées. Des potentiels biomarqueurs du dopage au tétrahydrocannabinol, salbutamol et budésonide ont ainsi pu être mis en évidence. La deuxième partie de ma thèse a pour objectif d'évaluer l'impact de la vinclozoline sur le système hormonal de rats et répond ainsi aux besoins de la nouvelle réglementation. Pour cette étude, je me suis donc intéressée aux échantillons de testicules de rats ayant subi un traitement à la vinclozoline. De par son caractère compréhensif, l'approche métabonomique m'a permis d'apporter des informations complémentaires aux études ciblées réalisées auparavant. Ces travaux me permettent alors de mettre en évidence les apports et les limites de la stratégie métabonomique par rapport : (1) au choix et à la préparation des échantillons d'origine biologique, (2) aux avantages et aux inconvénients des différentes techniques analytiques, (3) aux possibilités en termes de traitement des données, (4) aux exigences statistiques et (5) à la valeur biologique des résultats obtenus / My research work highlights the development of a metabonomic strategy through two topical issues: the doping in sport (Part A) and the Exposome (Part B). The first part includes two studies and aims to assess the contribution of metabonomics to the development of new screening tools. During these studies, I focused on the non-targeted analysis of clean and doped urine samples provided by the French Anti-Doping Agency and by volunteers. The originality of this approach lies in its non-targeted nature and, particularly, in its ability to highlight metabolic disruptions by (i) high-resolution (ToF) and very high-resolution (FT ICR) mass spectrometry and (ii) the analysis of multivariate data. The implemented strategy revealed several potential biomarkers for the use of tetrahydrocannabinol, budesonide and salbutamol. The second part of this thesis aims to evaluate the impact of vinclozolin on the hormonal system of rats and thus meets the requirements of the new regulations. For this study, I focused on testes extracts coming from rats treated with vinclozolin. Due to its comprehensive nature, the metabonomic study provided additional information to the previous targeted approach. All these results highlight the contributions and the limitations of metabonomics with regard to: (1) the choice and the preparation of biological samples, (2) the advantages and disadvantages of different analytical techniques, (3) the opportunities in terms of data processing, (4) the statistical requirements and (5) the biological value of the results
372

EXPERIMENTAL PROBING OF CHARGE AND VALLEY COUPLED SPIN DEGREES OF FREEDOM IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL TRANSITION METAL DICHALCOGENIDES

Yi-Tse Hung (7046831) 13 August 2019 (has links)
<div>Charge degree of freedom has been successfully manipulated in the semiconductor industry over the past few decades. The trend of doubling the number of transistors every two years in each chip was observed by Gordon Moore at 1965 and this observation was named after him, Moores law. People have kept up with the prediction fairly well till very recently when the fundamental physics limitations has reached in the conventional Si-based devices. All variety of materials and different degrees of freedom are being explored intensively to make novel device designs to overcome this challenge. In this dissertation, we will focus on two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) materials and explore not only charge but also valley and spin degrees of freedom. 2D TMDs have attracted a lot of attention for many reasons and one of them is their superior electrostatic control due to the lowering of dimensionality from 3D to 2D. Such reduction of the dimensionality besides the easiness of doping, on the other hand, makes good metal contact harder to achieve due to its inert surface comparing to the existing Si technology. To evaluate the possibility of being one of the promising candidates of post-CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) devices, the access to both electrons (conduction band) and holes (valence band) is required in order to make CMOS devices. Fermi-level pinning in these materials, however, severely limits the tunability of the Fermi level alignment between metal and semiconductor by choosing different metal work functions. In Chapter 2, we will discuss our results on making good contact by lowering the Schottky barrier height and having atomically precise doping layer control and its associated doping level where we also achieved the record high hole branch current at the bias volt- age of -1V. Besides the manipulation of charge degree of freedom, we also explored and demonstrated the unique valley degree of freedom that can be electrically generated and detected for the first time in Chapter 3. Many fascinating properties of valley physics can be analogized to spin physics, such as, zero dissipation pure spin/valley current and binary nature (spin +1/2 and -1/2, valley K and K’). Due to the unique lattice structure in TMDs, monolayer particularly, the inversion symmetry is intrinsically broken which lifts the Kramers degeneracy and leads to non-zero Berry curvature. As a result, it possesses valley Hall effect. Even more interestingly, when the transport carriers are in the valence band of monolayer TMDs, spin and valley are locked and it is called spin-locked valley Hall effect. Owing to the nature of being 2D materials, these spins’ polarization is out-of-plane unlike the conventional spin Hall effect materials, such as Pt, Ta, and W, where spins are polarized in the surface plane. This out-of-plane polarization is particularly favorable in the SOT-magnetic random access memory (SOT-MRAM) applications due to the lowering of critical switching current and consequently the reducing of power consumption. We directly observed this spin-locked valley Hall effect for the first time and we will discuss it in Chapter 4.</div>
373

