Η εργασία αυτή πραγματοποιήθηκε με σκοπό τη μελέτη της επίδρασης διαφορετικών επιπέδων λίπανσης αζώτου, φωσφόρου και καλίου σε ποιοτικά χαρακτηριστικά των ξηρών καρπών της συκιάς (Ficus carica L.) της ποικιλίας «Καλαμών». Το πείραμα πραγματοποιήθηκε σε συκεώνα στο Νεοχώριο Μεσσήνης του νομού Μεσσηνίας το έτος 2009 και εφαρμόστηκαν στα δέντρα εννέα λιπαντικές επεμβάσεις, κάθε μια από τις οποίες αποτελούσε συνδυασμό διαφορετικών επιπέδων αζώτου (0,3 – 0,5 – 1 N kg ανά δέντρο), φωσφόρου (0 – 0,6 - 1,2 – 1,8 P2O5 kg ανά δέντρο) και καλίου (0 – 0,6 - 1,2 K2O kg ανά δέντρο), βάσει της καλλιεργητικής πρακτικής που εφαρμόζεται σε πολλές περιοχές του Ν. Μεσσηνίας. Οι επεμβάσεις που πραγματοποιήθηκαν ήταν οι ακόλουθες: Ν(0,3)-P(0)-K(0), N(0,3)-P(0,6)-K(0,6), N(0,3)-P(1,2)-K(0,6), N(0,3)-P(1,8)-K(0,6), N(0,5)-P(0,6)-K(0,6), N(1)-P(1,2)-K(0,6), N(1)-P(1,8)-K(0,6), N(0,3)-P(1,2)-K(1,2), N(1)-P(1,2)-K(1,2). Το πείραμα σχεδιάστηκε σύμφωνα με το πλήρως τυχαιοποιημένο σχέδιο και για κάθε επέμβαση χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τέσσερις επαναλήψεις (δέντρα). Η συγκομιδή πραγματοποιήθηκε σε δύο ημερομηνίες (20 και 29 Αυγούστου), όταν τα σύκα βρίσκονταν στο στάδιο της εμπορικής ωριμότητας ως ξηρό προϊόν. Μετά την ηλιοξήρανση των καρπών ακολούθησε διαλογή κατά την οποία απομακρύνθηκαν οι ελαττωματικοί καρποί (απόσυκα). Στα ξηρά σύκα που είναι κατάλληλα για εμπορία έγινε προσδιορισμός των εξής ποιοτικών χαρακτηριστικών: μέσο βάρος καρπού, διάμετρος του καρπού, περιεκτικότητα του καρπού σε υγρασία και ολικά διαλυτά στερεά, pH της πάστας του καρπού και τιτλοδοτούμενη οξύτητα της πάστας του καρπού. Από τα αποτελέσματα αυτής της μελέτης συμπεραίνεται ότι οι παραπάνω λιπαντικές επεμβάσεις δεν επηρεάζουν τα ποιοτικά χαρακτηριστικά των ξηρών σύκων που παράγονται στις συγκεκριμένες κλιματολογικές και εδαφολογικές συνθήκες. / The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels on some quality characteristics of dried fruits of fig tree (Ficus carica L. cv. Kalamon). The experiment was carried out at Neoxorio Messinis (Messinia, South Peloponesse, Greece) during 2009. Nine treatments which were the association of different levels of nitrogen (0,3 – 0,5 – 1 N kg per tree), phosphorus (0 – 0,6 - 1,2 – 1,8 P2O5 kg per tree), and potassium (0 – 0,6 - 1,2 K2O kg per tree), and were selected on the basis of the common cultural practices at Messinia, were applied. The following treatments: Ν(0,3)-P(0)-K(0), N(0,3)-P(0,6)-K(0,6), N(0,3)-P(1,2)-K(0,6), N(0,3)-P(1,8)-K(0,6), N(0,5)-P(0,6)-K(0,6), N(1)-P(1,2)-K(0,6), N(1)-P(1,8)-K(0,6), N(0,3)-P(1,2)-K(1,2), N(1)-P(1,2)-K(1,2) were applied according to the completely randomized experimental design. Each treatment was applied to four replicates (trees). Figs fruits were harvested at two different dates (20 and 29 August), when they were at the commercial maturity stage for consumption as dried figs. After sun drying, figs with defects were selected as cull figs (improper for commercial use). Marketable dried figs were used for measurement of quality characteristics such as: mean weight and mean diameter of the fruit, moisture and total soluble solids content of the fruit, pH and titratable acidity of fruit paste. From the results of this study, it is concluded that the above treatments with different amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium do not affect the quality characteristics of dried figs produced at the soil-climatic conditions of this experiment.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of feeding extruded and non-extruded mixtures of wheat dried distillers grains with solubles with peas (WP) or canola meal (WC) on ruminal fermentation, total tract nutrient digestion and milk production in dairy cows. Eight dairy cows (712 ± 54 kg body weight; 90 ± 31 days-in-milk at the beginning of the experiment) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design (28-d periods) with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments. Four cows in one Latin square were fitted with rumen cannulas for the measurement of ruminal fermentation characteristics. Treatment diets contained either WP or WC combinations fed in an extruded or non-extruded form (16% of DMI). Diets were isonitrogenous (17.1% crude protein; CP) and contained approximately 53% concentrate and 47% forage (DM basis). Dietary treatment had no significant effect on DMI (P > 0.10). Starch intake was higher for cows fed extruded diets compared to those fed non-extruded diets (P = 0.028) and was also higher for cows fed WP compared to those fed WC (P = 0.042). Cows fed extruded diets had higher apparent ruminal digestion of DM (P = 0.02) and a tendency (P = 0.05) for a higher OM apparently digested in the rumen compared to those fed non-extruded diets. Total tract digestibilities of organic matter (P < 0.01), CP (P < 0.01), ether extract (P < 0.01) and starch (P = 0.047) were higher for cows fed extruded diets compared to those fed non-extruded diets. Total tract digestibility of ether extract was lower (P = 0.011) but digestibility of starch was higher (P < 0.01) and CP digestibility tended to be higher (P = 0.08) for cows fed WP compared to those fed WC. Fecal N excretion was lower in cows fed extruded diets compared to those fed non-extruded diets (P < 0.01), but there was no difference in N retention, productive N, RDP or RUP between diets (P > 0.10). Ruminal pH was higher for cows fed non-extruded WC compared to those fed extruded WC, but there was no difference between WP diets (interaction; P = 0.047). Ruminal acetate displayed the opposite interaction where concentration was highest for cows fed extruded WC and lowest for those fed