Existing traffic models are widely used in multiple frameworks, most prominently, microscopic vehicle-scale occurring on the scale of seconds and macroscopic city-scale flow patterns that develop over the scale of hours. Research works and practical applications usually employ either one or the other framework, and there is little overlap in the respective research communities. This dissertation develops mathematical techniques to bridge the two scales. The particular case of bridging the micro and macro scales of models in the stable traffic regime has been extensively studied, however what has been often overlooked is the unstable regime. Thus, of particular importance are models that can capture dynamic instabilities and traveling traffic waves called phantom jams. Such models are particularly challenging to analyze, as many papers on PDE models explicitly exclude the unstable situation. This thesis (i) outlines the mathematical foundations of microscopic and macroscopic models of interest, (ii) establishes a principled procedure of generating macroscopic flow quantities from microscopic models in the unstable regime, (iii) presents a study addressing the averaging of scales and the understanding of macroscopic manifestations of microscopic car-following traffic waves based on a framework of systematic hierarchy of tests that isolate the car-following dynamics, (iv) explains the corresponding effective traffic state and non-equilibrium wave structures that rise in the fundamental diagram, (v) and derives and validates vehicle type specific simple fuel consumption rate models that are accurate, computationally fast, and have desirable physics-like properties. The insights gained from this study has many applications. One of them presented here is the relevance of dampening traffic waves in the presence of sparse control and in light of the energy demand of traffic at the vehicle-scale, waves-scale, and city scale. / Mathematics

[pt] As estruturas com cargas não conservativas podem perder a estabilidade por divergência, quando a amplitude da resposta estática se incrementa monotonamente, ou por flutter, através de oscilações com amplitudes exponencialmente crescentes. Neste trabalho estudam-se vários aspectos sobre o efeito do amortecimento e da deformação cisalhante na estabilidade dinâmica de vigas e tubos. Um programa computacional que permite obter cargas críticas e respostas no domínio do tempo é implementado, formulando as equações através do método dos elementos finitos. Comparam-se os resultados de vigas de Euler-Bernoulli e vigas de Timoshenko, considerando várias alternativas para a aplicação do amortecimento proporcional e viscoelástico. Tubos são modelados com elementos tridimensionais enriquecidos com modos adicionais incompatíveis. O amortecimento viscoelástico é introduzido na relação constitutiva do material, atuando sobre as deformações desviadoras. As cargas críticas dinâmicas são calculadas a partir do problema de autovalor característico, obtido aplicando a transformada de Laplace às equações de conservação de momentum. Nas análises dinâmicas um método implícito é utilizado para a integração do tempo e um algoritmo de segunda ordem na integração das relações constitutivas viscoelásticas. Os resultados mostram que para algumas formas de amortecimento, as respostas obtidas considerando a deformação cisalhante mudam qualitativamente o comportamento da carga crítica dinâmica, incluindo alguns paradoxos, conforme o amortecimento é incrementado. / [en] Structures with non-conservative loads can lose stability either by divergence, when static response amplitude increases monotonically, or by flutter, through oscillations with exponentially increasing amplitudes. Several aspects concerning the influence of damping and shear on the dynamic stability of beams and tubes are studied. A special-purpose computer program has been developed, enabling critical loads and time history responses to be obtained applying the finite element method to formulation of the equations. Results of Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beams are compared for a number of alternative formulations of proportional and viscoelastic damping. Tubes are modeled with tridimensional elements implemented with additional incompatible modes. Viscoelastic damping is introduced in the constitutive relations of the material, acting on deviatoric strains. Flutter loads are calculated through the characteristic eigenvalue problem obtained applying the Laplace’s transform to the momentum equation. In the dynamic analysis an implicit method is used for time integration and a second order algorithm is used in the integration of viscoelastic constitutive relations. The results show that, for some types of damping, the responses obtained taking into account shear strains change qualitatively the behavior of the flutter load, including certain paradoxical phenomena, as damping is increased.

Grandes esforços vêm sendo realizados atualmente com o objetivo de diagnosticar vibrações em estruturas e equipamentos, para máquinas rotativas se requer atenção ainda maior, pois correm o risco de se auto excitarem. Este trabalho tem por objetivo expor uma metodologia em dinâmica de rotores para diminuição da amplitude da resposta no domínio da frequência. Com essa finalidade, o rotor utiliza uma discretização de elementos finitos de viga de Timoshenko com funções da classe C0. A programação é implementada no programa acadêmico Meflab desenvolvida na plataforma do software MATLAB®, e no software ANSYS® Workbench para algumas validações. Os resultados numéricos são comparados com os resultados do modelo de literatura. A implementação da otimização se dá com o uso do toolbox de algoritmos genéticos existente no software MATLAB®, onde os parâmetros do algoritmo de otimização são escolhidos como sendo os diâmetros da seção transversal de cada elemento finito. A função objetivo escolhida está associada à diminuição da resposta no domínio da frequência para excitações do tipo desbalanceamento ou a evitar o posicionamento de alguma velocidade crítica dentro de um intervalo de frequências predeterminado. As restrições do problema encontram-se associadas às dimensões máximas e mínimas das seções transversais dos elementos do eixo. Em geral, para a rotação onde se requeria a diminuição da amplitude da resposta no domínio da frequência, havia uma tendência das antirressonâncias mais próximas se deslocarem para o ponto requerido. / Great efforts are been made recently in order to diagnose vibrations in structures and equipments. Rotary machines require even greater attention, for they carry the risk of auto-excitation. This paper has as an objective the exposition a rotor dynamics methodology to minimize the response amplitude in the frequency domain. With this goal, the rotor is discretized using finite Timoshenko Beams elements, with C0 class functions. The programming is implemented in the academic software Meflab, coded in the MATLAB® platform, and in the software ANSYS® Workbench to validate some results. The numerical results are compared with the results from literature model. The optimization is made utilizing the genetic algorithms toolbox existing in the MATLAB® software, where the optimization algorithms parameters are chosen as being the transverse section diameters of each finite element. The objective function chosen is associated with the response minimization in the frequency domain for unbalanced type excitations or to avoid the existence of a critical velocity within a predetermined frequency range. The problem restrictions are associated to maximum and minimum transverse section dimensions of the axis elements, as well as its total volume variation. In general, for the rotation where the frequency domain amplitude response minimization was required, there was a tendency for the closest anti-resonances to shift themselves to the required point.