Optimisation d'un procédé de dépôt plasma micro-onde pour l'élaboration de substrats de diamant fortement dopés au bore / Optimization of a microwave plasma CVD process for the preparation of highly boron doped diamond substrates

Boussadi, Amine 22 September 2016 (has links)
L’objectif principal de ce travail de thèse a été l’optimisation des conditions de croissance du diamant dans un réacteur MPACVD afin d’une part, obtenir des films de diamant monocristallin à faible densité de dislocations, condition sine qua none pour une utilisation dans le domaine de l’électronique de puissance et, d’autre part, synthétiser des films épais (>100 μm) de diamant monocristallin intrinsèque et fortement dopés au bore sur substrats orientés (111), orientation cristalline connue pour favoriser la formation de macles. Dans une première partie, nous avons développé un procédé d’infléchissement et de confinement desdislocations en utilisant des substrats en forme de pyramide orientés (100) et en déterminant des conditions de croissance bien particulières. Cette étude innovante et originale a permis de lever plusieurs verrous scientifiques et technologiques qui ouvrent la voie à la réalisation de films de diamant monocristallin à faible densité de défauts. Dans une deuxième partie, l’effetdes différents paramètres de croissance a été étudié, afin d’optimiser notre procédé de croissance sur orientation (111). Il a ainsi été mis en évidence l’existence d’une fenêtre de couple pression/puissance micro-onde, température et concentration en méthane qui permettent d’assurer un bon compromis entre qualité cristalline et vitesse de croissance, permettant la synthèse de films épais de diamant fortement dopé au bore sur cette orientation ouvrant ainsi la possibilité de combiner l’efficacité de dopage de type n et la réalisation de composants bipolaires verticaux pour des applications en électronique haute tension-hautetempérature. / The main objective of this PhD thesis is the optimization of diamond growth conditions in a MPACVD reactor in order to one hand, synthesize single crystal diamond films with low dislocation density, prerequisite to their use in the field of power electronics and on the other hand, synthesize thick intrinsic and boron doped monocrystalline diamond films (>100 microns) on (111)-oriented substrates, crystallographic orientation which is well known to promote twinning. In a first part, a process of inflection and confinement of the dislocations has been developed using (100) pyramidal shape substrates coupled with specific growth conditions. This innovative and original study open the way for the fabrication of single crystal diamond films with low defect density. In a second part, the effect of different growth parameters has been studied to optimize our growth process for (111) orientation. It was thus demonstrated the existence of a narrow window of growth parameters pressure, microwavepower, temperature and methane concentration which ensures a good trade-off between crystalline quality and growth rate, allowing the synthesis of heavily boron-doped diamond thick films on this specific orientation, thus opening the possibility of combining the n-type doping efficiency and achieving vertical bipolar components for applications in hightemperaturehigh-voltage electronics.
374

Étude du dopage et de la formation des contacts pour les technologies germanium / Study of doping and contacts formation for germanium technologies