non-extruded WC but there was no difference between WP diets (interaction; P = 0.019). Ruminal ammonia-N concentration tended to be higher for cows fed WC compared to those fed WP (P = 0.06). Ruminal propionate concentration was higher for cows fed extruded diets compare to those fed non-extruded diets (P = 0.026). Ruminal isobutyrate concentration was higher for cows fed WC compared to those fed WP (P < 0.01). Ruminal butyrate (P < 0.01) and isovalerate (P < 0.01) concentrations were higher for cows fed extruded WC compared to those fed non-extruded WC, but concentrations decreased for cows fed extruded WP compared to those fed non-extruded WP. Plasma glucose concentration was higher for cows fed WC compared to those fed WP but concentration was highest for cows fed extruded WC but lowest for cows fed extruded WP (interaction; P < 0.01). Milk protein yield (P = 0.047) was higher and milk yield tended to be higher (P = 0.06) for cows fed WP compared to those fed WC diets. Milk protein content was not affected by diet; however, milk fat content (P = 0.04) and MUN (P = 0.011) were lower, whereas milk yield (P = 0.030), 3.5% fat corrected milk yield (P = 0.027), milk fat yield (P = 0.027), lactose content (P = 0.011) and lactose yield (P < 0.01) were higher in cows fed the extruded diets compared to those fed non-extruded diets. In summary, these results indicate that extrusion had positive effects on overall milk production and total tract nutrient digestion.

Thesis (MSc Food Sc )--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Dried fruit is a well-known food product that has been produced for many years. The product characteristics have remained constant throughout this time with a moisture content of ca. 18 - 26% (mlm). However, in recent times there has been a definite trend towards a fmal dried fruit product in the intermediate moisture range with a moisture content of ca. 36%. The high water activity (aw) of the product (ca. 0.85) makes the product susceptible to microbiological spoilage and the product therefore requires a subsequent pasteurisation step to ensure a safe product. A further consequence of the increased moisture content, higher aw and the temperature of the pasteurisation step, is the increased rate of non-enzymatic browning reactions. Currently the shelf life is only 15 weeks while a minimum shelf life of 30 weeks is required to enable product export. Moisture sorption isotherms may be used to depict the relationship between moisture content and aw. Moisture sorption isotherms were thus determined for Royal type apricots and nectarines at 25° and 40°C. Samples, equilibrated at relative humidities in the range of 11-97%, were obtained using saturated salt solutions and a static gravimetric method. Isotherms were found to be of type I, typical of dried fruit. Six mathematical models namely; BET, GAB, Iglesias and Chirife, Halsey, Henderson, and Chung and Pfost, were fitted to experimental data. The GAB model predicted the aw of both apricots and nectarines the best at 25° and 40°C with the Henderson equation second best in all instances. The binding energy, as a function of moisture content, was calculated to determine energy requirements for drying. At low moisture contents « 20%) an increase of energy was required for drying. Discolouration of macerated dried Royal type apricots and nectarines during accelerated storage as affected by moisture (32, 36, and 40%, mlm) and sulphur dioxide (S02) content (2500, 3000 and 3300 mg.kg" for apricots; 1800, 2200 and 2600 mg.kg" for nectarines) was investigated. The macerated samples were stored at 30°, 40°, 50° and 60°C. Colour was quantified in terms of the L* value of the CIELab system (used throughout the study). Moisture and S02 contents affected both the initial fruit colour and the rate of discolouration. The highest L* values, i.e. lightest fruit colour, were obtained for fruit at 40% moisture content and the highest S02 levels. Increasing storage temperature accelerated the loss of moisture and S02. The influence of a 10°C increase in storage temperature on the rate of browning and thus shelf life was described in terms of the QIO value. QIO and aw values of apricots ranged from 1.96 - 2.47 and 0.833 - 0.890, respectively, while QIO values of 1.50 - 4.61 and aw values ofO.844 to 0.890 were obtained for nectarines. Discolouration of dried nectarine halves during accelerated storage at 40°C as affected by rehydration method, moisture content, packaging atmosphere and pasteurisation method, was investigated. The fruit halves were rehydrated using three different methods to obtain moisture contents of 36 and 40%, respectively. Dry heat and steam pasteurisation techniques were used to render a microbiologically safe product. Commercial packaging material was used and the atmosphere was modified with CO2 to lower the O2 concentration in the headspace. A two-step rehydration at 45°C, steam pasteurisation at 90°C for 150 minutes and packaging under a high CO2 atmosphere rendered a product with the best colour retention under accelerated storage conditions of 40°C for eight weeks. To confirm the results obtained with accelerated storage at temperatures that the product would normally be retailed at, shelf life tests were also performed at 5° and 25°C. Discolouration of whole dried Royal type apricot and nectarine halves as affected by rehydration method, moisture content, packaging atmosphere and pasteurisation method was investigated. The methodology for rehydrating, pasteurising and packaging the high moisture dried fruit developed in this study was compared against the standard method used by the industry. The new processing method increased shelf life. Samples were stored for a period of 30 weeks and were tested every five weeks to determine CO2 concentration in headspace, colour retention and S02 concentration of the fruit. Both apricots and nectarines achieved a shelf life of 30 weeks at both storage temperatures and an extrapolated shelf life of 89 weeks at 5°C, but only 32 weeks at 25°C. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Droë vrugte is 'n welbekende voedselproduk en word reeds vir baie jare vervaardig. Die produkeienskappe het konstant gebly gedurende hierdie tydperk met 'n produkvoginhoud van ca. 18 - 26% (mlm). Daar is egter 'n tendens die afgelope tyd na 'n finale produk in die intermediêre voggebied met 'n voginhoud van ca. 36% en 'n water aktiwiteit (aw) van ca. 0.85. Hierdie verandering in voginhoud en aw maak die produk vatbaar vir mikrobiologiese bederf, en gevolglik word pasteurisasie benodig om dit te preserveer. 'n Verdere gevolg van die verhoogde voginhoud en aw en die hoë temperature van pasteurisasie, is die verhoogde tempo van nieensiematiese verbruiningsreaksies. Huidig is die produk se rakleeftyd 15 weke terwyl 'n minimum van 30 weke benodig word om hierdie produk suksesvol uit te voer. Vogsorpsie-isoterme kan gebruik word om die verwantskap tussen voginhoud en aw uit te beeld. Vogsorpsie-isoterme van Royal tipe applekose en nektariens is gevolglik bepaal by 25° en 40°C. Monsters, geëkwilibreer by relatiewe humiditeite van 11 - 97%, is verkry deur gebruik te maak van versadigde soutoplossings en 'n statiese gravimetriese metode. Tipe I isoterme, wat tipies van droëvrugte is, is verkry. Ses wiskundige modelle naamlik; BET, GAB, Iglesias en Chirife, Halsey, Henderson, en Chung en Pfost, is gepas op die data. Die GAB model het die aw van beide appelkose en nektariens by 25° en 40°C die beste voorspel en die Henderson model die tweede beste in al die gevalle. Die bindingsenergie as 'n funksie van voginhoud is bereken om die energie vereistes van droging te bepaal. By lae voginhoude (<20%) is 'n skerp styging in benodigde energie waargeneem. Die verkleuring van gemaalde gedroogde Royal tipe appelkose en nektariens gedurende versnelde opberging en die invloed van voginhoud (32, 36, en 40%, mlm) en swaweldioksied (S02) konsentrasie (2500, 3000 en 3300 mg.kg' vir appelkose; 1800, 2200 en 2600 mg.kg" vir nektariens) is ondersoek. Die gemaalde monsters is gestoor by 30°, 40°, 50° en 60°C. Kleur is gekwantifiseer in terme van L* waardes van die CIELab sisteem (ook gebruik vir daaropvolgende ondersoeke). Vog en S02 het albei die aanvanklike kleur asook die tempo van verbruining beïnvloed. Die hoogste L* waardes, d.i. die ligste kleur, is verkry vir die monsters met 40% voginhoud en die hoogte S02 vlakke. Verhoogde temperature tydens opberging het aanleiding gegee tot verhoogde verliese van vog en S02. Die invloed van 'n 10°C verhoging in opbergingstemperatuur op die tempo van verbruining en dus rakleeftyd, word beskryf in terme van QIO waardes. QIO en aw waardes van die appelkose het gestrek van 1.96 - 2.47 en 0.833 - 0.890, onderskeidelik, terwyl QIO waardes van 1.50 - 4.61 en aw waardes van 0.844 tot 0.890 verkry is vir die nektariens. Verkleuring van gedroogde nektarien halwes gedurende versnelde opberging by 40°C en die invloed van rehidrasie metode, voginhoud, verpakkingsatmosfeer en pasteurisasiemetode is ondersoek. Die vrughalwes is gerehidreer deur middel van drie metodes om die voginhoud te verhoog tot 36 en 40%, onderskeidelik. Droë hitte en stoompasteurisasie metodes is gebruik om 'n mikrobiologiese veilige produk daar te stel. Kommersiële verpakkingsmateriaal is gebruik en die CO2 konsentrasie van die atmosfeer in die verpakking is verhoog om die invloed daarvan te bepaal. 'n Twee-stap-rehidrasie by 45°C, stoompasteurisasie by 90°C vir 150 minute en 'n hoë C02 atmofeer het aanleiding gegee tot die monster met die beste kleurbehoud tydens versnelde opberging by 40°C vir agt weke. Om die resultate, verkry met die versnelde rakleeftyd studie, te bevestig by temperature waarby die produk normaalweg blootgestel sal word tydens kleinhandel, is 'n rakleeftyd studie uitgevoer by 5° en 25°C. Verkleuring van heel gedroogde Royal tipe appelkoos en nektarien halwes, die invloed van rehidrasie metode, voginhoud, verpakkingsatmosfeer en pasteurisasiemetode is ondersoek. Die metodiek vir die rehidrasie, pasteurisasie en verpakking van hoë vog droëvrugte ontwikkel in hierdie studie, is getoets teen die standaardmetode wat deur die industrie gebruik word. Die nuwe prosesseringsmetode het aanleiding gegee tot 'n langer rakleeftyd. Monsters is opgeberg vir 'n tydperk van 30 weke om die rakleeftyd te bepaal. Die CO2 konsentrasie in die pakkie, kleurbehoud en S02 konsentrasie van die vrugte is elke vyf weke getoets. Beide appelkose en nektariens het 'n rakleeftyd van 30 weke by albei opbergingstemperature behaal, terwyl 'n ekstra-gepoleerde rakleeftyd van 89 weke by 5°C en 32 weke by 25°C behaal is.