Longtemps « seul maître à bord après Dieu», le capitaine n’exerce plus aujourd’hui son autorité de la même manière, ce qui ne signifie d’ailleurs pas que cette dernière soit remise en question. Le particularisme de sa fonction en fait un personnage tout à fait spécifique à bord. Ce dernier caractère le place dans une certaine mesure, sur un même plan que le marin âgé de moins de dix-huit ans, personnage indispensable tant pour son rôle traditionnel que pour son activité à bord du navire.Sa position à bord en fait un marin différent des autres membres de l’équipage. Il a autorité sur l’ensemble de l’équipage. Même si cette autorité, comme c’est d’ailleurs le cas pour les chefs d’entreprise à terre ne s’exerce plus avec la même rigueur que dans le passé, elle n’en demeure pas moins. Marin, responsable de l’expédition maritime, mandataire commercial de l’armateur, préposé nautique, le capitaine a vu son rôle évoluer au fil du temps. D’un point de vue réglementaire, ses fonctions à bord, et sa position font qu’il conserve une situation originale, l’ensemble de la réglementation du travail maritime ne pouvant, de ce fait, lui être appliquée / Long "only master after God," the captain's authority is no longer present in the same way, which does not, moreover, that the latter is questionable. The specificity of its function is a very specific character on board. This last character is placed in a certain extent, on the same plane as the sailor who is under eighteen years of age, character essential for both its traditional role for its activity on the ship. Its position on board is a marine different from other crew members. He has authority over all of the crew. Although this authority, as is also true for business leaders on the ground no longer exercised with the same rigor as in the past, it nonetheless. Marin, head of maritime shipping, commercial agent of the owner, attendant water, the captain has seen its role evolve over time. From a regulatory point of view, his duties on board, and its position makes it retains a unique situation, the entire maritime labor regulations can not, therefore, be applied to him

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of personal data protection, and focuses particularly on the duties of the data controller, which also largely apply to the employer as the controller of the personal data of the employees. The diploma thesis builds primarily on the legal regulation of personal data protection contained in GDPR, while in some sections, a comparison with the previously effective personal data protection legislation is included. The objective of this diploma thesis is to provide a comprehensive overview of fundamental personal data protection institutes from the data controller's point of view with a focus on the analysis of some of the obligations which has been newly introduced by GDPR. The diploma thesis is divided into four chapters, which are further divided into a relatively high number of subchapters. The first chapter contains a historical overview of legislation on personal data protection at the international and European (European Union) level as well as national levels. The second chapter defines the fundamental terms related to personal data protection which are used in GDPR, such as personal data, data subject, data controller and processor, recipient of the personal data or personal data processing. The third chapter discusses the fundamental principles relating...

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, School of Law / The research is divided in seven sections where the problem of the interpretation and applicability of Art XXIII GATT to the Laws and Practices under the Anti-Dumping Agreement is examined. Chapter I identifies the problems, raises the research question and gives an overview of the current state of the matters under observation. In Chapter II the general theory of interpretation is studied and subsequently applied to Art XXIII specifically, taking into account the meaning, scope, historical evolution and current interpretations of Art XXIII. Chapter III revises the theory of coherent interpretation of Art XXIII in connection with the Anti-Dumping Agreement specifically. The constitutional structure and principles of the WTO are questioned, dissected and supported to decant a handful of fundamental principles which shall inform the rest of the interpretation applied in the research. This chapter takes the interpretation from an abstract perspective to a material view of a coherent interpretation of both Art. XXIII and the Anti-Dumping Agreement. Chapter IV revises the facts, laws and practices of Anti-Dumping being used as a protectionist measure in disguise both using procedural and substantial arguments which are illustrated in the laws and practices of seven countries. The findings in Chapter IV lead to Chapter V which questions the legitimacy and validity of considering the possible applicability of Art XXIII to the anti-Dumping Agreement as it is currently implemented by the WTO membership. Those reflections lead to the consideration and mention of Competition as a public good in international trade in Chapter VI, which is a key element for the final findings of this research. The conclusion of this research is inclined to suggest that in order to keep the legal system of the WTO functional, a stronger economic constitutional approach that allows for the application of art XXIII in situations subversive to the principles of free trade is necessary. The adaptation of a theory of an economic constitution is proposed.

