Learner absenteeism is one of the major precursors to poor academic performance. If learners miss school, they do not learn and ultimately they fail or drop-out. Notwithstanding, this problem does not receive the attention it deserves. A literature study, which reviewed research findings concerning absenteeism in South Africa and selected countries, provided a framework for the ensuing empirical inquiry. A qualitative study using in-depth interviews, focus group interviews, document review and observation as data gathering techniques focused on two selected primary schools with a high rate of learner absenteeism in the Acornhoek area of Mpumalanga, South Africa. Participants were purposefully selected as information rich candidates: absentee learners, parents of absentee learners, teachers and school principals. Learner absenteeism negatively impacts effective professional practice, that is, teaching and learning. The study concludes with recommendations to prevent learner absenteeism in order to improve teaching and learning in South African primary schools. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / M. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

本研究旨在探討國民中學中輟學生返校復學成功之案例，主要研究目的有四：一、分析中輟學生復學的原因與過程；二、探討中輟復學生之需求；三、了解學校幫助中輟復學生之安置措施及其困境；四、探析成功輔導中輟復學生之輔導策略，以供輔導國民中學輔導中輟復學生參考。 研究方法採用半結構式的訪談和焦點團體之質性研究，首先以文獻探討與本研究有關之理論與相關研究，以作為論文研究架構之基礎；本研究以台北縣某國中八位中輟復學生為研究對象，另再進行兩場教師焦點團體，深入探討學生中輟復學的相關因素。 本研究的研究結果歸納如下： 一、中輟復學生整體復學原因與過程 1、安置回原班的穩定效果；2、設計溫暖及接納的學習環境；3、畢業證書的誘因；4、案主的自覺；5、同儕團體的協助；6、家庭功能的改善；7、外在誘因的消失等等。 二、中輟復學生需求 1、家庭功能改善；2、能接納、包容的導師；3、他人的認同、尊重、關懷與包容；4、課業方面的協助；5、正向示範引導的友伴等等。 三、中輟復學生之安置措施及其困境 在中輟復學生返校復學後，學校經常有的安置措施：1、中輟復學生返回原班；2、以專案輔導機制協助，如邀請參加認輔制度、技藝班或是高關懷班；3、專任輔導老師長期協助；4、轉介請社會局或是鄰近醫院協助處理。在安置困境方面：1、教師輔導知能專業不足；2、輔導黃金時段無法掌握；3、家庭功能不健全；4、學校課程設計的不利因素；5、社會誘因仍大等等。 四、成功輔導中輟學生復學的輔導策略 1、協助復學生做好心理建設；2、建立學校協助父母的諮詢及輔導管道；3、提供讓中輟生具成就感的教學，開發復學生的潛能；4、師生關係平日即能建立情感，老師對學生一視同仁；5、〈1〉、把握契機〈2〉、耐心陪伴、等待個案成熟〈3〉、與復學生一起設定目標等策略運用；6、建立復學生正向楷模的同儕關係；7、家庭訪問等等。 最後，本研究針對上述研究發現加以討論，並提出具體性建議，供各國民中學輔導中輟復學生之參考，及未來後續研究之建議。 / The purpose of this research is to discuss the successful cases of drop out junior high school students to go back to school, and the four major research purposes are: 1. Analyzing the reasons and process for drop out school students to go back to school; 2. Discussing the needs of them; 3. Realizing school’s arrangement measures and difficulty in assisting them; 4. Analyzing the assistance strategy that assist them successfully, and propose to junior high schools as the reference to assist them. The research methods are semistructured interviewing and qualitative research of focus group. First step is to discuss the theory relevant to this research and relevant researches by literature, and as the basis of the framework of thesis research. The research objects are 8 drop out school students of one junior high school in Taipei County; furthermore, two teacher focus groups are held to discuss factors relevant to drop out school students’ back to school. The research results are concluded as below: 1. Reasons and process for drop out school students to go back to school 1.1 Stability effect of arrange them to original classes; 1.2 Designing warm and accepting learning environments; 1.3 Attraction of diploma; 1.4 Self-awareness of them; 1.5 Assistance from same generation group; 1.6 Improvement of family function; 1.7 Elimination of outside attraction. 2. The needs of them 2.1 Improvement of family function; 2.2 Teachers that could accept and tolerate them; 2.3 Identification, respect, care and tolerance from others; 2.4 Assistance in study; 2.5 Friends that could guide them positively. 