Perrin Toinin, Jacques 08 December 2016 (has links)
Les progrès récents concernant la fabrication des substrats de Ge mono- et poly-cristallins, ainsi que des substrats « Ge-sur-isolant », combinés au transfert des technologies des isolants « high-k » et des contacts ohmiques de la technologie Si vers la technologie Ge permettent d’envisager le développement d’une microélectronique à haute performance basée sur une technologie utilisant le Ge en remplacement du Si. Toutefois, afin de respecter les restrictions liées à la fabrication de la prochaine génération de dispositifs microélectroniques miniaturisés (MOSFETs à canal court), il est nécessaire d'améliorer nos connaissances sur le dopage et sur la formation des contacts ohmiques sur Ge, en particulier pour le Ge de type n. Le principal objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier la redistribution atomique ayant lieu pendant certains procédés impliqués dans la fabrication de la structure [métal premier niveau / contact ohmique / Ge-dopé] localisée sur chacune des zones actives (grille, source et drain) des transistors. Notre travail s’est concentré sur le sélénium et le tellure en tant que dopant de type n, ainsi que sur le gallium et l'aluminium comme dopants de type p. Le Palladium a été choisi pour la fabrication des contacts ohmiques. Notre travail comprend l’étude des interactions entre dopants et défauts étendus, de la formation de précipités, et de la diffusion des dopants dans le Ge(001) pendant un recuit post-implantation. La formation et la stabilité des films minces de germaniure de Pd sont également étudiées dans le but d’évaluer et d’optimiser l’utilisation du composé PdGe comme contact ohmique sur Ge. / The recent progress concerning the fabrication of large Ge mono- and poly-crystalline substrates, as well as the fabrication of Ge-On-Insulator (GOI) substrates, combined with the successful transfer from the Si technology to the Ge technology of the high-k dielectric and of the ohmic contact fabrication technologies support the development of a future high-performance Ge-based microelectronic technology. However, in order to meet the restrictions for the fabrication of the next generation of miniaturized microelectronic devices (short-channel MOSFETs), it is necessary to improve our knowledge concerning Ge doping and contact fabrication, in particular for n-type Ge. The main goal of this PhD was to investigate the atomic redistribution occurring during some of the fabrication processes involved in the fabrication of the structure [first-level metal / ohmic contact / doped-Ge] found on each active zone (gate, source, and drain) of transistors. Our work focused on selenium and tellurium for n-type doping, as well as on gallium and aluminum for p-type doping. Palladium was the metal chosen for the fabrication of ohmic contacts.This work includes the study of extended defect interactions with dopants, dopant clustering, and dopant diffusion in Ge(001) during post-implantation annealing. The formation and stability of Pd germanide thin films are also investigated, in order to evaluate and optimize the use of the PdGe compound as ohmic contact on Ge. Finally, dopant redistribution in PdGe thin films and in the Ge substrate during ohmic contact fabrication is also investigated.
375

Estudos em filmes de Poli (tereftalato de etileno) recoberto com polianilina condutora. / Studies in films of Poly(terephtalate of ethylene) re-covered with conducting Polyaniline.

Job, Aldo Eloizo 22 May 1998 (has links)
A obtenção de compósitos poliméricos condutores de eletricidade tem sido alvo de pesquisa com o objetivo de combinar as propriedades de diferentes materiais poliméricos. Neste trabalho foram preparados compósitos de filmes de poli(tereftalato de etileno) (PET) com camadas superficiais do polímero condutor polianilina (PANI). Para obter a camada condutora o filme de PET foi imerso no meio reacional da síntese da PANI, realizada em solução método este freqüentemente empregado para a produção de PANI. Foram otimizados os parâmetros da síntese (temperatura, concentração dos reagentes, tempo de polimerização, etc..) com o objetivo de se obter uma camada de PANI com espessura adequada, condutividade superficial elevada e com boa adesão no substrato de PET. O processo da reação de polimerização foi monitorada pela medida do potencial de circuito aberto e também diretamente pela camada de PANI depositada no PET, através de medidas de espectrocospia UV-Vis-NIR, condutividade elétrica e adesão da camada de PANI. Em condições otimizadas da síntese, realizada a temperatura ambiente durante o tempo de 20 minutos, pode-se obter camadas de PANI com condutividade da ordem de 10 S/em, boa adesão ao substrato de PET e com razoável transparência óptica. Os compósitos obtidos nas condições otimizadas foram caracterizados usando-se microscopia por SEM, microscopia óptica, microscopia AFM, difratogramas de raios-X, DSC, análise DMTA, análise TGA, correntes termo estimuladas, medidas de ruptura elétrica, medidas de adesão e solubilidade da camada de PANI. Verificou-se também que o tratamento térmico dos compósitos melhora a adesão da camada de PANI ao substrato de PET. Foi descoberto um novo método para dopar as camadas condutoras de PANI no qual o compósito desdopado é tratado por descarga corona. O processo é realizado totalmente a seco e pode-se obter uma condutividade da camada de PANI da ordem de 0,3 S/em com boa adesão. Observou-se que a eficiência do processo é dependente da umidade relativa do ar na câmara de tratamento e que a estabilidade da condutividade elétrica é melhor que nas amostras dopadas em solução / Composites with conductive properties have been proposed as materiais in which different physical properties of polymers are combined. In this work a composite consisting of surface layers of polyaniline, PANI, deposited on films of poly(ethylene terephtalate), PET, were prepared. In order to deposit the PANI the PET film were immersed in the solution in which the synthesis reaction is carried out. The parameters of the synthesis usually optimized in order to obtain a layer of PANI with enough thickness, high electric conductivity and good adhesion to the PET substrate. The synthesis was monitored by means of open circuit potential and also using UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy and the electric conductivity of the PANI layer on PET. Using the optimized conditions, at room temperature and polymerization time of 20 minutes, a composite with a surface conductivity of the order of 10 S/em, good adhesion and a reasonable optical transparence can be obtained. Such composite were characterized employing electron scanning microscope, atomic force microscope, optic microscope, X-rays diffractometry, differential scanning calorimeter, thermal dynamic analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, thermally stimulated depolarization current, electric thermal stability of the conductivity, electric breakdown measurements, adhesion measurements and solubility of the PANI layer. It was also found that the thermal treatment leads to an improvement of the adhesion properties of the PANllayer. It was found that a corona discharge could be used to dope the PANI layer of a dedoped composite, leading to a new method for doping polymeric materiais. Such process is performed under dry conditions and gave a conductivity of the order 0.3 S/em. The process efficiency is dependent of the relative air humidity of the corona chamber and the thermal stability of the electric conductivity is betler when compared with the composites obtained by doping in solution.
376

