Thesis (Ph. D.)--York University, 2000. Graduate Programme in Sociology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 313-322). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ56262.

This project seeks to address the recurring theme of revenge within war as exhibited in the recent upsurge of war crimes within the past ten years. To begin, I present an overview of Emile Durkheim’s perspective on punishment from The Division of Labor in Society. I argue that contemporary punishment is still primitive in nature and maintains a retributive form. This synopsis opens the discussion of two key factors within punishment: revenge and responsibility. To analyze these key elements, I conduct a content analysis utilizing courts-martial transcripts not readily available to the public for the recent cases of Operation Iron Triangle, the Baghdad Canal Killings and the Afghan Kill Team murders. As a historical comparative to the latest war crimes, I also analyze the My Lai case from Vietnam, using documentary transcripts with veterans involved in that operation. Throughout the analyses of all four cases, I employ the work of Paul Fauconnet’s Responsibility which further develops Durkheim’s ideology of revenge and augments our own understanding of collective and individual responsibility in society. I close this project with a discussion on Fauconnet’s “law of war” and its implications for soldiers enlisted in war time.

Prior to Germany’s emergence as an imperial power in 1884, scholarly knowledge of the Orient was only deemed useful to a handful of academics, largely in part because oriental scholarship’s primary emphasis was the study of classical languages and ancient manuscripts. German colonialism, on the other hand, required the creation of a new body of oriental knowledge, one that was firmly rooted in the contemporary world instead of antiquity. In 1907, Carl Heinrich Becker published Christianity and Islam, one of the first pieces of scholarship to examine the modern Orient with a modern methodology. In particular, it was Becker’s adoption of the sociology of religion, a concept pioneered by Max Weber and Émile Durkheim, which allowed him to interpret the modern Orient in a way not previously possible under the philological tradition that defined oriental studies for previous generations of scholars.

This work constitutes a macro-sociological study of suicide. The empirical focus is on suicide mortality in Russia, which is among the highest in the world and has, moreover, developed in a dramatic manner over the second half of the 20th century. Suicide mortality in contemporary Russia is here placed within the context of development over a longer time period through empirical studies on 1) the general and sex- and age-specific developments in suicide over the period 1870–2007, 2) underlying dynamics of Russian suicide mortality 1956–2005 pertaining to differences between age groups, time periods, and particular generations and 3) the continuity in the aggregate-level relationship between heavy alcohol consumption and suicide mortality from late Tsarist period to post-World War II Russia. In addition, a fourth study explores an alternative to Émile Durkheim’s dominating macro-sociological perspective on suicide by making use of Niklas Luhmann’s theory of social systems. With the help of Luhmann’s macro-sociological perspective it is possible to consider suicide and its causes also in terms of processes at the individual level (i.e. at the level of psychic systems) in a manner that contrasts with the ‘holistic’ perspective of Durkheim. The results of the empirical studies show that Russian suicide mortality, despite its exceptionally high level and dramatic changes in the contemporary period, shares many similarities with the patterns seen in Western countries when examined over a longer time period. Societal modernization in particular seems to have contributed to the increased rate of suicide in Russia in a manner similar to what happened earlier in Western Europe. In addition, the positive relationship between heavy alcohol consumption and suicide mortality proved to be remarkably stable across the past one and a half centuries. These results were interpreted using the Luhmannian perspective on suicide developed in this work.

Thèse (M.A.)--Université Laval, 2003. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 29 novembre 2004). Bibliogr. Publié aussi en version papier.

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2005. Graduate Programme in Psychology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-123). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss &rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR11786

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:47:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_lm_me_mar.pdf: 542129 bytes, checksum: bfe0a2f7b1f116da253a9dd672306727 (MD5) / Esta dissertação possui dois objetivos fundamentais, quais sejam, analisar as condições subjetivas do progresso científico em Sociologia, por meio do conceito de obstáculo epistemológico e aplicar esse conceito a certos postulados da Sociologia de Émile Durkheim tendo como pano de fundo sua obra Da divisão do Trabalho Social (1999). Nossa ideia central é que Sociologia deve superar certos obstáculos. Tais quais, sua concepção de homem, considerado apenas em seu âmbito moral e as explicações do social pelo social. Os quais frente à atualidade de questões como as problemáticas sócio-ambientais tem se apresentado insuficientes para a formação de um novo espírito científico em Sociologia. Na medida em que desconsideram a relação do homem com a natureza / This dissertation has two main objectives namely to analyze the subjective conditions of scientific progress in Sociology, through the concept of epistemological obstacle and apply this concept to certain postulates of the sociology of Emile Durkheim as background with his work The Division of Labor social (1999). Our central idea is that sociology must overcome certain obstacles. As such, his conception of man, considered solely in its scope moral and social explanations of the social. The front of the current which issues such as social and environmental issues has appeared insufficient for the formation of a new scientific spirit in Sociology. To the extent that disregard the relationship between man and nature

