Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Two impulsivity-related traits, negative and positive urgency (i.e., the tendency to act rashly in the face of extreme negative and positive emotions, respectively) are important risk factors for alcohol use escalation during college and for problematic and disordered level alcohol use, in part through increasing motives for alcohol use. The majority of research to date has focused on the causal direction from trait to motives to alcohol consumption. The goal of the current study was to conduct an initial test of how continued and escalating alcohol use may drive increases and shifts in positive and negative urgency, and how such changes drive subsequent increased drinking motives over the first year of college. Data were analyzed using an archival dataset of 418 first-year college students (age 18-21) enrolled in an introduction to psychology course at a large Midwestern university. Participants were sampled at three timepoints: at the beginning of the fall semester, the end of the fall semester, and the end of the spring semester. A series of hierarchical multiple regression and mediation analyses were used to test study hypotheses. Changes in alcohol use did not predict later changes in positive and negative urgency. Results did replicate previous research showing that changes in positive and negative urgency predicted later changes in drinking motives. Finally, there was some evidence that alcohol use at baseline predicted changes in enhancement drinking motives through changes in positive urgency; but this pattern was not seen with negative urgency. This work extends existing work with urgency theory, which has primarily focused on the effects of urgency on subsequent alcohol consumption and not the inverse. The fact that alcohol use drives subsequent changes in positive urgency and drinking motives can help to better identify mechanisms contributing increased risk for transition to problematic levels of alcohol consumption, can lead to better identification of those at risk for problematic alcohol use and can set the stage to better integrate urgency theory with other well-established alcohol risk models.

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This study examined the effect of the experience of a loss on alcohol use and drinking motives in a college sample. Participants for this study were drawn from the “Spit for Science” project (Dick et al., 2014). The sample included 3,013 students (31.8% men, 68.2% women; 44.3% White, 21.1% Black, 19.6% Asian, 6.0% Latinx; mean age = 18.96; 16.2% bereaved) from Virginia Commonwealth University. Data were collected from participants’ freshman spring and sophomore spring time points on the Life Events Checklist, Alcohol Consumption items, and Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised. Participants who were bereaved between the freshman and sophomore timepoint did not significantly differ in their alcohol consumption, coping drinking motives, or conformity drinking motives compared to their non-bereaved counterparts. Limitations and future directions for research are reviewed.

This longitudinal investigation examined motives for alcohol use, alcohol consumption, and alcohol-related consequences in a Vancouver, British Columbia youth sample (n = 405). Secondary analyses were performed on data that were collected at two time points (1995-1996 and 2003-2004). Sociodemographic variables included age, gender, adoption status, parent education, household moves, and family net worth. Bivariate correlations and structural equation modeling were used to examine associations between social, enhancement, and coping motives, alcohol consumption and alcohol-related consequences. The social motives included drinking to be sociable and drinking to add to the enjoyment of meals. Enhancement motives included drinking to feel good. Coping motives included: drinking to help you relax, drinking to forget worries, and drinking to feel less shy and inhibited. In the final longitudinal structural equation model combining T1 motives and both T1 and T2 alcohol consumption and alcohol-related consequences, results showed endorsement at T1 of drinking to forget worries was predictive of the alcohol-related consequences latent factor at T1. Moreover, T1 consequences were predictive of alcohol-related consequences at T2. The data show a positive relationship between T1 endorsement of drinking to feel good and the alcohol consumption latent variables at both T1 and T2, but no relationship between drinking to feel good and the alcohol-related consequences emerged. Additionally, the data yielded a negative relationship between the variable, “drink to be sociable” and the alcohol-related consequences latent factor at T1. Certain self-identified motives for drinking may be risk factors for continued alcohol use and subsequent misuse. Therefore, differentiating between specific motives for alcohol use may be a helpful marker for Child and Youth Care workers and other professionals to initiate conversations about alcohol use and consequences. / Graduate