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2144391 bytes, checksum: ab693c9c0e9c473e0571c7acece1680a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In the present study the objective was to obtain dehydrated from a variety manteiga( Georgia) of the Brazilian Northeast kale (Brassica oleraceae L. var. acephala), and characterize it chemically and nutritionally in natura and bleached and quantify the nutrient losses and other component losses, resulting from the bleaching process. Dehydrated bleached kale was added to the loaf bread formulation, in the concentrations of 2.5% and 5%, for physical-chemical, sensorial and chemical composition analysis. A regular loaf bread was used as control group. In the not blanched kale predominated: fiber (4.36g/100g), calcium (277.2 mg/100g), potassium (468.37 mg/100g), chlorophyll (133 mg/100g and total phenolic (93.6 mg/100g). As for the blanched kale, the was significant reduction (p<0.05) in the concentrations of zinc (40%), calcium (29%), copper (20%), ascorbic acid (17%) and total phenolic (29%), but the calcium amount after bleaching process was sufficient to classify this kale as font of this nutrient. In regards to the dehydrated bleached kales, high levels of fibers (39.52g/100g), calcium (2065 mg/100g), potassium (2924.5 mg/100g), phosphor (806 mg/100g), magnesium (665.5 mg/100g), iron (11,6 mg/100g) e manganese (2,67 mg/100g) were observed, which are quantities higher than recommended for daily ingestion. Among the antioxidants stood out: chlorophyll (420.3 mg/100g) and total phenolic (224.6 mg/100g). To the quantity of oxalic acid (18.43 mg/100g) in the dehydrated bleached kale was below of the boundary of the considered a risk to health. Despite the losses observed in all of these components, due to bleaching, the quantities held were sufficient to ensure its nutritional value. The addition of dehydrated bleached kale did not interfere in the specific volume of the bread, which ranged from 4.08 to 4.57cm3/g, and the water activity level was 0.95, so the final product had satisfactory technological characteristics. In sensorial analysis, the kale breads had good acceptance, with average scores ranging from 6.5 to 8.4, its softness standing out. The color of the 5% kale bred was the only attribute that lost in comparison to the regular bread. Therefore, the use of dehydrated bleached kale in the formulation of bread loaf resulted in products with good sensorial acceptance, increments in nutritional value, besides offering the consumer a new option of loaf bread. / No presente estudo o objetivo foi obter a couve (Brassica oleraceae var. acephala) desidratada a partir da variedade manteiga Geórgia, cultivada no Nordeste do Brasil, caracterizá-la química e nutricionalmente in natura e branqueada e quantificar as perdas em nutrientes e outros compostos devidos ao processo de branqueamento. Posteriormente, a couve branqueada desidratada foi adicionada à formulação de pão de forma, nas concentrações de 2,5% e 5%, para realização das análises físico-químicas, sensoriais e de composição química. Ainda, foi elaborado um pão controle, para fins de comparação. Na couve não branqueada predominaram fibra alimentar (4,36 g/100g), cálcio (277,2 mg/100g), potássio (468,37 mg/100g), clorofila (133 mg/100g) e fenólicos totais (93,6 mg/100g). Na couve branqueada houve redução significativa (p<0,05) nas concentrações de zinco (40%), cálcio (29%), cobre (20%), ácido ascórbico (17%) e fenólicos totais (29%), porém, a quantidade de cálcio, após o branqueamento, foi suficiente para classificar essa hortaliça como fonte desse nutriente. Quanto à couve branqueada desidratada, foram observadas concentrações elevadas de fibras (39,52g/100g), cálcio (2065 mg/100g), potássio (2924,5 mg/100g), fósforo (806 mg/100g), magnésio (665,5 mg/100g), ferro (11,6 mg/100g) e manganês (2,67 mg/100g), quantidades essas superiores as recomendadas para o consumo diário. Entre os antioxidantes destacaram-se, clorofila (420,3 mg/100g) e fenólicos totais (224,6 mg/100g). Para o ácido oxálico, a quantidade (18,43 mg/100g) presente na couve branqueada desidratada foi abaixo do limite considerado de risco para a saúde. Apesar das perdas observadas em todos esses componentes, devidas ao branqueamento, as quantidades mantidas foram suficientes para assegurar seu valor nutricional. A adição de couve branqueada desidratada não interferiu no volume específico dos pães, que variou de 4,08 a 4,57 cm3/g, e na atividade de água, que foi de 0,95, sendo possível obter produtos com características tecnológicas satisfatórias. Nas análises sensoriais, os pães adicionados de couve apresentaram boa aceitação, com escores médios variando de 6,5 a 8,4, destacando-se quanto à maciez. A cor do pão com 5% de couve foi o único atributo que obteve escore médio abaixo do obtido para o pão controle. Portanto, o uso da couve branqueada desidratada na formulação de pão de forma resultou em produtos com boa aceitação sensorial, com incrementos no valor nutricional, além de oferecer ao consumidor uma nova opção de consumo desse tipo de pão.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1782828 bytes, checksum: 696c70ec90d13fdad0f2e84ca001161c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The manta ovina , a lamb meat product, is produced from the boning, salting and drying of lamb carcasses. It is a typical salted meat product from the region of Submédio do Vale does Rio São Francisco, with reference the city of Petrolina, Pernambuco Brazil. The manta ovina was evaluated in order to obtain information and establish identity patterns and product quality. In the present study was described the process, identified the potential hazards to product safety and evaluated the physicochemical (color, pH, Aw, PPC, FC, moisture, ash, proteins and lipids), microbiological (total and fecal coliforms, halophilic bacteria, Salmonella sp and Staphylococcus aureus) and sensory (appearance, aroma, flavor, texture and overall assessment) quality of manta ovina . The study was performed in three restaurants which are part of the gastronomic complex called Bodódromo , located in the city of Petrolina, in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The values of pH (6.22 ± 0.22), water activity (0.97 ± 0.02) moisture (69.86 ± 2.26) and protein (22.23 ± 