Este trabalho analisa em sua primeira parte as sociedades por ações, apresentando sua definição, estrutura orgânica e destrinchando, em especial, os órgãos de administração, com a delimitação de suas respectivas funções, atribuições e papéis. delimitada a questão estrutural referente à administração de companhias são analisados propriamente os deveres impostos aos administradores de sociedades por ações, definindo-se cada um dos deveres legalmente previstos, bem como descrevendo as condutas esperadas dos administradores e respectivas consequências legais referentes a comportamentos diversos daqueles impostos pelos deveres. o trabalho define, ainda, o regime de responsabilidade civil a que estão sujeitos os administradores de sociedades por ações, bem como as respectivas esferas em que dita responsabilidade civil pode aflorar (relações entre, de um lado, administradores e, de outro, companhia, acionistas e terceiros), tudo de acordo com os ditames instituídos pela lei 6.404/76 (lsa). por fim, busca-se definir as hipóteses de exoneração da responsabilidade civil de administradores de companhias, especialmente para a finalidade de que seja gerada segurança jurídica aos atores que desempenham essa primordial função em nossa sociedade. / This work analyzes in its first part the corporations, presenting its definition, organic structure and unraveling, in particular, the administrative bodies, with the delineation of their respective functions, responsibilities and main issues. bounded the structural matters concerning the administration of companies, this work analyzes specifically the duties imposed on directors and officers, setting up each of the legally prescribed duties, as well as describing the conduct expected of directors and officers and the legal consequences if their conduct is differently than those imposed by law. this work also defines the system of civil liability to which are subjected the directors and officers of a company, and their respective spheres in which such liability may emerge (relations between, in one hand, directors and officers, and in other hand, company, shareholders and third parties), all in accordance with the dictates imposed by law no. 6.404/76 (lsa). finally, this works seeks to define the main causes of release from civil liability of directors and officers of companies, especially for the purpose of legal stability that should have these directors and officers of companies that play a primary role in our society.

Submitted by Marlene Aparecida de Souza Cardozo (mcardozo@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-25T12:03:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel José de Orleans e Bragança.pdf: 1093764 bytes, checksum: 2be05561dbd1bc4d4f73473a8c1b554c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-25T12:03:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel José de Orleans e Bragança.pdf: 1093764 bytes, checksum: 2be05561dbd1bc4d4f73473a8c1b554c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-27 / This dissertation aims to analyze the duties of the judicial administrator in the bankruptcy process. Have a look at the duties of the judicial administrator carries the distinction of two basic roles: (i) the duty of inspection; and (ii) the duty of management of the bankruptcy process. From these basic functions, it is possible to extract the need for a greater respect for the principle of transparency, in order to better undertake its role within the duty of information according to the LRF. The process of bankruptcy and the dealing conditions related to the judicial recovery plan must comply with the principle of transparency, which is the greater goal of all functions of the judicial administrator, who will make the best efforts to have all involved parties aware of the financial, asset and management status of the rebound company. Moreover, as per the importance of the judicial administrator’s duties, it is intended also to demonstrate its importance in managing the legal proceedings, despite of the fact that it lacks adjudicative power. Relies at the judicial administrator figure the main weapon against the information asymmetry in bankruptcy proceedings, especially in the relation between the rebound company and its creditors. Having that in mind, aspects of law and economics, which is the doctrine cradle of this matter, will be addressed. Indeed, it is important to explore all duties of the judicial administrator according to Law No. 11,101, of February 9th, 2005, which, as will be demonstrated, does not embrace all powers of the judicial administrator. Therefore, it is essential the research at academic level the laws not in force anymore, as well as the law in force currently, in order to explore the Judicial administrator’s acting powers according to each law and to analyze the increase or the decrease of its rights. To this end, it is analyzed the pertinent disciplined institutes as well as the study of the existence and operation mode of the same players and their characteristics at all times. In addition to laws, doctrine and jurisprudence will also be consulted sources / Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os deveres do administrador judicial no processo de recuperação judicial. Lançar um olhar sobre os deveres do administrador judicial leva à distinção de duas funções básicas: (i) o dever de fiscalização; e (ii) o dever para com a gestão do processo de recuperação judicial. Dessas funções básicas, extrai-se a necessidade de maior respeito ao princípio da transparência, de maneira a melhor empreender o seu papel nos deveres de informação a que está submetido pela LRF. O processo de recuperação judicial e as condições de negociação relacionadas ao plano de recuperação judicial devem estar de acordo com o princípio da transparência, objetivo maior entre as funções do administrador judicial, que envidará seus esforços para que todos os envolvidos estejam a par da situação financeira, patrimonial e gerencial da empresa recuperanda. Além disso, pela importância de suas atribuições, pretende-se, ainda, demonstrar a importância do administrador judicial na gestão do processo, apesar de lhe faltar poder judicante. Será a pessoa do administrador judicial a principal arma contra a assimetria informacional na recuperação judicial, sobretudo na relação empresa recuperanda e credores. Por isso, abordar-se-ão aspectos da análise econômica do direito, berço doutrinário dessa problemática. Com efeito, será importante explorar todos os deveres do administrador judicial segundo a Lei nº 11.101, de 9 de fevereiro de 2005, os quais, como se pretende demonstrar, não encerram todas as atribuições do administrador judicial. Para tanto, mostra-se imprescindível a investigação das legislações pretéritas e na corrente que tratam da matéria, a fim de que seja possível explorar em que medida puderam atuar, a cada regramento, e se houve, até a legislação atual, uma evolução ou involução de seus direitos. Com esta finalidade é realizada a verificação dos institutos disciplinados, o estudo sobre a existência e o modo de atuação dos idênticos órgãos e suas características em cada momento. Além de normas, a doutrina e a jurisprudência também serão fontes de consulta

