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No. of bitstreams: 1 Edson Silva Barbosa Leal.pdf: 3379053 bytes, checksum: b1fe194b6edd33f847fe31aef1c6cccf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In terrestrial biome Caatinga, although this is the only exclusively Brazilian biome and one of the 37 major natural regions of the world along with the Amazon and the Cerrado (Savannah), as well as presenting only 52,6% of its original vegetation cover due the fast rate of deforestation and desertification that affects the region, the lack of knowledge about the diversity, taxonomy, ecology, geographic distribution and conservation status of the bats undermine conservation and management initiatives (only 2% of the biome is protected by law), as well as regional analysis and the comparison of the diversity and richness among different areas. This study aims (i) identify the components of the community of Chiroptera in three geographical areas of Caatinga in the states of Paraíba and Ceará, (ii) calculate and compare the indexes of Diversity, Richness, Dominance, Similarity and Equitability and (iii) verify the influence of seasonality in the richness, abundance and composition on the species in the studied areas. After a capture effort of 216,2 X 105 h.m² (24,0 105 h.m2 per area) 454 bats were captured (excluding 34 recaptures), belonging to 19 species, 16 genera and five families: Phyllostomidae (12 species/418 captures), Noctilionidae (2/5), Vespertilionidae (3/24), Emballonuridae (1/6) e Molossidae (1/1). Distributed in seven trophic guilds, with a higher representation of frugivorouss, insectivorous and nectarivorous. 142 specimens of 11 species were captured, with two exclusives, Peropteryx macrotis and Noctilio albiventris, In Pé Branco Farm, Coremas, PB (Area I) four families were registred; In Galante Ranch, São José de Piranhas, PB (Area II), 137 specimens of 11 families where captured, two exclusives (Micronycteris megalotis and Molossus molossus) and 175 specimens of 13 species, with five exclusives (Artibeus lituratus, Sturnira lilium, Phyllostomus discolor, Eptesicus sp. and Lasiurus blossevillii), belonging to two families in Cajuí Ranch, Milagres, CE (Area III). Among the 19 species that were collected, there is a highlight to the first record of Noctilio albiventris to the state of Paraíba. The present record expands to 57 the number of bat species listed for the Paraíba and to 39 that registered in this Caatinga. It emphasizes that the increment of surveys directed to noctilionids in this state, may probably result not only in new records, but also in obtaining data to help to infer about its conservation status this species considered a bio-indicator of water quality and water pollution. its distribution and, abundance, may be strongly related to physical and chemical qualities of the habitat. The most abundant species in these inventories were Artibeus planirostris (n=241; 53,08%), followed by Carolliia perspicillata (n=89; 19,60%), Glossophaga soricina (n=50; 11,01%) and Myotis nigricans (n=22; 4,84%), that, together, represent 84,55% of all the specimens captured. With a low diversity, except when compared with all the sampling region, due the dominance of A. planirostris, C. perspicillata and G. soricina, the richness observed in each area is inside the expected to the Caatinga, despite the fact that the richness estimators mean used, based on the abundance and the incidence, indicates a poor sampling effort against the capture effort used in the areas I (PB) (Ec=2000 h.net; Sobs=11; Chao 1= 12 (Min.), Jacknife 2= 17,68 (Max.), Med.= 13,74; H’=0,79; 1-D=0,60; Eq=0,33 Dbp=0,59; Ds=0,40), II (PB) (Ec=2000 h.net; Sobs= 11; Bootstrap= 12,81 (Min.), Chao 2= 20,44 (Max.), Med.= 15,64; H’=0,78; 1-D=0,62; Eq=0,33; Dbp=0,58; Ds=0,38) and III (CE) (Ec=2000 h.net; Sobs= 13; Bootstrap= 15,22 (Min.), Chao 2= 20,35 (Max.), Med.= 21,14; H’=0,99; 1-D=0,73; Eq=0,39 Dbp=0,44; Ds=0,27) and in total sampling (Ec=6000 h.net; Sobs=19; Bootstrap= 22,16 (Min.), Chao 2= 32,75 (Max.), Med= 26,39; H’=1,57; 1-D=0,67; Eq=0,53 Dbp=0,18; Ds=0,11). The t test (student) shows that there is no significant difference between the Shannon diversity indexes to the pairs: Areas I (PB) and II (PB) (Tcalc=0,062; gl=278,52; p>0,05), Areas I (PB) and III (CE) (Tcalc=1,29; gl=309,19; p>0,05) and, Areas II (PB) and III (CE) (Tcalc=1,34; gl=299,94; p>0,05). As for the similarity, the closest are I and II (PB) (J=0, 57; Cn=0, 86) and the less similar are II (PB) and III (CE) (J=0, 41; Cn=0, 78), with a mean of the general similarity level of 46% (Jaccard) and 80% (Sonresen). In the total sampling, there was a variation in abundance and richness among the dry season (152 specimens, 17 species), which represented 33, 48% and 89, 47$ of the total of captures and species registered, respectively, and rainy (302 or 66, 52%; 13 or 68, 42%), with a significant difference in abundance (x2 = 51.345, gl = 18, p = 0). Eleven species occurred in both seasons and eight were exclusives, two in the rainy season, L. blossevillii (n=1) and M. molossus (n=1) and six in the dry season, P. macrotis (n=6), N. albiventris (n=2), M. megalotis (n=1), P. discolor (n=1), S. lilium (n=1) and Eptesicus sp. (n=1). The amount of captures per species varied between the dry and rainy season, with a significant difference for A. planirostris (181/rainy and 60/dry), the most abundant species, and C. perspicillata (62/rainy and 27/dry), more abundant in the rainy season. There was no significant difference in the species abundance between the two seasons in areas II (PB) (X2 = 17.102, gl = 10, p = 0.0721) and III (CE) (X2 = 3.743, gl = 12, p = 0.9876), only in area I (PB) (X2 = 53.365, gl = 10, p = 0). And, in general, there was no