1.96) classified the manta ovina as a perishable product, and consequently, requiring the use of other preservation methods, such refrigeration, combined with salt. The manta ovina presented 4.14 ± 2.23% fats, and about 60% of minerals (3.19 ± 0.57%) are in the form of chlorides (1.93 ± 0.64). This percentage reflects the use of salt, essential ingredient used during the processing of the product. Losses during the cooking varied significantly (P ≤ 0.05), between 14.8% and 22.4%. The measurement of texture, through instrumental (3.18 ± 0.12 Kgf) and sensory evaluation (7.44) showed that the manta ovina is a soft meat product. In sensory evaluation no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) were detected among the samples served in the three restaurants. The mean scores were above seven points on a scale ranging from 1 to 9. It showed that the manta ovina is a meat product with appearance, flavor, tenderness and taste that pleased the consumer. Microbiological evaluation indicated the absence of Salmonella; on the other hand, Staphylococcus species showed a count of exceeding the limits prescribed by Brazilian law. This result reinforces the need for implementation and maintenance of hygienic practices to ensure a safety product. It was observed that the process used during the manta ovina preparation, involves the application of a traditional technology, salting, associated with an innovative technique of deboning, which is peculiar in region, resulting in a meat product with characteristic of great potential exploration. The results reveal a similarity in nutritional quality, physical, sensory and microbial mats, showed the similarity of production procedures used in the three restaurants. It reinforces the need to standardize the process and creation of technical regulation of identity and quality for this meat product derived. / A manta ovina, alimento proveniente da desossa, salga e secagem de carcaças de ovinos típico da região do Submédio do Vale do Rio São Francisco, tendo como referência a cidade de Petrolina PE - Brasil, foi avaliada com o objetivo de obter-se informações, que embasam o estabelecimento de padrões de identidade e qualidade deste produto. Na presente pesquisa foi descrito o processo, identificados os perigos potenciais para segurança do produto e avaliada a qualidade físico-química (cor, pH, Aa, PPC, FC, umidade, cinzas, proteínas e lipídeos), microbiológica (coliformes totais e termotolerantes, bactérias halófilas, Salmonella sp e Staphylococcus aureus) e sensorial (aparência, aroma, sabor, textura e avaliação global) de mantas ovinas provenientes de três estabelecimentos produtores em Petrolina - PE. Os valores médios de pH (6,22 ±0,22), atividade de água (0,97±0,02), umidade (69,86±2,26) e proteínas (22,23±1,96) da manta ovina a caracterizam como um produto perecível, sendo necessário o uso de outros métodos de conservação combinados com o sal, como a conservação pelo frio. A manta apresenta 4,14 ± 2,23% de lipídeos e, cerca de 60% dos minerais encontrados (3,19 ±0,57%), estão na forma de cloretos (1,93 ±0,64), estando este fato diretamente associado ao uso do sal, ingrediente indispensável para a elaboração do produto. As perdas por ocasião da cocção variaram significativamente (P≤0,05) entre 14,79 % e 22,39 %. Tanto a avaliação instrumental (3,18±0,12 kgf) quanto a avaliação sensorial (7,44) da textura revelaram que a manta é um produto macio que agrada o consumidor. Na avaliação sensorial não houve diferença significativa (P≥0,05) entre as amostras servidas nos três restaurantes para os atributos sensoriais, cuja pontuação obteve escores médios acima de sete, em escala que variou de 1 a 9, mostrando que a manta é um produto cárneo com aparência, aroma, maciez e sabor que agradam o consumidor. A avaliação microbiológica indicou ausência de Salmonella sp, porém apresentou contagem de Staphylococcus que ultrapassam os limites preconizados pela legislação brasileira, o que reforça a necessidade de aplicação e manutenção de práticas higiênicas que garantam a segurança do produto. Observou-se que o processo envolve a aplicação de uma tecnologia tradicional na região Nordeste, que se utiliza da salga, método milenar de conservação, porém com uma técnica inovadora de desossa peculiar da região, obtendo-se um produto cárneo característico de grande potencial de exploração. Os resultados encontrados revelam a semelhança na qualidade nutricional, física, sensorial e microbiológica das mantas, demonstrando a similaridade dos métodos de produção adotados nos três estabelecimentos estudados, o que fortalece a necessidade de padronização do processo e criação de um regulamento técnico de identidade e qualidade para este produto cárneo derivado.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to evaluate selected parameters indicating the quality of dried pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.) in selected group of two varieties. Literary research focuses mainly on pea production in the Czech Republic and worldwide, for breeding varieties, peas and seed recognition. The literary research directly follows the practical part, which deals with the process of recognition and certification of seeds of two varieties in practice. In addition, laboratory tests of pea seed quality, especially germination. This was set as part of the sub-supply, supply and cleanse seeds, for the Gambit variety it recorded 69% and fell to 37% for the Salamanca variety, which differed considerably from the pre-supply and delivery seeds. This research shows an internal view within the farm and the great complexity and difficulty of the seed certification process.