3. Arrangement measures and difficulty in assisting them Frequent arrangement measures by schools after they back to school: 3.1 Arrange them to original classes; 3.2 Offer project assistance system, such as inviting them to join assistance system, skill training class or class with high care; 3.3 Long term assistance by specialized assistance teacher 3.4 Introduce and transfer them to department of social welfare or nearby hospitals for assistance. For the difficulty in arrangement: 3.5 Teachers do not have enough specialized assistance knowledge; 3.6 Could not handle the best time for assistance; 3.7 Family function is not complete; 3.8 Disadvantage factors of school’s course design; 3.9 Social attraction is still high. 4. Assistance strategy that assist them successfully 4.1 Assist them to establish their psychology; 4.2 Establish consulting and assistance channel to help parents; 4.3 Provide teaching that could make them feel accomplished and develop their potential; 4.4 Establish emotion between teachers and students in daily life, and teachers shall treat all students alike; 4.5 (1) Hold the turning point, (2) Accompany them patiently and waiting them to become mature, (3) Set up goals with them; 4.6 Establishing their relation with same generation of positive example; 4.7 Family interview. Finally, specific suggestions are addressed after the discussion of the above research results, and propose to junior high schools as the reference for assisting drop out school students and suggestion for follow-up researches.

Au Québec, entre 2002-2003 et 2012-2013, le taux de sortie sans diplôme ni qualification en formation générale des jeunes aurait atteint une diminution de 6,9 points. Alors qu’il se situait à 22,2 % une décennie plus tôt, ce taux s’établissait à 15,3 % en 2012-2013 (MÉLS, 2014). Malgré cette diminution appréciable du taux annuel de décrochage, l’abandon des études avant l’obtention d’un diplôme d’études secondaires ou d’une qualification équivalente continue d’être une préoccupation importante dans le monde scolaire en raison des conséquences qui en émanent (MÉES, 2015). Qu’elles soient liées au jeune qualifié de décrocheur ou à la société, les études portant sur les conséquences s’attardent principalement aux problèmes économiques (participation moins active à la société de production), sanitaires (développement plus fréquent de problèmes physiques et de santé mentale) et sociaux (adaptation sociale déficitaire et déviance) qui découlent du décrochage scolaire (Janosz, 2000; Blaya, 2010). Le phénomène du décrochage scolaire est aussi étudié en fonction des normes transgressées. Qu’il soit question de la description typologique des jeunes à risque de décrocher, de l’étude des facteurs de risque de quitter prématurément l’école ou de l’institutionnalisation du discours sur le phénomène, le décrochage scolaire est analysé comme un geste inapproprié posé par un jeune qui ne répond pas positivement aux conventions sociales (Bernard, 2011). Le jeune ayant quitté prématurément l’école se retrouve ainsi automatiquement placé en situation de déviance par rapport à une norme qui valorise la diplomation et la poursuite des études. Les données statistiques et les écrits sur les conséquences liées au décrochage scolaire ou sur la déviance ne nous permettent cependant pas d’accéder au point de vue du jeune qualifié de décrocheur. C’est en raison de cette lacune que ce présent mémoire a sollicité la participation de jeunes ayant quitté prématurément l’école secondaire afin qu’ils se livrent sur leur expérience. En prenant appui sur l’interactionnisme symbolique, ce mémoire tente de comprendre comment est vécue la situation de décrochage scolaire en fonction de l’analyse que les participants font de leur expérience. Huit jeunes ont ainsi été invités à raconter, lors d’un entretien individuel de type « récit de vie », leurs perceptions quant à la situation de décrochage qui leur est attribuée et quant aux conséquences qu’ils en dégagent. L’analyse des différents discours a permis de faire ressortir que les participants ont rencontré de nombreuses adversités en amont de leur fréquentation scolaire qui ont créé des besoins spécifiques