significant difference in the specific richness between the dry and rainy seasons among the three geographical areas studied (X2 =0,554; gl =2; p =0, 75). / No bioma Caatinga, apesar deste ser o único exclusivamente brasileiro e uma das 37 grandes regiões naturais do mundo ao lado da Amazônia e do Cerrado, bem como apresentar apenas 52,6% de sua cobertura vegetal original devido ao acelerado ritmo de descaracterização e desertificação que acomete a região, a deficiência no conhecimento da diversidade, taxonomia, ecologia, distribuição geográfica e status de conservação de morcegos prejudicam iniciativas conservacionistas (apenas 2% do bioma é protegido por lei) e de manejo, bem como análises regionais e a comparação da diversidade e riqueza específica entre diversas áreas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos (i) identificar os componentes da comunidade de Chiroptera em três áreas geográficas de Caatinga nos estados da Paraíba e Ceará, (ii) calcular e comparar os Índices de Diversidade, Riqueza, Dominância, Similaridade e Equitabilidade e, (iii) verificar a influência da sazonalidade na riqueza, abundância e composição de espécies nos ambientes estudados. Após um esforço de captura de 216,2 x 105 h.m2 (24,0 105 h.m2 por área) foram capturados 454 morcegos (excluindo 34 recapturas), pertencentes a 19 espécies, 16 gêneros e cinco famílias: Phyllostomidae (12 espécies/418 capturas), Noctilionidae (2/5), Vespertilionidae (3/24), Emballonuridae (1/6) e Molossidae (1/1). Distribuídos em sete guildas tróficas, com maior representação de frugívoros, insetívoros e nectarívoros. Foram obtidos 142 indivíduos de 11 espécies, com duas exclusivas, Peropteryx macrotis e Noctilio albiventris, Na Fazenda Pé Branco, Coremas, PB (Área I) foram registradas quatro famílias; Para o Sítio Galante, São José de Piranhas, PB (Área II), foram listadas 137 indivíduos de 11 espécies, duas exclusivas (Micronycteris megalotis e Molossus molossus e 175 indivíduos de 13 espécies, com cinco exclusivas (Artibeus lituratus, Sturnira lilium, Phyllostomus discolor, Eptesicus sp. e Lasiurus blossevillii) distribuídos entre duas famílias no Sítio Cajuí, Milagres, CE (Área III). Das 19 espécies coletadas no geral, destaca-se o primeiro registro de Noctilio albiventris para o estado da Paraíba. O presente registro expande para 57 o número de espécies listadas para a Paraíba e para 39 aquele registrado na Caatinga desta. E, enfatiza que o incremento de levantamentos direcionados aos noctilionídeos nesse estado, deve resultar não apenas em novos registros, mas também na obtenção de dados que ajudem a inferir sobre o status de conservação dessa espécie considerada uma bio-indicadora de qualidade de água e poluição aquática. Cuja distribuição, e abundância, pode estar fortemente relacionada a qualidade física e química do habitat. A espécie mais abundante nesses inventários foi Artibeus planirostris (n=241; 53,08%), seguida por Carolliia perspicillata (n=89; 19,60%), Glossophaga soricina (n=50; 11,01%) e Myotis nigricans (n=22; 4,84%), que juntas representam 84,55% de todos os indivíduos capturados. Com uma diversidade baixa, salvo quando considerado toda a região amostral, devido à dominância de A. planirostris, C. perspicillata e G. soricina, a riqueza observada em cada área está dentro do esperado para a Caatinga, apesar de a média dos estimadores de riqueza, baseados na abundância e incidência, utilizados indicar um esforço amostral insatisfatório diante do esforço de captura empregado nas áreas I (PB) (Ec=2000 h.rede; Sobs=11; Chao 1= 12 (Mín.), Jacknife 2= 17,68 (Máx.), Méd.= 13,74; H’=0,79; 1-D=0,60; Eq=0,33 Dbp=0,59; Ds=0,40), II (PB) (Ec=2000 h.rede; Sobs= 11; Bootstrap= 12,81 (Mín.), Chao 2= 20,44 (Máx.), Méd.= 15,64; H’=0,78; 1-D=0,62; Eq=0,33; Dbp=0,58; Ds=0,38) e III (CE) (Ec=2000 h.rede; Sobs= 13; Bootstrap= 15,22 (Mín.), Chao 2= 20,35 (Máx.), Méd.= 21,14; H’=0,99; 1-D=0,73; Eq=0,39 Dbp=0,44; Ds=0,27) e na amostragem total (Ec=6000 h.rede; Sobs=19; Bootstrap= 22,16 (Mín.), Chao 2= 32,75 (Máx.), Média= 26,39; H’=1,57; 1-D=0,67; Eq=0,53 Dbp=0,18; Ds=0,11). O Teste t (student) demonsstrou que não há diferenças significativas entre os índices de diversidade de Shannon para os pares: Áreas I (PB) e II (PB) (Tcalc=0,062; gl=278,52; p>0,05), Áreas I (PB) e III (CE) (Tcalc=1,29; gl=309,19; p>0,05) e, Áreas II (PB) e III (CE) (Tcalc=1,34; gl=299,94; p>0,05). Quanto à similaridade, as mais próximas são I e II (PB) (J=0,57; Cn=0,86) e as menos similares são II (PB) e III (CE) (J=0,41; Cn=0,78), sendo a média da taxa de similaridade geral de 46% (Jaccard) e 80% (Sonresen). Na amostragem geral ocorreu uma variação na abundância e riqueza entre a estação seca (152 capturas; 17 espécies), a qual representou 33,48% e 89,47% do total de capturas e espécies registradas no presente estudo, respectivamente, e chuvosa (302 ou 66,52%; 13 ou 68,42%), com diferença significativa na abundância (x2 = 51.345, gl = 18, p = 0). Onze espécies ocorreram nas duas estações e oito foram exclusivas, duas no período chuvoso L. blossevillii (n=1) e M. molossus (n=1) e seis no seco P. macrotis (n=6), N. albiventris (n=2), M. megalotis (n=1), P. discolor (n=1), S. lilium (n=1) e Eptesicus sp. (n=1). O número de capturas por espécie variou entre as estações seca e chuvosa, com diferença significativa para A. planirostris (181/chuvosa e 60/seca), a espécie mais abundante, e C. perspicillata (62/chuvosa e 27/seca), mais capturadas no período chuvoso. Não houve diferenças significativas na abundância das espécies entre as duas estações climáticas nas áreas II (PB) (X2 = 17.102, gl = 10, p = 0.0721) e III (CE) (X2 = 3.743, gl = 12, p = 0.9876), apenas para a área I (PB) (X2 = 53.365, gl = 10, p = 0). E, de forma geral, para as três áreas estudadas entre os períodos seco e chuvoso não houve diferenças significativas na riqueza específica (X2 =0,554; gl =2; p =0,75).

Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avaliar o potencial de acúmulo de carbono (C) em solos de cerrado sob diferentes usos florestais (Eucalyptus, Pinus versus vegetação natural) e as possíveis alterações ocorridas na ciclagem de nutrientes sob esse tipo de coberturas. Para isso, foram coletadas 30 amostras de solo (0-5, 10-25 e 35-50 cm) e de serrapilheira acumulada em plantios de Eucalyptus, Pinus e remanescentes de cerradão em quatro municípios do estado de SP, nas quais se determinou: pH, matéria orgânica (MO), C, macronutrientes e densidade, além da granulometria no solo. Os estoques de C do solo foram calculados através do ajuste e integração de equações exponenciais, obtendo-se valores entre 3,4 e 8,6 kgC.m-2.(na camada de 0 a 30 cm) e entre 5,7 e 11,3 kgC.m-2.(até 1m). Os resultados mostraram que a silvicultura de Eucalyptus e Pinus afeta o acúmulo de C e a ciclagem de nutrientes em áreas de cerrado. As alterações nos estoques de C ocorreram principalmente nos horizontes orgânicos e na camada superficial do solo em decorrência da substituição da MO original por outra de pior qualidade química. A influência do tipo de vegetação sobre o C da camada superficial do solo variou em função de características do sítio, verificando ganhos em alguns dos locais estudados, perdas em outros e ainda diferenças não significativas. Em profundidades maiores, o conteúdo de C mostrou-se fortemente relacionado com o teor de argila e diminuiu sob cultura de Eucalyptus e Pinus, sendo mais fortes as depleções sob Pinus. Nos plantios houve formação de horizontes orgânicos espessos, com concentrações de C elevadas. A concentração de nitrogênio (N), cálcio, magnésio e potássio do material aí acumulado foi menor do que nas áreas naturais, enquanto que a acidez e a relação C/N foram maiores. Isso pode inibir a decomposição, o que explicaria o maior armazenamento de C na serapilheira. A incorporação desse material ao solo implica em alterações da MO, que é um dos principais fatores de estruturação e fertilidade dos solos tropicais e foi afetada em quantidade e qualidade. As relações C/N quantificadas na camada superficial do solo foram significativamente maiores do que em áreas de vegetação natural, indicando substituição da MO nessa camada no tempo de vida dos plantios (~40 anos). Os resultados demonstram a ocorrência de alterações na qualidade química da MO na serapilheira e no solo superficial sob uso silvicultural, as quais podem originar maiores estoques e tempos de residência do C, mas também diminuições de recursos tróficos para a comunidade decompositora, com implicações no resto do ecossistema. Os resultados sugerem que a dinâmica do carbono do solo varia ao longo do perfil, sendo necessário esclarecer melhor os fatores que definem o carbono da camada superficial, maior em quantidade e mais sensível aos efeitos do manejo. / Effects on soil organic carbon storage potential and possible biogeochemical changes of established forest plantations were assessed in southeast Brazil, in Eucalyptus and Pinus plantations compared with natural areas of native dry forest (cerradão). 30 plots were randomly distributed for soil (0-5, 10-25 and 35-50 cm) and forest floor litter collection in mature plantations (~40 years old) and adjacent native forest. The design was replicated in 4 localities in Sao Paulo, southeast Brazil. Organic matter, organic carbon, macro nutrients, pH, density, and soil texture were determined. Soil organic carbon stocks were calculated through exponential equations adjustment and integration, values ranged from 3,4 to 8,6 kgC.m-2.(on the 0 and 30 cm layer) and from 5,7 to 11,3 kgC.m-2.(up to 1m). Soil organic carbon and biogeochemical features were affected under Eucalyptus and Pinus plantations. Changes in carbon stocks were stronger in organic layers and topsoil, due to the replacement of the original organic matter, causing chemical quality decrease. Effects of vegetation on topsoil organic carbon were site dependent, as plantations results in gains, losses and no remarkable differences between natural and forested areas. Eucalyptus and Pinus establishment led to organic carbon losses, which possibly conducted by soil disturbances at implementation of plantations. Carbon content was strongly related to clay at deeper layers, but not at shallower ones. Thicker organic layers with higher carbon content were found under plantations. Lower calcium, magnesium and potassium concentrations and higher acidity and C/N (carbon to nitrogen) ratios were measured at implanted forest floor litter layers. These changes could inhibit decomposition, explaining larger litter carbon storage. Soil organic matter is an important factor in maintaining tropical soil structure and fertility. It was affected by Eucalyptus and Pinus forestation. While litter organic mater is incorporated into the soil, it leads to soil organic matter chemical quality decreases. The topsoil C/N ratio measured in plantations was significantly higher than in natural vegetation areas, indicating organic matter replacement on this layer in plantations lifetime (~40 years). We concluded that litter and topsoil organic matter chemical properties were affected by forestation with Eucalyptus and Pinus, which could result in larger C stocks and residence times, but could also decrease trophic resources for decomposers, with implications on the whole ecosystem. The results suggest that soil carbon dynamics changes along the soil profile. Factors controlling surface soil carbon dynamics must be clarified further, as they contained high carbon amounts, the most sensible to management practices.