Estrutura eletrônica de poços quânticos com dopagem seletiva / Electronic structure of quantum well with selective doping

Aladim Neto, Sebastiao Rocha 29 May 1990 (has links)
Neste trabalho realizamos o cálculo da estrutura eletrônica de poços quânticos com dopagem seletiva, usando um método k-p com 8 bandas. Utilizamos um processo de bloco-diagonalização para reduzir o Hamiltoniano 8x8 a dois blocos 4x4 a fim de diminuir o esforço computacional. Calculamos o efeito do potencial auto-consistente sobre a massa dos portadores e sobre as densidades de estado. Os resultados obtidos para as energias de excitação de uma partícula estão em pleno acordo com os dados obtidos em experimentos de absorção óptica intra-banda (espalhamento Raman ressonante) / In this work we developed a calculation of the electronic structure of modulation doped quantum wells using a k-p method with 8 bands. We have used a procedure which block-diagonalizes this 8x8 Hamiltonian into two 4x4 blocks to reduce the computacional effort. We have calculated the effect of the self-consistent potential on the effective mass of carriers and on the densities of states. The results obtained for one-particle excitations are in complete agreement with intra-band optic absorptions experiments (resonant Raman scattering)
377

Estudos em filmes de Poli (tereftalato de etileno) recoberto com polianilina condutora. / Studies in films of Poly(terephtalate of ethylene) re-covered with conducting Polyaniline.

Aldo Eloizo Job 22 May 1998 (has links)
A obtenção de compósitos poliméricos condutores de eletricidade tem sido alvo de pesquisa com o objetivo de combinar as propriedades de diferentes materiais poliméricos. Neste trabalho foram preparados compósitos de filmes de poli(tereftalato de etileno) (PET) com camadas superficiais do polímero condutor polianilina (PANI). Para obter a camada condutora o filme de PET foi imerso no meio reacional da síntese da PANI, realizada em solução método este freqüentemente empregado para a produção de PANI. Foram otimizados os parâmetros da síntese (temperatura, concentração dos reagentes, tempo de polimerização, etc..) com o objetivo de se obter uma camada de PANI com espessura adequada, condutividade superficial elevada e com boa adesão no substrato de PET. O processo da reação de polimerização foi monitorada pela medida do potencial de circuito aberto e também diretamente pela camada de PANI depositada no PET, através de medidas de espectrocospia UV-Vis-NIR, condutividade elétrica e adesão da camada de PANI. Em condições otimizadas da síntese, realizada a temperatura ambiente durante o tempo de 20 minutos, pode-se obter camadas de PANI com condutividade da ordem de 10 S/em, boa adesão ao substrato de PET e com razoável transparência óptica. Os compósitos obtidos nas condições otimizadas foram caracterizados usando-se microscopia por SEM, microscopia óptica, microscopia AFM, difratogramas de raios-X, DSC, análise DMTA, análise TGA, correntes termo estimuladas, medidas de ruptura elétrica, medidas de adesão e solubilidade da camada de PANI. Verificou-se também que o tratamento térmico dos compósitos melhora a adesão da camada de PANI ao substrato de PET. Foi descoberto um novo método para dopar as camadas condutoras de PANI no qual o compósito desdopado é tratado por descarga corona. O processo é realizado totalmente a seco e pode-se obter uma condutividade da camada de PANI da ordem de 0,3 S/em com boa adesão. Observou-se que a eficiência do processo é dependente da umidade relativa do ar na câmara de tratamento e que a estabilidade da condutividade elétrica é melhor que nas amostras dopadas em solução / Composites with conductive properties have been proposed as materiais in which different physical properties of polymers are combined. In this work a composite consisting of surface layers of polyaniline, PANI, deposited on films of poly(ethylene terephtalate), PET, were prepared. In order to deposit the PANI the PET film were immersed in the solution in which the synthesis reaction is carried out. The parameters of the synthesis usually optimized in order to obtain a layer of PANI with enough thickness, high electric conductivity and good adhesion to the PET substrate. The synthesis was monitored by means of open circuit potential and also using UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy and the electric conductivity of the PANI layer on PET. Using the optimized conditions, at room temperature and polymerization time of 20 minutes, a composite with a surface conductivity of the order of 10 S/em, good adhesion and a reasonable optical transparence can be obtained. Such composite were characterized employing electron scanning microscope, atomic force microscope, optic microscope, X-rays diffractometry, differential scanning calorimeter, thermal dynamic analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, thermally stimulated depolarization current, electric thermal stability of the conductivity, electric breakdown measurements, adhesion measurements and solubility of the PANI layer. It was also found that the thermal treatment leads to an improvement of the adhesion properties of the PANllayer. It was found that a corona discharge could be used to dope the PANI layer of a dedoped composite, leading to a new method for doping polymeric materiais. Such process is performed under dry conditions and gave a conductivity of the order 0.3 S/em. The process efficiency is dependent of the relative air humidity of the corona chamber and the thermal stability of the electric conductivity is betler when compared with the composites obtained by doping in solution.
378