INTRODUÇÃO: As mucopolissacaridoses (MPS) são doenças de depósito lisossômico, caracterizadas pela deficiência de enzimas lisossômicas envolvidas na degradação dos glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs). O acúmulo anormal dessas macromoléculas no interior dos lisossomos provoca alterações estruturais e funcionais, de caráter multissistêmico e progressivo. Os GAGs acumulados também são excretados na urina, onde podem ser identificados através de diversos métodos bioquímicos. Estas doenças estão presentes em todos os grupos étnicos e a incidência conjunta das MPS, é estimada entre 1:10.000 a 1:25.000 nascidos vivos. (Baehner, 2005). A causa das MPS é a deficiência de uma enzima específica na rota de degradação dos GAGs. As MPS são classificadas segundo o tipo de substrato (GAGs) acumulado e a enzima específica deficiente. Na síndrome de Morquio A, ou mucopolissacaridose tipo IVA (MPS IVA), o substrato acumulado é o queratan sulfato e a enzima deficiente é a N-acetilgalactosamina-6-sulfatase. (GALNS). Os pacientes afetados por MPS IVA apresentam baixa estatura, disostose múltipla, opacidade de córnea, entre outros sinais e sintomas. O desenvolvimento psicomotor e mental é normal. O método de detecção inicial das MPS baseia-se na identificação dos GAGs, que são excretados em excesso na urina destes pacientes. A presença de queratan sulfato na eletroforese ou a detecção de níveis aumentados na dosagem quantitativa, direciona a investigação laboratorial para a MPS IV. O diagnóstico definitivo se estabelece através da medida da atividade enzimática em leucócitos ou fibroblastos, onde se constata a deficiência enzimática. OBJETIVOS: Este estudo teve como objetivo principal, tornar disponível um novo método, mais simples, rápido e acessível, para o diagnóstico bioquímico de mucopolissacaridose tipo IVA, utilizando amostras de sangue impregnadas em papel filtro (SIPF). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Amostras de SIPF e leucócitos de 35 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 3 e 47 anos, com diagnóstico previamente estabelecido de MPS IVA, pelo método convencional, em leucócitos e /ou fibroblastos, foram analisadas. Para o estabelecimento dos valores de referência, foram estudadas amostras de leucócitos e de SIPF de 54 indivíduos saudáveis (18-50 anos), de ambos os sexos. Após assinatura do termo de consentimento, amostras de sangue periférico de pacientes e controles, foram coletadas, para a obtenção de leucócitos e sangue impregnado em papel filtro.(SIPF). Os ensaios enzimáticos foram realizados nas amostras de leucócitos e SIPF, simultaneamente, para comparar os resultados. RESULTADOS: Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios enzimáticos de todos os pacientes apresentando MPS IVA, confirmaram a deficiência da atividade enzimática em ambos materiais (leucócitos e SIPF) com uma diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação ao grupo controle. (Mann-Witney U test, p< 0,001). Neste estudo, a medida de GALNS em amostras de SIPF permitiu a identificação dos pacientes com MPS IVA, com sensibilidade de 100 %. Os testes de estabilidade realizados nas amostras de SIPF indicaram que amostras coletadas para a medida da atividade de GALNS devem ser mantidas a 4ºC sempre que possível, sendo estáveis nesta temperatura por mais de 30 dias. CONCLUSÕES: Nas condições utilizadas, amostras de SIPF se mostraram adequadas para a identificação segura de pacientes com MPS tipo IVA. O método que utiliza amostras de SIPF é mais acessível e rápido, simplificando a etapa de coleta e transporte, podendo ser utilizado para detectar pacientes afetados, especialmente em áreas de difícil acesso para a coleta e transporte de amostras líquidas. / INTRODUCTION: Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) are lysosomal deposit diseases characterized by lysosomal enzymes deficiency involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The abnormal accumulation of these macromolecules inside the lysosomes provokes structural and functional alterations multi-systemically and progressively. The accumulated GAGs are also excreted in the urine, where they may be identified through many different biochemical methods. These diseases occur among all ethnical groups and the combined incidence of MPS is estimated at 1:10.000 to 1:25.000 live births. (Baehner, 2005). The MPS’ cause is the deficiency of a specific enzyme in the GAGs degradation route. The MPS are classified according to a type of substrate accumulated (GAGs) and the deficiency of a specific enzyme. In Morquio syndrome A or Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (MPS IVA), the accumulated substrate is the keratan sulfate and the deficient enzyme is the N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase (GALNS). The patients affected by MPS IVA present short stature, dysostosis multiplex, corneal opacity, among others signs and symptoms. The cognitive and mental developments are normal. The MPS initial detection method is based on the identification of the GAGs which are excreted in the patients’ urine. The presence of the keratan sulphate in the electrophoresis or the detection of the increased levels in the quantitative dosage directs the laboratory investigation to MPS IV. The definitive diagnosis is established through measuring the enzymatic activity in leukocytes or fibroblasts, in which the enzymatic deficiency is proved. OBJECTIVE: This study’s main purpose is to offer an original, simpler, faster and more accessible method for biochemical diagnosis of Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA using dried blood samples (DBS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: DBS and leukocytes from 35 patients from both sexes between 3 and 47 years of age with previously established diagnosis of MPS IVA through the conventional method in leukocytes and/or fibroblasts were analyzed. In order to establish reference values DBS and leukocytes samples from 54 healthy people (18-50 years of age) from both sexes were studied. After signing a paper consent form, peripheral blood samples from patients and controls were collected for obtaining leukocytes and dried blood samples (DBS). To validate the method, we made a simultaneous GALNS assay in leukocytes and DBS. RESULTS: The results obtained in the enzymatic assays from all patients presenting MPS IVA confirmed the deficiency of enzymatic activity in both materials (leukocytes and DBS) with a significant statistical difference in relation to the control group. (Mann-Witney U tes, p< 0,001). In this study, the quantity of GALNS in DBS allowed the identification of patients with MPS IVA with sensibility of 100%. The stability tests indicate that DBS samples collected for measuring the activity of GALNS must be kept at 4ºC whenever possible, being stable in this temperature for more than 30 days. CONCLUSION: In the used conditions, DBS were adequate for a safe identification of patients with MPS type IVA. The method which utilizes DBS is cheaper and faster, what simplifies the collection and transportation stage and can be used to detect affected patients especially in difficult access areas for the collection and transportation of liquid samples.