Entre as principais oleaginosas eleitas para a produção de biodiesel, encontra-se a mamona (Ricinus communis L.), por possuir elevado teor de óleo, conhecido como óleo de rícino, extraído pela prensagem das sementes, contendo 90% de ácido graxo ricinoléico, o qual confere ao óleo suas características singulares, possibilitando ampla gama de utilização industrial. A produção brasileira de mamona concentra-se na caatinga baiana. A agricultura desta região, embora seja feita sem o uso de insumos agrícolas mantém uma produtividade regular. Com isso, tornou-se importante avaliar o efeito ambiental desta cultura sobre os estoques de C (carbono) e N (nitrogênio) no solo e os mecanismos de sua manutenção. Este trabalho foi realizado em solos de uma fazenda na região de Irecê-BA, tendo como objetivos calcular os estoques de C e N no solo; calcular o fluxo de gases do efeito estufa dos resíduos de mamona; calcular os valores C e N da biomassa microbiana no solo (BMS) e analisar o perfil da comunidade de bactérias fixadoras de N2 no solo por PCR-DGGE. Os resultados indicaram a ausência de variações nos estoques de C entre os tratamentos de mamona com 10, 20 e 50 anos de cultivo (48 Mg ha-1) sendo superados pelos valores encontrados na caatinga (90 Mg ha-1); mesma condição para o estoque de N (5,3 Mg ha-1 nos tratamentos de mamona e 8 Mg ha-1 na caatinga). Já os valores de C-microbiano foram superiores na caatinga, mas não apresentaram diferenças entre os cultivos de mamona; para o N-microbiano, os valores não sofreram diferenças entre as camadas, porém foram inferiores no tratamento de mamona com 10 e 50 anos de cultivo. O fluxo de gases de N-N2O e C-CO2 foram maiores para o tratamento com aplicação de resíduos orgânicos de mamona chegando a 160 mg m-2 h-1 de C-CO2 e 600 mg m-2 h-1 de N-N2O. O teste de redução de acetileno (ARA) e a análise de DGGE indicaram que o perfil da comunidade de bactérias diazotróficas do solo nos diferentes tratamentos sofreu alteração e permitiu a estocagem de N no solo durante os 50 anos de cultivo viabilizando, ambientalmente, a produção de mamona nesta região. / Among the main oils elected for biodiesel production is the castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) for its high oil content, known as castor oil extracted by pressing the seeds containing 90% ricinoleic acid, which gives the oil its unique features, allowing a wide range of industrial use. Brazilian production of castor oil is concentrated in the tropical dry forest of Bahia. Farming in this region, although it is made without the use of agricultural inputs remains a regular productivity. With this, it became important to assess the \"environmental effect\" of this culture on the stocks of C (carbon) and N (nitrogen) in soil and the mechanisms for its maintenance. This work was carried out in soils of a farm in Irecê-BA, aimed to calculate the stocks of C and N in soil, calculated the flows of greenhouse gases from oil waste; to figure out the values of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) of microbial biomass in soil (BMS and to analyze the profile of the community of N2-fixing bacteria in soil through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Results indicated the absence of changes in C stocks between treatments of castor oil with 10, 20 and 50 years of cultivation (about 48 Mg ha-1) being outweighed by values found in the tropical dry forest (90 Mg ha-1); same condition verified for the stock of N (5.3 Mg ha-1 treatments of castor and 8 Mg ha-1 in tropical dry forest). As for values of microbial-C, they were higher in the tropical dry forest and did not present differences between the cultures of castor oil; regarding microbial-N values, there have not been differences between the layers, but they were lower for castor oil with 10 and 50 years of cultivation. The gases flow accumulated N-N2O was significantly higher than that of CCO2 and higher for the treatment of soil with organic fertilizer castor reaching 160 mg m- 2 h-1 of C-CO2 and 600 mg m-2 h-1 of N-N2O. ARA analysis and DGGE indicated that the profile of the diazotrophic community of soil in different treatments had change, allowing the storage of N in soil during the 50 years of cultivation enabling, in environmental terms, the production of castor oil in this region.