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Do global financial institutions and the governments of developed nations owe anything to the global poor? I argue that they do. In my view, the global poor are owed a form of assistance because of the unjust harms imposed upon them. The negative rights of the global poor, which are the rights involving freedom from unjust interference, are consistently violated by the global economic order (GEO). I demonstrate that the causal chain that connects global poverty directly with the policies of institutions like the International Monetary Fund and World Trade Organization reveals that the negative rights of the global poor are being violated. These violations occur through the effects of trade policies, unjustified sovereignty, and loan conditions, which serve to trap the poor in inescapable cycles of poverty. I argue that rather than relying on controversial accounts of the positive rights of the poor, and the appeals to charity that follow from them, we can ground the obligation to alleviate global poverty in negative rights, which are more minimal and widely accepted. My argument establishes that poverty poses a problem even if one does not see inequality as a problem in itself. I argue in support of Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach to poverty, which discusses the effects of poverty as a deprivation of a person’s abilities to do and be what she has reason to value. This approach identifies what is really at the heart of the problem with poverty: a deprivation of the ability to act in ways that allow the expression of basic freedoms, rather than merely a lack of resources or income. The negative rights approach to grounding an obligation to alleviate global poverty has traditionally been based on a conception of wrongdoing as a deprivation of basic needs. However, I contend that wrongdoing should be seen as a deprivation of fundamental capabilities instead. Using capability deprivations as a baseline for wrongdoing presents us with the theoretical resources required to create a foundation for an ecumenical theory of global justice, and the framework within which to demonstrate that the GEO has an obligation to help alleviate global poverty. / 2020-11-27T00:00:00Z

A presente pesquisa buscou investigar se a colaboração premiada, tal como regulada pela lei nº 12.850/13, ostenta um regime jurídico especial passível de sistematização. Objetivou-se demonstrar que há uma autonomia da qual se pode extrair direitos, deveres e poderes dos sujeitos participantes do acordo, além de poderes do Juiz, e que, dadas suas particularidades, não podem ser considerados, ao menos integralmente, inseridos na classificação de negocio jurídico processual adotada pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal. Demonstrou-se que essa constatação gerou inúmeras e persistentes perplexidades na doutrina que, aos poucos vem sendo superadas pela jurisprudência. A partir do referencial teórico utilizado, procurou-se, então, sistematizar os direitos e deveres do colaborador e do proponente e, também, os poderes do Juiz ao realizar o controle judicial dos acordos, buscando-se examinar os comportamentos possíveis de tais agentes em cada uma das fases procedimentais que compõe o complexo ato da colaboração. Além disso, investigou-se as clausulas que podem figurar no acordo de colaboração premiada. Por meio da análise dos principais termos de colaboração premiada e das decisões judiciais que sobre eles recaíram, exemplificou-se as principais clausulas que tem sido utilizadas no âmbito da operação Lava-Jato, agregando-as segundo a natureza de seu conteúdo e problematizando-se os aspectos controvertidos de sua aplicação, principalmente, com o exame das decisões judiciais proferidas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal. Em conclusão, buscou-se estudar, com maior precisão, a colaboração premiada ao assumir a perspectiva de que ela constitui um subsistema do tradicional sistema acusatório, com peculiaridades tais, que conferem a ela autonomia que justifica a tentativa de sistematização e aclaramento das características do regime jurídico deste singular instituto. / This paper sought to investigate whether the plea agreement, as regulated by Law No. 12,850/13, has a special legal framework which may be systematized. The objective was to demonstrate there is an autonomy from which the rights, duties and powers of the subjects participating in the agreement, in addition to the powers of the Judge, may be extracted, and which, given their particularities, cannot be considered, at least in full, in the classification adopted by the Federal Supreme Court. It has been shown that this finding has generated several and persistent perplexities in the doctrine which, little by little, have been overcome by jurisprudence. The theoretical framework used then sought to systematize the rights and duties of the participant and the proponent and also the powers of the Judge when performing judicial control of the agreements, seeking to examine the possible behavior of such agents in each of the procedural stages making up the complex act of the plea agreement. In addition, the clauses which may appear in the plea agreement have been investigated. By analyzing the main terms of plea agreement and the judicial decisions resulted from them, we have exemplified the main clauses which have been used in the scope of the Operation Car Wash (Operação Lava-Jato), adding them according to the nature of their content and problematizing the controversial aspects of its application, mainly, with the examination of the judicial decisions uttered by the Federal Supreme Court. In conclusion, it was sought to study, with greater precision, the plea agreement by assuming the perspective that it constitutes a subsystem of the traditional accusatory system, with such peculiarities granting to it autonomy which justifies the attempt of systematization and clarification of the characteristics of the legal framework of this singular institute.