Two impulsivity-related traits, negative and positive urgency (i.e., the tendency to act rashly in the face of extreme negative and positive emotions, respectively) are important risk factors for alcohol use escalation during college and for problematic and disordered level alcohol use, in part through increasing motives for alcohol use. The majority of research to date has focused on the causal direction from trait to motives to alcohol consumption. The goal of the current study was to conduct an initial test of how continued and escalating alcohol use may drive increases and shifts in positive and negative urgency, and how such changes drive subsequent increased drinking motives over the first year of college. Data were analyzed using an archival dataset of 418 first-year college students (age 18-21) enrolled in an introduction to psychology course at a large Midwestern university. Participants were sampled at three timepoints: at the beginning of the fall semester, the end of the fall semester, and the end of the spring semester. A series of hierarchical multiple regression and mediation analyses were used to test study hypotheses. Changes in alcohol use did not predict later changes in positive and negative urgency. Results did replicate previous research showing that changes in positive and negative urgency predicted later changes in drinking motives. Finally, there was some evidence that alcohol use at baseline predicted changes in enhancement drinking motives through changes in positive urgency; but this pattern was not seen with negative urgency. This work extends existing work with urgency theory, which has primarily focused on the effects of urgency on subsequent alcohol consumption and not the inverse. The fact that alcohol use drives subsequent changes in positive urgency and drinking motives can help to better identify mechanisms contributing increased risk for transition to problematic levels of alcohol consumption, can lead to better identification of those at risk for problematic alcohol use and can set the stage to better integrate urgency theory with other well-established alcohol risk models.

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The present thesis is based on four studies focusing on alcohol consumption among Swedish adolescents, and therewith related psychosocial and genetic factors. One main objective was to study the reasons for drinking alcohol among different population - representative samples of adolescents in order to identify motives for drinking. Relationships between these drinking motives, alcohol consumption, and alcohol - related problems were also investigated. Three motives emerged from this study: social - enhancement, coping and dominance. The association with alcohol consumption and alcohol - related problems was positive for social - enhancement and coping motives, but negative for the dominance motive. A significant heritability of alcohol use disorders has been demonstrated by family, adoption and twin studies. Environmental influences have also been acknowledged to play an important role in the development of alcohol use disorders. Moreover, the interaction between genetic and environmental factors is likely to influence the risk - resilience for alcohol use disorders. In view of this knowledge, plausible candidate polymorphisms were considered in gene - environment interaction models. An effect of the genetic polymorphisms was only present when a G x E model was considered. A genetic variant of the clock gene Period2, in an interaction with sleep problems, was studied in relation to alcohol consumption among adolescents. High alcohol consumption was associated with the AA genotype of the PER2 SNP10870 polymorphism, in an interaction with several and frequent sleep problems, among adolescent boys. A genetic variant in the opioid µ receptor 1 gene, in an interaction with alcohol consumption, was studied in relation to depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms were predicted by the G allele of the OPRM1 A118G polymorphism, in an interaction with high alcohol consumption, among adolescent girls. Additionally, the PER2 SNP10870 and the OPRM1 A118G polymorphisms were studied in a sample of severely alcoholic females. Furthermore, alcohol consumption was assessed by using different instruments, such as biomarkers and surveys. Comparisons were carried out to identify the most suitable method to assess alcohol consumption among adolescents. Questionnaire and interview seemed more suitable tools than biomarkers in this regard.The results eventually support the importance of psychosocial and genetic influences, and their interaction effect on alcohol consumption among adolescents.

Some people develop problematic alcohol consumption. Explanations forthis have been proposed by the mediating influence of drinking motiveson the relationship between personality and alcohol use. The purpose ofthis study was to test whether such a mediating model can be applied to aSwedish population. Students (N=383) in Sweden answered aquestionnaire about personality, drinking motives, alcohol consumptionand alcohol-related problems. Mediation analysis was done to seewhether drinking motives could mediate the relationship betweenpersonality and alcohol outcomes for men and women. The resultsshowed that four paths of personality, drinking motives and alcohol canbe found in a Swedish population by using this mediational model.However, the model showed different paths for men and women. / En del människor utvecklar en problematisk alkoholkonsumtion.Förklaringar till detta har sökts i en medierande inverkan avdryckesmotiv i relationen mellan människors personlighet ochalkoholkonsumtion. Syftet med denna studie var att testa om en sådanmedierande modell går att tillämpa på en svensk population. Studenter(N=383) i Sverige besvarade en enkät om personlighet, dryckesmotiv,alkoholkonsumtion och alkohol-relaterade problem. Mediationsanalysergjordes för att se om dryckesmotiven skulle kunna medierarelationen mellan personlighet och alkoholutfall för män och kvinnor.Resultaten visade att fyra mönster av personlighet, dryckesmotiv ochalkohol i den medierande modellen går att finna på en svenskpopulation, dock olika för män och kvinnor.