No description available.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21971号 / 農博第2361号 / 新制||農||1071(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R1||N5222(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 大澤 晃, 教授 髙部 圭司, 教授 小杉 緑子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The feasibility of establishing the northeast coast of St. Lucia as a UNESCO-designated Biosphere Reserve was investigated. A Biosphere Reserve is a concept of sustainability that attempts to harmonize development, the welfare of the people, and the maintenance of a healthy ecological system while learning how to manage socio-ecological systems on the ground (UNESCO 1996a). The west coast of the island is heavily concentrated with commercial, tourism, and residential developments while the northeast coast of the island consists largely of dry forest and small, rural communities. The northeast is thus seen as the next frontier for development. However, in contrast to the west coast, conservation and habitat development in the dry forest on the east coast of the island remains possible because large scale tourism development is still in the planning stages there. This research investigates the feasibility of designating the northeast coast of St. Lucia as a Biosphere Reserve as one possible approach to sustainable development especially with regard to biodiversity conservation, tourism, and rural livelihoods. The dry forest is understudied in St. Lucia as are the concepts of sustainable development. The investigation of this study can highlight the sustainability deficiencies that could potentially hinder a biosphere reserve designation. Thus, this research focus and its findings have the potential to address a matter of key concern in St. Lucia’s sustainability planning efforts. Two hundred and fifty individuals participated in interviews and surveys which constituted the potential stakeholder groups of a Biosphere Reserve. They included community members, civil society, government officials, tour operators, tourists, developers, and private land owners. Qualitative analysis within the context of a sustainability framework revealed various themes pertinent to the designation of a Biosphere Reserve. The use of the statistical program NVIVO and Microsoft Excel were employed for such analysis. The results were analyzed using a combined sustainability framework of the Gibson sustainability assessment criteria (Gibson et al 2005) and the ecosystem-based approach (UNESCO 2000) which is promoted by the Conference of Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2000). The conceptual framework is the product of conceptualisation prior to the analysis of results as well as having emerged from the analysis as a piece of grounded theory. The sustainability criteria embraces the principles of socio-ecological integrity, precaution and adaption, livelihood sufficiency and opportunity, socio-ecological civility and democratic governance, inter- and intra-generational equity that must be integrated to achieve overall positive benefits towards sustainability (Gibson et al 2005). The ecosystem approach and the sustainability criteria overlap significantly however there are areas where they complement each other. The ecosystem approach espouses adaptive management principles to foster learning within unpredictable socio-ecological systems and promotes decisions that employ precaution but that also lead to better understanding of socio-ecological systems (UNESCO 2005). The ecosystem approach also espouses using economic incentives to protect biodiversity in opposition to market distortions that often undervalue ecosystem services. Major findings of the analysis included the weakness of the development process on the island; its lack of rigorous policies, the absence of a national land use plan and low public participation; all hindrances to sustainable development and to proper environmental management. Attempting to compete internationally while trying to maintain the island’s natural, cultural, and human resources has become an exceedingly difficult challenge and the island has often resorted to the high-density mass tourism route for economic development while the ideal aspiration has been for low-density, environmentally friendly and socio-culturally acceptable tourism. Furthermore, mass tourism impacts negatively on the environment and the majority of the economic benefits are repatriated to the countries of origin. Hence, there seems to be a disconnect between the relevant authorities who have the power to implement acts, laws and plans with the technocrats who prepare those plans and who are involved in research as well as with civil society and the general public who have concerns about the environmental toll and the overall direction of the tourism sector. People need development within their communities and see the dry forest as suitable for large scale development, more than likely of the tourism form. The ecosystems on the northeast coast which include the dry forest, mangroves, beaches, and the marine environment provide considerable ecosystem services to the people and to the island, such as natural hazard regulation, the provision of food, fuel, erosion control, water purification and waste treatment as well as the cultural services of sense of place, inspiration, and recreation. The northeast coast is therefore not yet ready to be designated a Biosphere Reserve as it must overcome certain challenges that impede sustainability. The major arguments point to the need for stronger policies for conservation, land use development, and equitable economic benefits for all from the tourism industry. The resolution of many of these issues lies in the structural changes of governance, constitutional reform, empowering the local citizenry through the building of human and social capital, and the creation of a democracy that is more participatory. Civil society and local governance are very weak within the communities and must therefore be built up in order for people to develop a sense of ownership and control over the development of their surroundings. People must be sensitized and educated about the dry forest as an important ecosystem that needs preservation. These are grand feats that will require a lot of time, vast amounts of effort, and a common vision before the designation of a Biosphere Reserve can be contemplated. Based on the research outcomes a preparatory phase of no less than 10 years to make the northeast coast an area suitable for a Biosphere Reserve is recommended. During this period of time significant gains should be made towards sustainable community economic and social development, environmental education concerning northeast coast ecosystems of the dry forest mangroves, and coastal systems, communities should be educated on Biosphere Reserves, small-scale sustainable tourism should be undertaken as well as other economic development initiatives in other sectors such as agriculture.