Síntese e estudo das propriedades termoluminescentes de cristais LaAIO3 dopados com carbono para aplicações em dosimetria das radiações X, gama e UV

Neriene Alves 17 January 2014 (has links)
Neste trabalho foi realizada a síntese de policristais Aluminato de lantânio (LaAlO3) puro e dopado com carbono e investigadas as propriedades termoluminescentes para aplicação em dosimetria das radiações ionizantes. Esse material possui uma estrutura do tipo perovskita, que vem sendo extensamente investigada, pois sua estrutura cristalina favorece a formação de defeitos aniônicos e possibilitam ainda que uma variedade de elementos possa ser acomodada a sua rede, fatores estes estão diretamente relacionados à luminescência de materiais. O pó foi sintetizado pelo método de mistura de óxidos, conhecido também por reação do estado sólido, que consistiu na mistura dos óxidos de lantânio e alumínio em fase alfa na proporção 1:1 molar, via sucessivos processos de moagem e tratamento térmico à alta temperatura. A formação da fase LaAlO3 foi determinada logo após o primeiro tratamento térmico à 1600 C por 2 horas, caracterizada por difração de raios-X. O pó obtido foi homogeneizado junto ao dopante carbono em diferentes porcentagens, sendo imediatamente prensado a 600 MPa e sinterizado a 1770C em atmosfera de hidrogênio por 2 horas. Em um primeiro momento as amostras de LaAlO3 puro e dopado com carbono foram submetidas à irradiação gama para investigação da sensibilidade a este tipo de radiação. Constatamos que todas as concentrações analisadas, inclusive o Aluminato de lantânio puro, apresentam termoluminescência, no entanto, não foi possível observar reprodutibilidade e linearidade nos testes realizados. Em sequência investigamos também a sensibilidade quanto à radiação ultravioleta, evidenciamos grandes valores de intensidade TL para intervalos de tempo bastante curtos. Todas as concentrações estudadas apresentaram sensibilidade à radiação ultravioleta, no entanto o que mais se destacou foi o Aluminato de lantânio não dopado, o qual obteve melhor linearidade e reprodutibilidade em nossa análises. Deste modo, a atenção deste trabalho foi centralizada na investigação do Aluminato de lantânio puro. Nessa perspectiva, acreditamos que este material tem grande potencial para ser melhor estudado para aplicações à área de dosimetria das radiações. / In this work we performed the synthesis of undoped and carbon doped lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO3) polycrystalline and investigated their thermoluminescent properties for ionizing radiation fields. This material has a perovskite structure, which has been widely investigated because its crystal structure favors the formation of anionic defects and still enable a variety of elements can be accommodated in your crystalline lattice; these factors are directly related to the luminescence materials. The powder was synthesized by solid state reaction method, also known as solid state reaction, the mixture consisting of the oxides of lanthanum and aluminum alpha phase at 1:1 molar by successive processes of grinding and heat treatment at high temperature. The formation of LaAlO3 phase was determined after the first heat treatment at 1600 C for 2 hours, characterized by X-ray diffraction. The obtained powder was homogenized with the carbon doping in different percentages; it was immediately pressed at 600 MPa and sintered at 1770 C in hydrogen atmosphere for 2 hours. Firstly undoped and carbon doped LaAlO3 samples were subjected to gamma irradiation to investigate the sensitivity of this type of radiation. We found that all concentrations tested, including the undoped lanthanum aluminate present thermoluminescence, however, was not observed linearity and reproducibility. In sequence we also investigated the sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation; we observed large values of TL intensity for very short intervals of time. All concentrations showed sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation, but what stood out was the undoped lanthanum aluminate samples, which has a huge TL sensibility and presented got better linearity and reproducibility in our analyzes. Thus, the attention of this work was centered on the investigation of undoped lanthanum aluminate. In this perspective, we believe that this material has great potential to be further studied for applications of radiation dosimetry fields.
379