Anxiety Sensitivity (AS) consists of beliefs that the experience of anxiety symptoms leads to illness or additional anxiety. The aim of the present study was to examine the factor structure of the Turkish version of Anxiety Sensitivity Index&amp / #8211 / Revised (ASI-R), and to investigate associations among AS, alcohol use and drinking motives in university students and alcohol dependent inpatients. The participants were 411 university students (225 females and 186 males) and 55 (3 females and 52 males) alcohol dependent inpatients. All participants were administered ASI-R, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Form, Beck Depression Inventory, Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised, and Demographic Information Form. Exploratory factor analyses revealed four lower order factors of the ASI-R: (1) fear of respiratory symptoms / (2) fear of cardiovascular symptoms / (3) fear of cognitive dyscontrol / and (4) fear of publicly observable anxiety symptoms. ANOVA revealed that the frequency and amount of alcohol use were significantly higher in male students than females. Males reported more alcohol use for Coping and Conformity Motives than did females. Regression analyses revealed that only fear of cognitive dyscontrol significantly predicted hazardous alcohol use of students. Coping Motives significantly predicted alcohol use after controlling the effects of demographics, depression and ASI-R lower order factors in students using alcohol. Fear of publicly observable anxiety symptoms significantly predicted frequency of alcohol use in students using alcohol. Students reported using alcohol mostly for Enhancement, Social, Coping, and Conformity Motives, respectively. Students with high AS reported more alcohol use for Coping, Social and Conformity Motives than those with moderate and low AS. Fear of cognitive dyscontrol and fear of publicly observable anxiety symptoms explained a significant variance of drinking motives in students. In alcohol dependent inpatients, only fear of respiratory symptoms had a significant correlation with Coping Motives. Patients reported having used alcohol mostly for Coping, Enhancement, Social, and Conformity Motives, respectively. Coping and Enhancement Motives were significantly correlated with alcohol use. Results were discussed within the findings in the literature.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivos traduzir e adaptar para o português brasileiro o instrumento psicométrico Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ-R), apresentando evidências de validade para essa versão. Essa medida avalia quatro dimensões da motivação para o uso de bebidas alcoólicas: motivos de tipo social, realce, coping e conformidade. O trabalho é apresentado em forma de dois artigos independentes. No primeiro, é feita uma revisão seletiva de literatura, buscando apresentar o construto, distingui-lo de expectativas sobre o uso de álcool e enfatizar seu papel como preditores e mediadores em estudos na área. No segundo artigo, são apresentados dois estudos sobre a estrutura fatorial da versão em português brasileiro do DMQ-R. Estratégias exploratórias e confirmatórias foram empregadas de forma complementar para investigar a estrutura mais representativa dos dados amostrais. Um modelo revisado de quatro fatores foi selecionado como a melhor alternativa, sendo apresentadas dificuldades metodológicas dos estudos e sugestões para estudos futuros. / This work aimed to translate and adapt to Brazilian Portuguese the Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ-R) presenting validity evidences to this version. The measure assesses four dimensions of alcohol use motivation: social, enhancement, coping and conformity. The work is organized in two independent papers. In the first one, a review of the literature is done, presenting the construct, differentiating it from drinking expectancies and emphasizing its role as predictors and mediators of alcohol use. In the second one, two studies regarding the factorial structure of the Brazilian Portuguese version of DMQ-R are presented. Exploratory and confirmatory strategies were employed complementarily to evaluate the most representative structure for the data. A revised, four-factor model was chosen as the best solution. Methodological difficulties and suggestions for future research are discussed.