The feasibility of establishing the northeast coast of St. Lucia as a UNESCO-designated Biosphere Reserve was investigated. A Biosphere Reserve is a concept of sustainability that attempts to harmonize development, the welfare of the people, and the maintenance of a healthy ecological system while learning how to manage socio-ecological systems on the ground (UNESCO 1996a). The west coast of the island is heavily concentrated with commercial, tourism, and residential developments while the northeast coast of the island consists largely of dry forest and small, rural communities. The northeast is thus seen as the next frontier for development. However, in contrast to the west coast, conservation and habitat development in the dry forest on the east coast of the island remains possible because large scale tourism development is still in the planning stages there. This research investigates the feasibility of designating the northeast coast of St. Lucia as a Biosphere Reserve as one possible approach to sustainable development especially with regard to biodiversity conservation, tourism, and rural livelihoods. The dry forest is understudied in St. Lucia as are the concepts of sustainable development. The investigation of this study can highlight the sustainability deficiencies that could potentially hinder a biosphere reserve designation. Thus, this research focus and its findings have the potential to address a matter of key concern in St. Lucia’s sustainability planning efforts. Two hundred and fifty individuals participated in interviews and surveys which constituted the potential stakeholder groups of a Biosphere Reserve. They included community members, civil society, government officials, tour operators, tourists, developers, and private land owners. Qualitative analysis within the context of a sustainability framework revealed various themes pertinent to the designation of a Biosphere Reserve. The use of the statistical program NVIVO and Microsoft Excel were employed for such analysis. The results were analyzed using a combined sustainability framework of the Gibson sustainability assessment criteria (Gibson et al 2005) and the ecosystem-based approach (UNESCO 2000) which is promoted by the Conference of Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2000). The conceptual framework is the product of conceptualisation prior to the analysis of results as well as having emerged from the analysis as a piece of grounded theory. The sustainability criteria embraces the principles of socio-ecological integrity, precaution and adaption, livelihood sufficiency and opportunity, socio-ecological civility and democratic governance, inter- and intra-generational equity that must be integrated to achieve overall positive benefits towards sustainability (Gibson et al 2005). The ecosystem approach and the sustainability criteria overlap significantly however there are areas where they complement each other. The ecosystem approach espouses adaptive management principles to foster learning within unpredictable socio-ecological systems and promotes decisions that employ precaution but that also lead to better understanding of socio-ecological systems (UNESCO 2005). The ecosystem approach also espouses using economic incentives to protect biodiversity in opposition to market distortions that often undervalue ecosystem services. Major findings of the analysis included the weakness of the development process on the island; its lack of rigorous policies, the absence of a national land use plan and low public participation; all hindrances to sustainable development and to proper environmental management. Attempting to compete internationally while trying to maintain the island’s natural, cultural, and human resources has become an exceedingly difficult challenge and the island has often resorted to the high-density mass tourism route for economic development while the ideal aspiration has been for low-density, environmentally friendly and socio-culturally acceptable tourism. Furthermore, mass tourism impacts negatively on the environment and the majority of the economic benefits are repatriated to the countries of origin. Hence, there seems to be a disconnect between the relevant authorities who have the power to implement acts, laws and plans with the technocrats who prepare those plans and who are involved in research as well as with civil society and the general public who have concerns about the environmental toll and the overall direction of the tourism sector. People need development within their communities and see the dry forest as suitable for large scale development, more than likely of the tourism form. The ecosystems on the northeast coast which include the dry forest, mangroves, beaches, and the marine environment provide considerable ecosystem services to the people and to the island, such as natural hazard regulation, the provision of food, fuel, erosion control, water purification and waste treatment as well as the cultural services of sense of place, inspiration, and recreation. The northeast coast is therefore not yet ready to be designated a Biosphere Reserve as it must overcome certain challenges that impede sustainability. The major arguments point to the need for stronger policies for conservation, land use development, and equitable economic benefits for all from the tourism industry. The resolution of many of these issues lies in the structural changes of governance, constitutional reform, empowering the local citizenry through the building of human and social capital, and the creation of a democracy that is more participatory. Civil society and local governance are very weak within the communities and must therefore be built up in order for people to develop a sense of ownership and control over the development of their surroundings. People must be sensitized and educated about the dry forest as an important ecosystem that needs preservation. These are grand feats that will require a lot of time, vast amounts of effort, and a common vision before the designation of a Biosphere Reserve can be contemplated. Based on the research outcomes a preparatory phase of no less than 10 years to make the northeast coast an area suitable for a Biosphere Reserve is recommended. During this period of time significant gains should be made towards sustainable community economic and social development, environmental education concerning northeast coast ecosystems of the dry forest mangroves, and coastal systems, communities should be educated on Biosphere Reserves, small-scale sustainable tourism should be undertaken as well as other economic development initiatives in other sectors such as agriculture.

Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2018-03-28T19:13:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VinícioHSTS_DISSERT.pdf: 1256095 bytes, checksum: 76aa27433e8975c99df2593a8bb94c15 (MD5) / Rejected by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br), reason: Solicitado pela servidora Lara on 2018-03-29T12:32:20Z (GMT) / Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2018-03-29T16:39:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VinícioHSTS_DISSERT.pdf: 1256095 bytes, checksum: 76aa27433e8975c99df2593a8bb94c15 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2018-06-18T16:49:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VinícioHSTS_DISSERT.pdf: 1256095 bytes, checksum: 76aa27433e8975c99df2593a8bb94c15 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2018-06-18T16:49:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VinícioHSTS_DISSERT.pdf: 1256095 bytes, checksum: 76aa27433e8975c99df2593a8bb94c15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-18T16:50:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VinícioHSTS_DISSERT.pdf: 1256095 bytes, checksum: 76aa27433e8975c99df2593a8bb94c15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Owing to high environmental temperatures in combination with elevated solar radiation, the Brazilian SeasonallyDry Tropical Forest, the Caatinga, is a thermally challenging environment for bees, particularly during food collection outside of the nest. The aim of the present study was to investigate the adaptations of bees that allow these animals to survive the thermal conditions of this biome. As model species for our study, we used Melipona subnitida, a stingless bee species (Apidae, Meliponini), endemic from Caatinga. We analysed the following features: (1) the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of the individuals (both young workers and foragers) as well as the best acclimation time for this kind of study (acclimation times tested: without acclimation, 20 min, 12 h, 48 h, 72 h); (2) The influence of ambient temperature in direct sunlight (Ta) on the thoracic temperature of foragers (Ttx); (3) the possible heat transfer from the thorax to the abdomen, assessed through the temperature difference between these two body parts associated with ambient temperature in both alive and dead individuals; and (4) the role of the thoracic hairs in heating and cooling rates of the bees. The results of the experiments demonstrated that (1) there was no significant difference concerning CTmax between young worker bees and foragers. After 48 hours of acclimation (acclimation time showing the highest CTmax and the lowest variation compared to the other acclimation times tested), the bees' average CTmax was 50.2°C ± 0.7. (2) The foragers' Ttx increased with increasing Ta. At Ta < 40°C, the bees' Ttx was higher than Ta; however, at Ta > 41°C, the forgers' Ttx remained below Ta. (3) There is a possible active heat transfer from the thorax (Ttx) to the abdomen (Tabd) given that, as Ta increased, the difference between Ttx and Tabd decreased in alive foragers. In dead individuals, in contrast, we did not observe this association with Ta. The difference between Ttx and Tabd was relatively constant over all studied Tas. (4) The thoracic hair slow down the heating of M. subnitida. Dead bees without thoracic hair had a higher heating rate than dead bees with their natural air cover. However, there was no difference between the two experimental groups concerning the cooling rates. The results of this study demonstrate that M. subnitida tolerates ambient temperatures that are higher than those found in their natural outside environment. In addition, foragers control their body temperature through active (heat transfer to the abdomen) and passive (thoracic hair) mechanisms, which enables the bees to forage at high environmental temperatures. Results like these of the present study provide important insights into the adaptations necessary to deal with increasing environmental temperatures, as predicted by global warming scenarios / Devido às temperaturas ambientais elevadas em combinação com um alto índice de radiação solar, a Floresta Tropical Sazonalmente Seca brasileira, a Caatinga, é um ambiente termicamente desafiador para abelhas, principalmente durante a coleta de alimento fora do ninho. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar as adaptações de abelhas para lidar com as condições térmicas da Caatinga. Como modelo de estudo foi utilizada Melipona subnitida, uma espécie de abelha sem ferrão (Apidae, Meliponini) nativa desse bioma. Foi analisado (1) a temperatura crítica máxima (CTmax) dos indivíduos (operárias jovens e forrageadoras) e o tempo de aclimatação adequado para esse tipo de estudo (tempos de aclimatação testados: sem aclimatação, 30 min, 12 h, 48 h, 72 h); (2) o efeito da temperatura ambiente ao sol (Ta) sobre a temperatura torácica (Ttx) das forrageadoras; (3) a possível transferência de calor do tórax para o abdômen, mensurando a diferença de temperaturas entre estas duas áreas, em função da temperatura ambiente, para abelhas vivas e mortas; e (4) o papel da pelagem torácica na taxa de aquecimento e resfriamento das abelhas. Os resultados dos experimentos mostraram que (1) não houve diferença significativa com respeito ao CTmax entre abelhas jovens e forrageadoras. Após 48 horas de aclimatação (tempo de aclimatação com maior CTmax e menor variação comparado aos outros tempos de aclimatação), a CTmax média das abelhas foi de 50,2°C ± 0,7. (2) A Ttx das forrageadoras aumentou conforme aumentou a Ta. Em Ta < 40°C, a Ttx se manteve acima da Ta; já em Ta > 41°C, a Ttx ficava abaixo da Ta. (3) Acontece uma possível transferência ativa de calor do tórax (Ttx) para o abdômen (Tabd), pois a medida que a Ta aumentou, a diferença da Ttx e da Tabd em forrageadoras vivas diminuiu. Já em abelhas mortas não foi observada essa relação com a Ta. A diferença ente Ttx e Tabd foi praticamente constante em todas as Ta estudadas. (4) A pelagem retarda o aquecimento de M. subnitida. Abelhas mortas sem pelagem mostraram uma taxa de aquecimento maior do que as abelhas mortas com a pelagem natural. Porém, não houve diferença entre esses dois grupos experimentais com respeito às taxas de resfriamento. Os resultados desse estudo mostram que M. subnitida consegue tolerar temperaturas superiores às encontradas naturalmente no ambiente externo. Adicionalmente, as forrageadoras controlam a temperatura corporal através de mecanismos ativos (transferência de calor para o abdômen) e passivos (pelagem torácica), o que permite que esta espécie consiga forragear em temperaturas elevadas. Resultados como estes dão subsídios para entender melhor as adaptações necessárias para lidar com um aumento da temperatura ambiental, como previsto por cenários de aquecimento global, o que vai ser importante para possíveis ações voltadas para a conservação desta espécie / 2018-03-28