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The application of anti-dumping and countervailing measures has always been controversial, particularly, as they do not address the issue of the level of local value added in the production process. Are these measures simply industry assistance measures under another guise, or are they to protect the 'fair trade' framework to further the opportunity for free trade? All the indications are that these measures reflect the former option. However, the global political climate as represented through the GATT and now the WTO Agreements is to tolerate the imposition of both anti-dumping and countervailing measures provided they are applied according to the provisions of the Agreements. It is becoming increasingly more difficult for any nation state to abolish the right of their 'guest' industries to obtain anti-dumping or countervailing relief, given the economic power of multinational industries operating within their boundaries. The practical issue is for each nation state to use these measures in a way which is of least detriment to their economy. Gruen in 1986 reviewed the application of the then Customs Tariff (Anti-Dumping) Act 1975, and found that there needed to be a tightening-up of the injury test applied to anti-dumping cases. It is recommended that Gruen's tougher injury standards be implemented forthwith. He also recommended a continuing role for the Industry Commission as the appeal body for a review of the facts, and for there to be a continuing assessment of the effects of the measures imposed. The government, however, created an Anti-Dumping Authority attached to the then Department of Industry Technology and Commerce (DITAC), whose member and officers came from that department. The principal function of this body was to review the preliminary decisions of Customs, and to recommend the imposition of duties or acceptance of an undertaking to the Minister. There was no provision for an independent review of facts. One of the results of the increased complexity of the existing process and consequently the law, is a large increase in litigation before the Federal Court. There is a need to simplify the administrative structure and the provisions of the domestic law. The latter should be accomplished by the incorporation of the provisions of the WTO Agreements directly into domestic law. The espoused policy objectives of the government have not been met. The application of anti-dumping and countervailing measures favour import competing industries, and are against countries from which imports are growing. Korea and China have been singled out, with these countries showing the highest incidence of import weighted of anti-dumping measures. They also happen to be countries with which Australia has a trade surplus, a policy factor which is neglected by the administering authorities. There is a need to redress this imbalance. Predation identified by the government as a reason for taking anti-dumping action, has been shown not to be a reason for the application of anti-dumping duties in Australia. As a small country, Australia should take advantage of the use of the WTO dispute settlement process in settling anti-dumping and countervailing disputes. Consultations should commence at the earliest possible stage in inquiries, with the view to the settlement of the dispute by trade negotiation so that the outcome can be beneficial to both parties. This may, for example, allow for the specialisation in production between the two Members. WTO dispute settlement is seen as a positive approach to dispute settlement, whereas the use of the domestic courts tends to elevate the dispute between the parties. The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade needs to take a leadership role in settling all anti-dumping and countervailing actions through the WTO dispute settlement process, with a view to a positive outcome for both Members. Placing an anti-dumping import tax on intermediate products entering Australia is counter-productive, as it increases the cost of inputs to downstream users. Temporary relief should be given by way of production subsidy, if the matter cannot be resolved through WTO trade consultations.