Estudo da atividade fotocatalítica de filmes de TiO2 dopados com enxofre / Study of photocatalytic activity of sulfur-doped TiO2 films

Rodrigo Teixeira Bento 02 October 2018 (has links)
O presente trabalho teve como objetivos o estudo das propriedades nanoestruturais, características morfológicas e avaliação do comportamento fotocatalítico de filmes de dióxido de titânio dopados com enxofre. Os filmes de TiO2 foram crescidos sobre borossilicato, por meio da técnica de MOCVD, na temperatura de 400 °C. O processo de dopagem com enxofre deu-se a partir do tratamento termoquímico de sulfetação, realizado sob atmosfera de H2 / 2%v. H2S, nas temperaturas de 50 °C, 100 °C e 150 °C, o que resultou em teores de S de 8 at.%, 3 at.% e 0,2 at.%, respectivamente. A degradação do corante alaranjado de metila foi utilizada para avaliar a atividade fotocatalítica dos filmes sob radiação ultravioleta e visível. Todos os filmes exibiram a formação da fase anatase, compostos por grãos bem definidos, e estrutura colunar densificada. Foi observada a formação de grupos SO42- na superfície dos filmes dopados, indicando a substituição dos íons Ti4+ pelo cátion S6+, e a formação da ligação Ti-O-S nos filmes. Os testes de degradação indicaram que os filmes de S-TiO2 apresentam atividade fotocatalítica tanto sob radiação UV, quanto em luz visível. O filme de 8 at.% S-TiO2, dopado a 50 °C, exibiu o melhor comportamento fotocatalítico, com 72,1 % de degradação do corante sob luz visível. Os resultados sugerem que a dopagem com S, além de formar uma morfologia favorável ao processo de fotocatálise, promoveu um deslocamento da absorção do TiO2 para a região do espectro visível, o que consequentemente permite a sua aplicação prática sob luz solar ou lâmpadas de luz visível. / The present work aims the study of the nanostructural properties, morphological characteristics and photocatalytic behavior evaluation of sulfur-doped titanium dioxide films. TiO2 films were grown on borosilicate by MOCVD at 400 °C. Sulfur doping process was carried out by the thermochemical treatment under H2 / 2%v. H2S atmosphere at 50 °C, 100 °C and 150 °C, which resulted in S contents of 8 at%, 3 at% and 0.2 at%, respectively. Methyl orange dye degradation was used to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of the films under UV-Vis radiation. All films exhibited the formation of the anatase phase, composed to well-defined grains, and dense columnar structure. SO42- groups were observed on the surface of all S-doped films, indicating the substitution of the Ti4+ ions by the S6+ cation, and the formation of Ti-O-S bond in the films. Degradation tests indicated that the S:TiO2 films present photocatalytic activity both under UV radiation and visible light. 8 at.% S:TiO2 film, doped at 50 °C, presented a higher photocatalytic performance, with 72.1 % of dye degradation under visible light. The results suggest that the sulfur doping, besides forming a morphology favorable to the photocatalysis process, caused a shift of the TiO2 films absorption to the visible spectrum region, which allows their practical application under sunlight or visible light bulbs.
380

Síntese, caracterização e emprego de Polímeros Molecularmente Impressos na extração de fármacos em amostras humanas de plasma e urina