Submitted by Maiara Damasceno (maiaramerico@gmail.com) on 2017-02-26T18:29:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado.pdf: 1718307 bytes, checksum: ab4e786d599438328199ff1f8e4830f5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2017-03-02T15:17:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado.pdf: 1718307 bytes, checksum: ab4e786d599438328199ff1f8e4830f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-02T15:17:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado.pdf: 1718307 bytes, checksum: ab4e786d599438328199ff1f8e4830f5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A pesquisa em questão descreve os processos nativos de aprendizagem entre os Kariri-Xocó, população indígena localizada em uma área urbana da cidade de Porto Real do Colégio, no estado de Alagoas. Neste trabalho, o corpo é tratado como principal ferramenta para entender como se constitui a pessoa Kariri-Xocó, seu modo de pensar a si e os outros, e seus modos de aprender. O interesse do estudo emergiu da necessidade de refletir sobre os “processos próprios de aprendizagem” indígenas, aspecto presente em alguns textos de ordem legal ao reportar-se a Educação Escolar Indígena, bem como em função das lacunas existentes em abordagens sobre essa temática. Para tanto, lança-se mão da etnografia e das técnicas de observação participante, conversação e entrevistas abertas, além do diálogo com os campos da Etnologia Indígena e da Antropologia da Educação. Foi possível perceber, que os Kariri-Xocó possuem formas próprias de aprender, que se configuram através do acesso e participação nas práticas. A aprendizagem que é possível através do fumo, dos sonhos, do silêncio, dos sinais dos animais, dificilmente poderia adentrar ao espaço escolar e atender os objetivos de uma educação diferenciada que “respeite os processos próprios de aprendizagem”. Esta, porém, não é uma demanda dos Kariri-Xocó. Eles não estão preocupados que essas formas de aprendizagens façam parte do seu currículo escolar, desejam, no entanto, assegurar que suas formas próprias de aprender continuem a existir, o que significa assegurar também a existência da sua origem. A noção de origem enquanto coisa de raiz, aquilo que vem de dentro, surge como elemento central para refletir sobre os processos nativos de aprendizagem e suas implicações com o que vem de fora. / ABSTRACT This research describes native processes of learning among the Kariri-Xocó, indigenous population located in an urban area of Porto Real do Colégio, city located in the state of Alagoas. In this work, the body is treated as the main tool to understand how is the person Kariri-Xocó, its way of thinking about itself and the others, and its learning ways. The interest in this study came from the need of reflecting about the indigenous “processes of learning”, aspect present in some texts of legal nature to refer intself to indigenous school education, as well as on the gaps in approaches to this theme. Therefore, we worked with the ethnography and participant observation techniques, conversation e open interviews, beyond dialog with the fields of indigenous ethnology and anthropology of education. It was possible to realize that the Kariri-Xocó people have their own ways of learning, which are set through the access and participation in practices. The learning that is possible through the smoke, dreams, silence and animals‟ signs, could be hardly used in school and fulfill the objectives of a different education that “respects its own processes of learning”. However, this is not a Kariri-Xocó‟s demand. They are not concerned about these learning ways being part of their school curriculum, however, they want to assure that their own learning ways continue to exist, what means to assure the existence of their own origin. The notion of origin as root thing, which comes from within, appears as central element to reflect about the native processes of learning and their implications with what comes from outside

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-11-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:05:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ea_dr_ilha.pdf: 582223 bytes, checksum: 73063cc625e734715f3ffeb67c583c79 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A figueira é propagada comercialmente por meio de estaquia e a propagação sexuada, ou seja, por sementes é utilizada exclusivamente em trabalhos de melhoramento genético. A enxertia é uma das formas de propagação das frutíferas, e em relação à cultura da figueira, poderá vir a ser uma forma eficiente de aumentar a produção, e controlar os danos causados pela seca da figueira (C. fimbriata) que inicialmente reduz a produtividade e a qualidade dos frutos, causando, posteriormente, a morte da planta. A resistência varietal é a medida de controle mais indicada, entretanto, a ocorrência de diferentes raças fisiológicas do fungo tem dificultado a avaliação de porta-enxertos e copas resistentes. O objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu em verificar o pegamento, desenvolvimento e produção de plantas do figo Roxo de Valinhos enxertadas sobre diversos porta-enxertos, bem como verificar se dentre as variedades avaliadas existe resistência à seca da figueira / A tree is commercially propagated by cuttings, grafting and tissue culture. The sexual propagation, by seeds is used exclusively for breeding programs. Grafting is a way of fruit-trees spreading, and for the culture of the fig tree, could be an effective way to increase the production, and control the damage caused by dry fig, initially reduces the productivity and fruit quality, leading eventually to plant death. The varieties resistant is the most appropriate control measure, however, the occurrence of different fungus physiological races has been making hard to evaluate rootstocks and canopy resistance. The aim of this study was to verify the fixation, development and production plant fig Purple Valinhos grafted on different rootstocks, and to discover if there is among the varieties tested in drought resistance of the fig