5 v. (xliv, 1314 p.) A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call numbers: KNIGHT HV6545.D84M3 / Few have perceived that Durkheim entertained two distinct schemas of anomie and egoisme in his classic Suicide. I shall demonstrate that Durkheim shifted on his analytical axes from the notion that the absence of moral discipline generates modern suicides, to the more significant insight that anomie and egoisme are generated by the presence of extreme modern cultural sanctions. Absence/presence, too little/ too much--these are the key analytical axes around which Durkheim's two schemas of suicide revolved. Resting on his image of human nature (homo duplex) as inherently egoistic and insatiable, the first schema concerns the absence of legitimate moral constraint over the pre-social ego in the modern transitional crisis. The second schema, which shifted the original burden of insatiability from the organic half of human nature to modern culture, concerns the presence of cultural sanctions which absolutize individualism and d.rives for "progress and perfection." Only selected parts of the first schema have been perceived and pursued so far by sociologists. In the second schema, all four suicidal types are seen as the "exaggerated or deflected forms of virtues." Both anomie and egoisme proceed from common sources; they differ in their prime mode of expression .. Anomie is active; egoisme passive. When extreme individualism and drives for "progress and perfection" are turned against the external world, we see anomie--the "infinity of desires'--and the collapse of the will in frustration, as seen in suicides in the economic arena. This ethos,is supported by what I shall call the "Anglo Utilitarian Cultural Tradition." Further, when these twin sanctions for absolute individualism and legitimate insatiability are turned inward against the self, we witness egoisme--the "infinity of dreams'--and the collapse of the will and imagination in frustration and exhaustion seen in suicides of artists, poets, and intellectuals. This ethos of angst and the "journey into the interior," in which suicide becomes a vocation, is sanctioned by what I shall call the "Romantic-Idealistic Cultural Tradition." Finally, these ironic and destructive outcomes of some of our highest aspirations are then linked with Weber's work in the sociology of religion and culture. As an "infinity of desires" sanctioned by a dominant modern cultural tradition, anomie is interpreted as the secularized outcome of Protestant "inner-light," "inner-worldly asceticism." As an "infinity of dreams" sanctioned by another dominant contemporary cultural tradition, egoisme is interpreted as the secularized outcome of Protestant "inner-light," "inner-worldly mysticism." These twin expressions of our highest callings and heroic ideals are chronic forms of the "moral anarchy" and "diseases of the infinite" plaguing the modern world. Durkheim's moral philosophy of "human finitude" and health as the "golden mean,'" lead us to recognize, then, that when our virtues are pushed to extremes, they also become, ironically, our special vices. / Adviser: G. Benton Johnson

Submitted by Cristiane de Melo Shirayama (cristiane.shirayama@unifesp.br) on 2018-05-09T18:51:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_Laís Fernanda Rodrigues.pdf: 832795 bytes, checksum: 0fd40b425f29acb06274171d9e43fed5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristiane de Melo Shirayama (cristiane.shirayama@unifesp.br) on 2018-05-10T20:06:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_Laís Fernanda Rodrigues.pdf: 832795 bytes, checksum: 0fd40b425f29acb06274171d9e43fed5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-10T20:06:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_Laís Fernanda Rodrigues.pdf: 832795 bytes, checksum: 0fd40b425f29acb06274171d9e43fed5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-14 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho consiste em analisar a trajetória intelectual e institucional de Émile Durkheim para compreender a apropriação que fez da psicologia experimental de Wilhelm Wundt em suas obras. Para isso, também consiste na análise da trajetória de Théodule Ribot, percursor da psicologia científica na França e divulgador da teoria de Wundt. Da mesma forma, o trabalho analisa as mudanças institucionais das faculdades da França, assim como as mudanças políticas que decorreram da Guerra Franco-Prussiana e a instituição da Terceira República, fundamentais para compreender a apropriação de teorias alemãs no período. / The present work analyzes the the intellectual and institutional trajectory of Émile Durkheim to understand the appropriation he made of Wilhelm Wundt’s experimental psychology in his works. For this reason, this work also analyzes the trajectory of Théodule Ribot, precursor of scientific psychology in France and popularizer of Wundt’s theory. In order to do that, the work analyzes the institutional changes of the universities of France, as well as the political changes that resulted from the Franco-Prussian War and the establishment of the Third Republic, fundamental to understand the appropriation of German theories in the period.

Denna uppsats hade som övergripande syfte att undersöka hur asylsökande upplever asylprocessen. Vi valde följande frågeställningar som komplement till vår forskningsfråga: Hur upplever de asylsökande sin situation i väntan på beslut? Hur upplever de mottagandet i Sverige? Hur ser de på integration? Insamlingen av material har gjorts genom kvalitativa intervjuer med åtta utvalda personer.     Tidigare forskning visar att asylprocessen kan ha negativ inverkan på individers hälsa och bidra till en känsla av utanförskap. Asylprocessen är ofta en lång och utdragen process och genom att intervjua personer som upplevt hur det är att vänta på asyl har det framkommit gemensamma svårigheter kopplat till språk, sysselsättning och sociala nätverk. Vi har använt oss av Durkheims teorier om organisk solidaritet och menar att asylsökandes upplevelser av asylprocessen är ett klassiskt exempel på anomi.   Resultatet visade att intervjupersonerna hade en övergripande negativ upplevelse av asylprocessen. Alla intervjuer vittnade om en känsla av att stå utanför samhället, något som ofta var kopplat till att de under asylprocessen varken fick jobba eller studera på SFI. Många uttryckte en besvikelse över att samhället inte verkade möta dessa behov. Slutligen fann vi gemensamt för alla att språk, sysselsättning och ett starkt socialt kontaktnät är grunden till god integration i samhället samt att alla upplevde en stor frustration över att varken få komma in i arbetslivet eller få undervisning i språket innan beslut om uppehållstillstånd. Vi drar slutsatsen att det finns mycket som kan göras för att förbättra asylsökandes situation i väntan på uppehållstillstånd.