chez eux. Une inadéquation sévère entre leurs besoins personnels et ceux de l’institution scolaire serait un des éléments déclencheurs de l’arrêt prématuré de leurs études. Une inadéquation qui les exclut du système scolaire et qui les pousse à rejeter l’école à force d’y vivre des situations insupportables. Leurs besoins n’atteignant pas les objectifs fixés par l’école, les jeunes ont perdu l’espoir de trouver un sens à leurs études. Aujourd’hui, les participants à cette étude prennent conscience des conséquences qu’ils ont vécues ou qu’ils continuent de vivre depuis leur sortie de l’école. Ils rencontreraient des lacunes sur le savoir et le savoir-faire, auraient accumulé un déficit de motivation, présenteraient une faible estime de soi, vivraient des situations de stigmatisation et de marginalisation, éprouveraient des difficultés d’intégration sociale et socioprofessionnelle et auraient développé un manque de confiance en l’avenir. / In Quebec, between 2002-2003 and 2012-2013, the rate of teenagers leaving high school without the full completion of the general program has dropped by 6.9 points. Presenting itself to be 22.2% a decade ago, it stood at 15.3% in 2012-2013 (MÉLS, 2014). Despite a considerable decrease in the annual dropout rate, this phenomenon remains an important preoccupation in education because of its numerous consequences for the teenager and society (MÉES, 2015). Studies on this matter have identified consequences on several levels, being economical (less active in society’s production), sanitary (more frequent development of physical and mental health problems) and social (poor social adaptation and deviance) (Blaya, 2010; Janosz, 2000). The phenomenon of early school leaving is also studied as a transgression of social norms. Wether it’s studies on the typological description of at risk youth, the risk factors of dropping out or the institutionalized speech on the matter, from this point of view, dropping out is analysed as an inacceptable response to social conventions (Bernard, 2011). Therefore, the teenager who quits school prematurely is automatically considered a deviant since his actions have disobeyed social norms. Many studies on the consequences of this phenomenon as well as it’s statistical data are present in the literature, but unfortunately, the point of view of teenagers labeled as dropouts is not brought forward. In light of this observation, this thesis solicited the participation of teenagers who left high school prematurely to offer them the space to describe their experience. Based on symbolic interactionism, this thesis tries to understand the experience of dropping out according to the teenager’s point of view. In an individual interview using a life narrative method, eight teenagers were invited to deliver their perception on the dropout label which they were attributed and the consequences that resulted. The analysis of the participant’s narratives highlight the numerous adversities they went through during their school years and the individualized needs that resulted. Their narratives show the severe inadequate response by the school institution to their individual needs as a trigger to their premature leave. Living through frequent unbearable situations due to this inadequate response pushed them to be excluded from the school system and to reject school. Unfortunately, the participant's needs were not part of the school’s fixed objectives leaving them to lose hope in finding a sense to their schooling. The participants of this study now realise the consequences they have lived and live to this day since they quit school. They present shortcomings in their knowledge, an accumulated lack of motivation, poor self-esteem, situations of stigmatisation and marginalisation, difficulties integrating socially and professionally and finally, they have developed a lack of confidence in what their future holds.