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-01-20T22:46:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GR?NIVEL MOTA DA COSTA (1).pdf: 2200564 bytes, checksum: 3828a984c3a6ee25ef6f2d93f10132ad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-20T22:46:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GR?NIVEL MOTA DA COSTA (1).pdf: 2200564 bytes, checksum: 3828a984c3a6ee25ef6f2d93f10132ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-24 / The caatinga vegetation of northeastern Brazil mainly occurs in Pre-Cambrian-crystalline-derived soils and sedimentary-basin-derived sandy soils. Recent evidence has shown variations in the dynamics, structure and floristic composition of the caatinga, which justifies the need for studies focusing on different substrates. A floristic study of the caatinga ecoregions Depress?o Sertaneja Meridional and Raso da Catarina in the municipality of Tucano, Bahia, Brazil, is of special interest because both substrates occur in a local scale, letting the opportunity to broaden our knowledge on ecological heterogeneity within the Caatinga biome. In the current study we carried out a floristic survey of 14 sites distributed throughout the ecoregions of caatinga in Tucano. We found high species diversity in the caatingas of Tucano when compared to other areas in northeastern Brazil. A total of 451 species, 288 genera, and 82 families were collected. The most species rich families are Leguminosae and Euphorbiaceae. There occur 226 species in the sites on crystalline basement, whereas 284 species were collected in the sandy areas. The ecoregions were only 13% similar in floristic composition. We found strong differences between the ecoregions with respect to floristic composition and predominant plant habit as proxy for phytophysiognomy. Overall, our results reinforce the hypothesis of two distinct biotas that assembly the caatinga dry woodlands. / A vegeta??o de caatinga do nordeste brasileiro ocorre principalmente sobre solos derivados de rochas cristalinas pr?-cambrianas e sobre cobertura arenosa de bacias sedimentares. Evid?ncias recentes t?m demonstrado varia??es na din?mica, estrutura e composi??o flor?stica da caatinga, o que fundamenta a necessidade de estudos com enfoque nos diferentes substratos. O presente estudo flor?stico das ecorregi?es de caatinga, Depress?o Sertaneja Meridional e Raso da Catarina, no munic?pio de Tucano, Bahia, ? de especial interesse porque h? esses dois substratos em escala geogr?fica local, permitindo ampliar o conhecimento sobre a heterogeneidade do Dom?nio da Caatinga. Neste trabalho ? apresentado um invent?rio flor?stico de 14 localidades nas duas ecorregi?es de caatinga. Em conjunto, as caatingas amostradas apresentaram uma alta riqueza flor?stica em compara??o com outras ?reas no nordeste do Brasil. Foram coletadas 451 esp?cies, 288 g?neros e 82 fam?lias. A maior riqueza em esp?cies foi das Leguminosae, seguida por Euphorbiaceae. Nas localidades sobre substrato derivado do embasamento cristalino ocorreram 226 esp?cies, enquanto nas de substrato arenoso ocorreram 284 esp?cies. A propor??o de esp?cies em comum nas duas ecorregi?es foi apenas 13%. Diferen?as em composi??o flor?stica refor?am a hip?tese de duas biotas distintas associadas aos dois principais tipos de substrato, que comp?em a vegeta??o da caatinga.

Em relação à fauna Culicidae, a Caatinga é um dos biomas mais desconhecidos do Brasil. Há carência de registro de ocorrência de culicídeos, bem como de estudos sobre as interações deles com o ambiente silvestre. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar biodiversidade e aspectos ecológicos e epidemiológicos da fauna Culicidae em áreas de conservação do bioma Caatinga. Para isso foram consideradas duas unidades de conservação da Caatinga e realizados 19 levantamentos entomológicos mensais e consecutivos. Foram realizadas coletas de formas imaturas de mosquitos em bromélias, ocos de árvore e criadouros de solo, além da coleta de mosquitos adultos de hábitos diurno, crepuscular e noturno. Ao todo, entre mosquitos adultos e imaturos associados a habitats fitotelmatas, foram coletados 11.456 culicídeos distribuídos em 28 espécies, das quais 11 eram desconhecidas para a ciência. A fauna de imaturos coletados em bromélias e ocos de árvore interferiu na composição da fauna de mosquitos adultos e houve variações na abundância e nos padrões de diversidade de acordo com fitofisionomia do ambiente. Temperatura e umidade foram os parâmetros ambientais mais fortemente associados à abundância de culicídeos. Foram registradas novas ocorrências de anofelinos, coletados em criadouros de solo, ampliando a distribuição das espécies para o semiárido brasileiro. Este é um estudo pioneiro acerca da biodiversidade da fauna Culicidae em áreas de conservação da Caatinga que apresenta uma rica e desconhecida fauna de culicídeos, inédita para a ciência. / Regarding Culicidae fauna, Caatinga is one of the most unknown biomes of Brazil. There are few records of mosquitoes occurrence, as well as studies on their interactions with the wild environment. Therefore, the aimof this study was to investigate the biodiversity, ecological and epidemiological aspects of Culicidae fauna in conservation areas of the Caatinga biome. Two protected areas were considered for the study and 19 entomological surveys were performed monthly. Immature forms of mosquitoes were collected in bromeliads, tree holes and ground pools, as well as collection of adult mosquitoes with day time, twilight and nocturnal habits. Between adults and immatures associated with phytotelmatas habits, a total of 11,456 mosquitoes were collected, distributed in 28 species, 11 of which were unknown to science. The immature fauna collected in bromeliads and tree holes interfered in the fauna composition of adults and there were variations in the abundance and diversity patterns according to the environment phytophysiognomy. Temperature and humidity were the most strongly environmental factors associated with the abundance of mosquitoes. New records of anophelines collected inground pools were registered, broadening the distribution of species in the Brazilian semiarid region. This is a pioneering study on the biodiversity of the Culicidae in the Caatinga conservation areas which presents a rich and unknown mosquitoes fauna, unprecedented for science