SANTOS, Mariane Gonçalves 02 December 2015 (has links)
A análise de compostos orgânicos em matrizes complexas requer a aplicação de metodologias com boa seletividade e detectabilidade, que levem a resultados confiáveis. Baseando-se nesta demanda, a química analítica tem proposto soluções viáveis e inovadoras para tornar esses ensaios mais dinâmicos. Dentre elas podemos destacar as técnicas cromatográficas, a espectrometria de massas e os sistemas multidimensionais. Acompanhando este desenvolvimento, sorventes seletivos como os polímeros de impressão molecular (MIP), os materiais de acesso restrito (RAM), os polímeros de impressão molecular de acesso restrito revestidos com monômeros hidrofílicos (RAMIP) e os polímeros de impressão molecular de acesso restrito revestidos com monômeros hidrofílicos e albumina sérica bovina (RAMIP-BSA) vêm sendo adotados com sucesso no preparo de amostras. Neste contexto, essa tese de doutorado teve como objetivo sintetizar, caracterizar e avaliar as potencialidades do emprego de diferentes tipos de polímeros molecularmente impressos na extração fármacos em amostras biológicas, bem como associar estes materiais a técnicas de preparo de amostras online à cromatografia e/ou espectrometria de massas. O primeiro artigo trata de um estudo comparativo de polímeros de impressão molecular seletivos a beta- bloqueadores. Os polímeros foram sintetizados pelo método de precipitação utilizando ácido metacrílico como monômero funcional, hidróxi-etilmetacrilato e glicidil dimetacrilato, como comonômeros hidrofílicos, etilenoglicol dimetacrilato como agente de ligação cruzada, 2,2-azoisobutironitrila como iniciador radicalar e acetonitrila como solvente. Parte dos materiais obtidos foi revestida com BSA (albumina sérica bovina). Os polímeros foram caracterizados e pode-se concluir que a maneira pela qual a síntese dos materiais é conduzida influencia na forma e tamanho de partículas e que a adição de co-monômeros hidrofílicos, bem como o revestimento com BSA não altera a estrutura química dos mesmos. Os estudos de adsorsão mostraram que os polímeros alcançam o equilíbrio de adsorção em 60 min, que o revestimento com BSA não altera o perfil de adsorção dos mesmos, que é evidente a diferença de adsorção entre polímeros impressos e não impressos e que o modelo que melhor se adequa, a fim de descrever o perfil de adsorção, é o modelo de Langmuir. O RAMIP foi o polímero que melhor adsorveu os beta-bloqueadores, comparado à MIP, MIP-BSA (polímero molecularmente impresso revestido com BSA) e RAMIP-BSA, sendo esta a razão pela qual ele foi escolhido para o desenvolvimento da metodologia que é trazida no segundo artigo, no qual beta-bloqueadores são analizados em urina para monitoramento de doping. No método desenvolvido, uma pré-coluna de HPLC vazia foi preenchida com RAMIP e utilizada para a montagem de um sistema Column Switching acoplado à espectrometria de massas. As fases móveis utilizadas foram tampão formiato de amônio 10 mmol L-¹, como fase de carregamento e recondicionamento e uma solução ácido fórmico 0,01% - metanol (v/v) na proporção 30:70 (v/v) como fase de eluição e lavagem; ambas a uma vazão de 0,4 mL min-¹. O sistema foi utilizado para a extração online e simultânea de oxprenolol (1,0-75,0 µg L-¹), atenolol, propranolol, nadolol, pindolol, labetalol e metoprolol (todos na faixa de 3,0-50,0 µg L-¹), em amostras de urina. O coeficiente de correlação foi superior a 0,99 para todos os analitos. O método foi otimizado, validado e apresentou todos os parâmetros em conformidade com o que exigido pela legislação. No terceiro artigo um RAMIP seletivo a antidepressivos tricíclicos foi sintetizado pelo método in bulk, usando amitriptilina como molécula modelo, ácido metacrílico como monómero funcional e glicidilmetacrilato como co-monômero hidrofílico. Posteriormente, foi realizada a abertura do anel epóxido e o polímero foi recoberto com BSA. Uma pré-coluna de HPLC foi preenchida com RAMIP-BSA e foi acoplada a um detector de ultravioleta/visível e a um espectrômetro de massas. Foram usadas água como fase de carregamento e recondicionamento e uma solução aquosa de ácido acético a 0,01% (v/v) - acetonitrila 30:70 (v/v) como fase de eluição. O sistema foi utilizado para a extracção online e identificação/quantificação de nortriptilina, desipramina, amitriptilina, imipramina, clomipramina (faixa de 15,0 a 500,0 µg L-¹), simultaneamente, a partir de amostras de plasma. O coeficiente de correlação foi superior a 0,99 para todos os analitos. Os valores de desvio padrão relativo variaram de 1,34% a 19,13% para precisão intra-dias e de 1,32% a 19,77% para precisão inter-dias. Os valores de erro relativo variaram