Learner absenteeism is one of the major precursors to poor academic performance. If learners miss school, they do not learn and ultimately they fail or drop-out. Notwithstanding, this problem does not receive the attention it deserves. A literature study, which reviewed research findings concerning absenteeism in South Africa and selected countries, provided a framework for the ensuing empirical inquiry. A qualitative study using in-depth interviews, focus group interviews, document review and observation as data gathering techniques focused on two selected primary schools with a high rate of learner absenteeism in the Acornhoek area of Mpumalanga, South Africa. Participants were purposefully selected as information rich candidates: absentee learners, parents of absentee learners, teachers and school principals. Learner absenteeism negatively impacts effective professional practice, that is, teaching and learning. The study concludes with recommendations to prevent learner absenteeism in order to improve teaching and learning in South African primary schools. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / M. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

O número de cursos na modalidade a distância tem aumentado consideravelmente no mundo, porém existe um grande receio por parte de muitos que o ensino nessa modalidade tenha qualidade inferior ao apresentado na modalidade presencial. Contudo a qualidade do ensino não decorre da presença de todos os envolvidos num mesmo local, e sim da implementação de ações que facilitem o processo de aprendizagem. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo produzir um módulo didático, em hipermídia, para a disciplina de Fundamentos de Astronomia e Astrofísica, a ser ministrada na modalidade a distância aos alunos do curso de licenciatura em Física e a outros alunos interessados, vinculados à UFRGS, por meio de um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem, que tornasse possível um ensino de qualidade nessa modalidade. Com esse intuito, foi elaborada uma adaptação do hipertexto Astronomia e Astrofísica dos Professores Kepler de Souza Oliveira Filho e Maria de Fátima Oliveira Saraiva, procurando colocá-lo num formato mais adequado para a aprendizagem sem a presença do professor. Para atingir a meta de favorecer uma aprendizagem significativa ausubeliana, os conteúdos das aulas foram organizados de forma a propiciar a diferenciação progressiva e a reconciliação integradora, e no desenvolvimento das atividades propostas, a interação social vygostkyana entre os alunos, no ambiente virtual. O módulo de ensino está dividido em três áreas e contém 28 aulas no total, todas tendo a mesma estrutura básica: objetivos, introdução, desenvolvimento, resumo e atividades de fixação. Também são utilizados aplicativos (applets) de uso livre na rede e outros recursos próprios do ambiente virtual de aprendizagem tais como fóruns e questionários. O material foi aplicado no segundo semestre de 2011, 2011/2, tendo sido trabalhado com uma turma de 25 alunos matriculados. No final de cada uma das três áreas, os alunos foram submetidos a uma avaliação presencial, sendo a nota de cada área estabelecida a partir de uma composição entre as participações nas atividades propostas no ambiente virtual e na prova presencial. A média final foi calculada pela média aritmética das notas de cada área. Os resultados foram bastante satisfatórios do ponto de vista de desempenho e aproveitamento dos alunos participantes, mas não corresponderam à expectativa de diminuição da taxa de abandono da disciplina. O mesmo material, com algumas melhorias, foi reaplicado no primeiro semestre de 2012, com resultados semelhantes aos de 2011/2. Novamente, os alunos que se dedicaram ao estudo conseguiram ter na modalidade a distância um aproveitamento tão bom quanto os alunos dedicados das turmas presenciais; no entanto, o taxa de abandono, principalmente por parte dos alunos de Licenciatura Noturna, permaneceu alta. / The number of online distance learning courses has greatly increased worldwide, but there is a great concern shared by many that this type of teaching modality offers lower quality than that offered by onsite courses. However, we understand that the quality of education does not follow from the onsite presence of all participants, but from the implementation of actions that facilitate the learning process. This study aims at producing a high quality hypermedia didactic module to the online teaching of the Fundamentals of Astronomy and Astrophysics to the undergraduate students and students alike who are linked to UFRGS through a virtual environment. In addition, to achieve such goal, an adaptation of the Astronomy and Astrophysics hypertext by Dr. Kepler Oliveira de Souza Filho and Dr. Maria de Fatima Oliveira Saraiva was accomplished. Also, to carry out the Ausubelian meaningful teaching method class contents were organized in a way to encourage the progressive differentiation and integrative reconciliation of Ausubel. Furthermore, the Vygostkyan social interaction method was applied to the development of activities among the distance learning students. The teaching module is divided into three areas and contains 28 lessons in total, all having the same basic structure: objectives, introduction, development, summary and fixation activities. Freeware applets and other virtual learning environment resources such as forums and questionnaires were used. The teaching resources were applied in the second semester of 2011, 2011/2, to a class of 25 enrolled students. At the end of each of the three areas the students were submitted to an on-site assessment: the score of each area was established from a composition between the participation in the online proposed activities and the test applied. The final average was calculated as the arithmetic average of the ratings for each area. The results were quite satisfactory from the point of view of performance and progress of the participating students, but did not correspond to the expected decrease in the class drop-out rate. The same class material, with some improvements, was reapplied in the first semester of 2012, with results similar to those of 2011/2. Again, dedicated students benefited from the distance learning course as much as the best students of the onsite course. Nonetheless, the drop-out rate, mainly by evening class undergraduate students, remained high.