INTRODUÇÃO: As mucopolissacaridoses (MPS) são doenças de depósito lisossômico, caracterizadas pela deficiência de enzimas lisossômicas envolvidas na degradação dos glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs). O acúmulo anormal dessas macromoléculas no interior dos lisossomos provoca alterações estruturais e funcionais, de caráter multissistêmico e progressivo. Os GAGs acumulados também são excretados na urina, onde podem ser identificados através de diversos métodos bioquímicos. Estas doenças estão presentes em todos os grupos étnicos e a incidência conjunta das MPS, é estimada entre 1:10.000 a 1:25.000 nascidos vivos. (Baehner, 2005). A causa das MPS é a deficiência de uma enzima específica na rota de degradação dos GAGs. As MPS são classificadas segundo o tipo de substrato (GAGs) acumulado e a enzima específica deficiente. Na síndrome de Morquio A, ou mucopolissacaridose tipo IVA (MPS IVA), o substrato acumulado é o queratan sulfato e a enzima deficiente é a N-acetilgalactosamina-6-sulfatase. (GALNS). Os pacientes afetados por MPS IVA apresentam baixa estatura, disostose múltipla, opacidade de córnea, entre outros sinais e sintomas. O desenvolvimento psicomotor e mental é normal. O método de detecção inicial das MPS baseia-se na identificação dos GAGs, que são excretados em excesso na urina destes pacientes. A presença de queratan sulfato na eletroforese ou a detecção de níveis aumentados na dosagem quantitativa, direciona a investigação laboratorial para a MPS IV. O diagnóstico definitivo se estabelece através da medida da atividade enzimática em leucócitos ou fibroblastos, onde se constata a deficiência enzimática. OBJETIVOS: Este estudo teve como objetivo principal, tornar disponível um novo método, mais simples, rápido e acessível, para o diagnóstico bioquímico de mucopolissacaridose tipo IVA, utilizando amostras de sangue impregnadas em papel filtro (SIPF). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Amostras de SIPF e leucócitos de 35 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 3 e 47 anos, com diagnóstico previamente estabelecido de MPS IVA, pelo método convencional, em leucócitos e /ou fibroblastos, foram analisadas. Para o estabelecimento dos valores de referência, foram estudadas amostras de leucócitos e de SIPF de 54 indivíduos saudáveis (18-50 anos), de ambos os sexos. Após assinatura do termo de consentimento, amostras de sangue periférico de pacientes e controles, foram coletadas, para a obtenção de leucócitos e sangue impregnado em papel filtro.(SIPF). Os ensaios enzimáticos foram realizados nas amostras de leucócitos e SIPF, simultaneamente, para comparar os resultados. RESULTADOS: Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios enzimáticos de todos os pacientes apresentando MPS IVA, confirmaram a deficiência da atividade enzimática em ambos materiais (leucócitos e SIPF) com uma diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação ao grupo controle. (Mann-Witney U test, p< 0,001). Neste estudo, a medida de GALNS em amostras de SIPF permitiu a identificação dos pacientes com MPS IVA, com sensibilidade de 100 %. Os testes de estabilidade realizados nas amostras de SIPF indicaram que amostras coletadas para a medida da atividade de GALNS devem ser mantidas a 4ºC sempre que possível, sendo estáveis nesta temperatura por mais de 30 dias. CONCLUSÕES: Nas condições utilizadas, amostras de SIPF se mostraram adequadas para a identificação segura de pacientes com MPS tipo IVA. O método que utiliza amostras de SIPF é mais acessível e rápido, simplificando a etapa de coleta e transporte, podendo ser utilizado para detectar pacientes afetados, especialmente em áreas de difícil acesso para a coleta e transporte de amostras líquidas. / INTRODUCTION: Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) are lysosomal deposit diseases characterized by lysosomal enzymes deficiency involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The abnormal accumulation of these macromolecules inside the lysosomes provokes structural and functional alterations multi-systemically and progressively. The accumulated GAGs are also excreted in the urine, where they may be identified through many different biochemical methods. These diseases occur among all ethnical groups and the combined incidence of MPS is estimated at 1:10.000 to 1:25.000 live births. (Baehner, 2005). The MPS’ cause is the deficiency of a specific enzyme in the GAGs degradation route. The MPS are classified according to a type of substrate accumulated (GAGs) and the deficiency of a specific enzyme. In Morquio syndrome A or Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (MPS IVA), the accumulated substrate is the keratan sulfate and the deficient enzyme is the N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase (GALNS). The patients affected by MPS IVA present short stature, dysostosis multiplex, corneal opacity, among others signs and symptoms. The cognitive and mental developments are normal. The MPS initial detection method is based on the identification of the GAGs which are excreted in the patients’ urine. The presence of the keratan sulphate in the electrophoresis or the detection of the increased levels in the quantitative dosage directs the laboratory investigation to MPS IV. The definitive diagnosis is established through measuring the enzymatic activity in leukocytes or fibroblasts, in which the enzymatic deficiency is proved. OBJECTIVE: This study’s main purpose is to offer an original, simpler, faster and more accessible method for biochemical diagnosis of Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA using dried blood samples (DBS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: DBS and leukocytes from 35 patients from both sexes between 3 and 47 years of age with previously established diagnosis of MPS IVA through the conventional method in leukocytes and/or fibroblasts were analyzed. In order to establish reference values DBS and leukocytes samples from 54 healthy people (18-50 years of age) from both sexes were studied. After signing a paper consent form, peripheral blood samples from patients and controls were collected for obtaining leukocytes and dried blood samples (DBS). To validate the method, we made a simultaneous GALNS assay in leukocytes and DBS. RESULTS: The results obtained in the enzymatic assays from all patients presenting MPS IVA confirmed the deficiency of enzymatic activity in both materials (leukocytes and DBS) with a significant statistical difference in relation to the control group. (Mann-Witney U tes, p< 0,001). In this study, the quantity of GALNS in DBS allowed the identification of patients with MPS IVA with sensibility of 100%. The stability tests indicate that DBS samples collected for measuring the activity of GALNS must be kept at 4ºC whenever possible, being stable in this temperature for more than 30 days. CONCLUSION: In the used conditions, DBS were adequate for a safe identification of patients with MPS type IVA. The method which utilizes DBS is cheaper and faster, what simplifies the collection and transportation stage and can be used to detect affected patients especially in difficult access areas for the collection and transportation of liquid samples.