de -19,15% a 19,51% para exatidão intra-dias e -9,04% a 16,22% para exatidão inter-dias. / Analysis of organic compounds in complex matrices requires the application of methods with good selectivity and detectability, to lead reliable results. Based on this demand, analytical chemistry has proposed viable and innovative solutions to make these tests more dynamic. Among them, we can highlight the chromatographic techniques, mass spectrometry and multidimensional systems. Following this development, selective sorbents such as molecularly imprinting polymers (MIPs), restricted access materials (RAM), restricted access molecularly imprinting polymers obtained by covering the surface with hidrofilic comonomers (RAMIP) and restricted access molecularly imprinting polymers obtained by covering the surface with hidrofilic comonomers and bovine serum albumin (RAMIP-BSA), have been successfully used in sample preparation. In this context, this PhD thesis aimed to synthesize, characterize and evaluate the different types of molecularly imprinted polymers potentialities for drugs extraction from biological samples and associate these materials with online sample preparation techniques, combined to chromatography and/or mass spectrometry. In paper one we proposed a comparative study of different molecularly imprinted polymers selective to beta-blockers. The polymers were synthesized by precipitation method using methacrylic acid as functional monomer, hydroxy-ethyl methacrylate and glycidyl dimethacrylate, as hydrophilic co-monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinking agent, 2,2-azoisobutironitrile as radical initiator and acetonitrile as solvent. One part of the obtained materials was coated with BSA (bovine serum albumin). The polymers were characterized and it was possible to conclude that the synthesis procedure influences the size and shape of particles and that hydrophilic co-monomer addition as well as coating with BSA do not alter the chemical recognition ability of the material. The difference between imprinted and non-imprinted polymers’ adsorption was evident (suggesting that imprinted polymers have a better capacity to bind the template than the non-imprinted ones). The Langmuir model presents the best fit to describe the materials’ adsorption profile. The polymer covered with hydrophilic monomers presented the best adsorption for the template in an aqueous medium, probably due to a hydrophilic layer on its surface. We also concluded that an association of the hydrophilic monomers with the BSA coating is important to obtain materials with higher capacity of macromolecule exclusion. In paper two, the RAMIP selective to oxprenolol was chosen as sorbent in a online method for beta blockers analyses from human urine for doping monitoring. A column filled with RAMIP was coupled to an LC-MS/MS instrument under the multidimensional configuration, with 10.0 mmol L−¹ ammonium formate buffer (pH 5.0) as the loading and reconditioning mobile phase and a 0.01% formic acid aqueous solution – methanol (30:70 v/v) as the elution mobile phase. The system was used for on-line extraction and quantization of oxprenolol (from 1.0 to 75.0 μg L−¹), atenolol, propranolol, nadolol, pindolol, labetalol and metoprolol (all from 3.0 to 50 μg L−¹) simultaneously, from urine samples. The correlation coefficient was higher than 0.99 for all the analytes. Suitable precision and accuracy were obtained. In paper three a RAMIP, selective to tricyclic antidepressant, was synthesized by the in bulk method. Amitriptyline was used as template molecule, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer and glycidyl methacrylate as hydrophilic co-monomer. Afterwards the epoxide ring opening was made and the polymer was covered with BSA. A column filled with RAMIP-BSA was coupled to an MS/MS instrument under the multidimensional configuration, with water as the loading and reconditioning mobile phase and a 0.01% acetic acid aqueous solution - acetonitrile at 30:70 as the elution mobile phase. The system was used for online extraction and quantization of nortriptyline, desipramine, amitriptyline, imipramine and clomipramine, simultaneously, from plasma samples. The correlation coefficient was higher than 0.99 for all the analytes. The RSD (relative standard deviation) values ranged from 1.34% to 19.13% for intra assay precision and 1.32% to 19.77% for inter assay precision. The E% (relative error) values ranged from -19.15% to 19.51% for intra assay accuracy and from -9.04% to 16.22% for inter assay accuracy. / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais - FAPEMIG

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