No description available.

Cette étude doctorale a été réalisée avec objectif de déterminer le niveau d’efficacité interne de l’enseignement primaire aux pays de la CEPGL et le progrès atteint vers l’éducation pour tous après la période des conflits ethniques et armés. En plus, spécifiquement pour le Rwanda, d’identifier les facteurs individuels, familiaux et scolaires explicatifs du phénomène redoublement et abandon à l’école primaire. Les données de notre analyse proviennent des différents rapports des ministères, des organisations internationales et des travaux des chercheurs. L’analyse de l’enseignement primaire des pays de la CEPGL, à partir des indicateurs d’offre et de la demande, montre que des progrès ont été réalisés après la période des conflits, mais des contraintes majeures persistent : gestion de l’information, insuffisance d’infrastructures et d’équipements d’appui à l’apprentissage, traitement des enseignants, inégalité entre milieux urbain et rural. L’analyse de l’efficacité interne a démontré que le taux de déperdition est très élevé, rendant le système moins efficace ; peu d’élèves terminent le cycle de l’enseignement primaire et les écoles privées sont plus performantes que les écoles publiques. Pour répondre à la question « quels sont les facteurs individuels, familiaux et scolaires qui expliquent le redoublement et d’abandon », nous avons mené une enquête dans 89 écoles primaires au Rwanda, sur 831 élèves, 890 enseignants, 89 directeurs d’écoles, 354 parents d’élèves et 32 personnes en charge de l’éducation au niveau des districts et au niveau central du ministère de l’Education. Les données collectées pendant l’année scolaire 2008 ont été saisies et analysées à partir du logiciel SPSS et STATA. Les statistiques descriptives et de régression logistique binaire ont permis d’obtenir les résultats qui démontrent les facteurs explicatifs et non explicatifs de redoublement et d'abandon scolaire. Parmi les facteurs explicatifs de redoublement scolaire à l’école primaire au Rwanda, il y a le statut de l’école, le milieu de vie, des variables individuelles qui caractérisent l'élève (sexe, âge), des variables qui caractérisent la famille (niveau d’études de la mère, nombre d’enfants en famille, distance domicile-école) ainsi que d'autres variables comme la taille des classes, âge et ancienneté professionnelle de l'enseignant et connaissance d’ordinateur. Parmi les facteurs qui expliquent l’abandon scolaire à l’école primaire au Rwanda il y a principalement la survie des parents, leur profession, la taille des classes et le fait d'avoir redoublé. / This PhD study has been achieved with objective to carry out the level of internal efficiency of the primary education in the CEPGL countries and the progress reaches toward the education for all after the period of ethnic and armed conflicts. In addition, specifically for Rwanda, to underline the individual, families and school factors explanatory of the repetition and drop-out in the primary schools. The data of our analysis come from different reports of ministries, international organizations and publications of researchers. The analysis of the primary education inside CEPGL countries, by the indicators that document education supply and demand, show that, after the period of conflicts, progress has been achieved, but some major constraints persist: management of information, lacks of infrastructures, equipment support to teaching and learning, remuneration of teachers, inequality between urban and rural area, insufficiency of financial supports, etc. The analysis of the internal efficiency demonstrated that the rate of dwindle is high and influenced a poor level in internal efficiency of primary education of all those countries; few pupils achieve the cycle of primary education and the private schools and “libre subsidié” (mainly clerical schools subsidized by Government) are more effective than the public schools as well as for levels P3 and P5. To answer the question "what are the individual, families and school factors that explain the repetition and drop-out", we conducted a survey in 89 primary schools in Rwanda, on 831 pupils, 890 teachers, 89 head teachers, 354 parents of pupils and 32 persons in charge of education at central ministry of Education and districts level. The data, collected during the school year 2008, have been treated and analyzed using SPSS and STATA. The descriptive statistics and binary logistical regression permitted to get the results that demonstrate the explanatory factors of repetition and school drop-out. Among the explanatory factors of school repetition in the primary school in Rwanda, there is the statute of school, area of residence, the individual variables that characterize pupil (sex, age), the variables characterized families (level of study of the parents, number of children in family, distance) as well as other school variables (size of the classes, age and experience of teacher and computer skills of teachers). Among the factors that explain the school drop-out in the primary school in Rwanda, there are survival of parents, the profession of parents, the classes' size and the past repetitions in the school career.

O número de cursos na modalidade a distância tem aumentado consideravelmente no mundo, porém existe um grande receio por parte de muitos que o ensino nessa modalidade tenha qualidade inferior ao apresentado na modalidade presencial. Contudo a qualidade do ensino não decorre da presença de todos os envolvidos num mesmo local, e sim da implementação de ações que facilitem o processo de aprendizagem. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo produzir um módulo didático, em hipermídia, para a disciplina de Fundamentos de Astronomia e Astrofísica, a ser ministrada na modalidade a distância aos alunos do curso de licenciatura em Física e a outros alunos interessados, vinculados à UFRGS, por meio de um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem, que tornasse possível um ensino de qualidade nessa modalidade. Com esse intuito, foi elaborada uma adaptação do hipertexto Astronomia e Astrofísica dos Professores Kepler de Souza Oliveira Filho e Maria de Fátima Oliveira Saraiva, procurando colocá-lo num formato mais adequado para a aprendizagem sem a presença do professor. Para atingir a meta de favorecer uma aprendizagem significativa ausubeliana, os conteúdos das aulas foram organizados de forma a propiciar a diferenciação progressiva e a reconciliação integradora, e no desenvolvimento das atividades propostas, a interação social vygostkyana entre os alunos, no ambiente virtual. O módulo de ensino está dividido em três áreas e contém 28 aulas no total, todas tendo a mesma estrutura básica: objetivos, introdução, desenvolvimento, resumo e atividades de fixação. Também são utilizados aplicativos (applets) de uso livre na rede e outros recursos próprios do ambiente virtual de aprendizagem tais como fóruns e questionários. O material foi aplicado no segundo semestre de 2011, 2011/2, tendo sido trabalhado com uma turma de 25 alunos matriculados. No final de cada uma das três áreas, os alunos foram submetidos a uma avaliação presencial, sendo a nota de cada área estabelecida a partir de uma composição entre as participações nas atividades propostas no ambiente virtual e na prova presencial. A média final foi calculada pela média aritmética das notas de cada área. Os resultados foram bastante satisfatórios do ponto de vista de desempenho e aproveitamento dos alunos participantes, mas não corresponderam à expectativa de diminuição da taxa de abandono da disciplina. O mesmo material, com algumas melhorias, foi reaplicado no primeiro semestre de 2012, com resultados semelhantes aos de 2011/2. Novamente, os alunos que se dedicaram ao estudo conseguiram ter na modalidade a distância um aproveitamento tão bom quanto os alunos dedicados das turmas presenciais; no entanto, o taxa de abandono, principalmente por parte dos alunos de Licenciatura Noturna, permaneceu alta. / The number of online distance learning courses has greatly increased worldwide, but there is a great concern shared by many that this type of teaching modality offers lower quality than that offered by onsite courses. However, we understand that the quality of education does not follow from the onsite presence of all participants, but from the implementation of actions that facilitate the learning process. This study aims at producing a high quality hypermedia didactic module to the online teaching of the Fundamentals of Astronomy and Astrophysics to the undergraduate students and students alike who are linked to UFRGS through a virtual environment. In addition, to achieve such goal, an adaptation of the Astronomy and Astrophysics hypertext by Dr. Kepler Oliveira de Souza Filho and Dr. Maria de Fatima Oliveira Saraiva was accomplished. Also, to carry out the Ausubelian meaningful teaching method class contents were organized in a way to encourage the progressive differentiation and integrative reconciliation of Ausubel. Furthermore, the Vygostkyan social interaction method was applied to the development of activities among the distance learning students. The teaching module is divided into three areas and contains 28 lessons in total, all having the same basic structure: objectives, introduction, development, summary and fixation activities. Freeware applets and other virtual learning environment resources such as forums and questionnaires were used. The teaching resources were applied in the second semester of 2011, 2011/2, to a class of 25 enrolled students. At the end of each of the three areas the students were submitted to an on-site assessment: the score of each area was established from a composition between the participation in the online proposed activities and the test applied. The final average was calculated as the arithmetic average of the ratings for each area. The results were quite satisfactory from the point of view of performance and progress of the participating students, but did not correspond to the expected decrease in the class drop-out rate. The same class material, with some improvements, was reapplied in the first semester of 2012, with results similar to those of 2011/2. Again, dedicated students benefited from the distance learning course as much as the best students of the onsite course. Nonetheless, the drop-out rate, mainly by evening class undergraduate students, remained high.

This research was a reanalysis of an extant data set on a Youth Employment Demonstration Projects Act (YEDPA) summer program. The ten week, seven site program combined classroom training with a worksite experience and was targeted to drop-outs, potential drop—outs and adjudicated youth. Eligible youth were randomly assigned to participant and control groups and were measured at pre— and postprogram and three and eight month follow-up. The data set included information on 1901 participant and 978 control youth.

De nos jours, les systèmes de contrôle-commande temps-réel distribués à travers un réseau de communication sont de plus en plus utilisés dans les secteurs de l’automobile, de l’avionique, de la robotique mobile, de la télécommunication et plus généralement de la conduite de procédés industriels. En comparaison avec les systèmes de contrôle point-à-point conventionnel, un système contrôlé en réseau (SCR) permet non seulement de réduire le câblage et les coûts d’installation, mais offre aussi plus de flexibilité pour faire évoluer une installation existante et favorise les actions de diagnostic et de maintenance. Comme le réseau est partagé par plusieurs boucles de contrôle et par d’autres applications, la conséquence est que le trafic de communication est difficilement maîtrisable, ce qui peut conduire à des pertes de messages et engendre des délais aléatoires. Par ailleurs, le diagnostic et la tolérance aux défauts sont des enjeux importants pour les SCR, particulièrement dans le cas ou le domaine d’utilisation exige une grande sécurité. Il est évident que la théorie et l’application des approches classiques de diagnostic et de tolérance aux défauts doivent être révisées lorsqu’il s’agit de SCR.L’étude des SCR, reposant sur des compétences en automatique, en informatique et en réseau propose naturellement des solutions propres à chaque domaine. La problématique du diagnostic des SCR consiste non seulement à détecter et localiser des défauts affectant l’ensemble du système mais aussi à distinguer, les perturbations et défaillances affectant le réseau de communication de celles du système contrôle. L’objectif de nos travaux de thèse est de proposer des modèles intégrés permettant de représenter le comportement des SCR et de contribuer à leurs diagnostics. / Real-time control systems distributed across communication networks are increasingly used in automotive, avionics, mobile robotics, and telecommunications and more generally in the conduct of industrial processes. Compared with point- to-point conventional control systems, a networked control system (NCS) can not only reduce wiring and installation costs, but also offer more flexibility to expand an existing facility and promote actions of diagnosis and maintenance. As the network is shared by multiple control loops and other applications, the result is that the communication traffic is difficult to control, which can lead to loss of messages and generate random delays.Diagnosis and fault tolerance are important issues for NCS, especially in the case where the area of application requires security. It’s obvious that the theory and application of conventional approaches to diagnosis and fault tolerance need to be revised when it comes to NCS.The study of the NCS, based on automatic skills, computer science and network competences naturally provides adequate solutions to each area. The problem of NCS diagnosis is the one hand to detect and locate faults affecting the whole system and on the other hand to distinguish, disturbances and malfunctions affecting the communication network of the control system.Our work aims is to propose integrated models to represent the behavior of NCS and contribute to its diagnosis.