Grandes esforços vêm sendo realizados atualmente com o objetivo de diagnosticar vibrações em estruturas e equipamentos, para máquinas rotativas se requer atenção ainda maior, pois correm o risco de se auto excitarem. Este trabalho tem por objetivo expor uma metodologia em dinâmica de rotores para diminuição da amplitude da resposta no domínio da frequência. Com essa finalidade, o rotor utiliza uma discretização de elementos finitos de viga de Timoshenko com funções da classe C0. A programação é implementada no programa acadêmico Meflab desenvolvida na plataforma do software MATLAB®, e no software ANSYS® Workbench para algumas validações. Os resultados numéricos são comparados com os resultados do modelo de literatura. A implementação da otimização se dá com o uso do toolbox de algoritmos genéticos existente no software MATLAB®, onde os parâmetros do algoritmo de otimização são escolhidos como sendo os diâmetros da seção transversal de cada elemento finito. A função objetivo escolhida está associada à diminuição da resposta no domínio da frequência para excitações do tipo desbalanceamento ou a evitar o posicionamento de alguma velocidade crítica dentro de um intervalo de frequências predeterminado. As restrições do problema encontram-se associadas às dimensões máximas e mínimas das seções transversais dos elementos do eixo. Em geral, para a rotação onde se requeria a diminuição da amplitude da resposta no domínio da frequência, havia uma tendência das antirressonâncias mais próximas se deslocarem para o ponto requerido. / Great efforts are been made recently in order to diagnose vibrations in structures and equipments. Rotary machines require even greater attention, for they carry the risk of auto-excitation. This paper has as an objective the exposition a rotor dynamics methodology to minimize the response amplitude in the frequency domain. With this goal, the rotor is discretized using finite Timoshenko Beams elements, with C0 class functions. The programming is implemented in the academic software Meflab, coded in the MATLAB® platform, and in the software ANSYS® Workbench to validate some results. The numerical results are compared with the results from literature model. The optimization is made utilizing the genetic algorithms toolbox existing in the MATLAB® software, where the optimization algorithms parameters are chosen as being the transverse section diameters of each finite element. The objective function chosen is associated with the response minimization in the frequency domain for unbalanced type excitations or to avoid the existence of a critical velocity within a predetermined frequency range. The problem restrictions are associated to maximum and minimum transverse section dimensions of the axis elements, as well as its total volume variation. In general, for the rotation where the frequency domain amplitude response minimization was required, there was a tendency for the closest anti-resonances to shift themselves to the required point.

Grandes esforços vêm sendo realizados atualmente com o objetivo de diagnosticar vibrações em estruturas e equipamentos, para máquinas rotativas se requer atenção ainda maior, pois correm o risco de se auto excitarem. Este trabalho tem por objetivo expor uma metodologia em dinâmica de rotores para diminuição da amplitude da resposta no domínio da frequência. Com essa finalidade, o rotor utiliza uma discretização de elementos finitos de viga de Timoshenko com funções da classe C0. A programação é implementada no programa acadêmico Meflab desenvolvida na plataforma do software MATLAB®, e no software ANSYS® Workbench para algumas validações. Os resultados numéricos são comparados com os resultados do modelo de literatura. A implementação da otimização se dá com o uso do toolbox de algoritmos genéticos existente no software MATLAB®, onde os parâmetros do algoritmo de otimização são escolhidos como sendo os diâmetros da seção transversal de cada elemento finito. A função objetivo escolhida está associada à diminuição da resposta no domínio da frequência para excitações do tipo desbalanceamento ou a evitar o posicionamento de alguma velocidade crítica dentro de um intervalo de frequências predeterminado. As restrições do problema encontram-se associadas às dimensões máximas e mínimas das seções transversais dos elementos do eixo. Em geral, para a rotação onde se requeria a diminuição da amplitude da resposta no domínio da frequência, havia uma tendência das antirressonâncias mais próximas se deslocarem para o ponto requerido. / Great efforts are been made recently in order to diagnose vibrations in structures and equipments. Rotary machines require even greater attention, for they carry the risk of auto-excitation. This paper has as an objective the exposition a rotor dynamics methodology to minimize the response amplitude in the frequency domain. With this goal, the rotor is discretized using finite Timoshenko Beams elements, with C0 class functions. The programming is implemented in the academic software Meflab, coded in the MATLAB® platform, and in the software ANSYS® Workbench to validate some results. The numerical results are compared with the results from literature model. The optimization is made utilizing the genetic algorithms toolbox existing in the MATLAB® software, where the optimization algorithms parameters are chosen as being the transverse section diameters of each finite element. The objective function chosen is associated with the response minimization in the frequency domain for unbalanced type excitations or to avoid the existence of a critical velocity within a predetermined frequency range. The problem restrictions are associated to maximum and minimum transverse section dimensions of the axis elements, as well as its total volume variation. In general, for the rotation where the frequency domain amplitude response minimization was required, there was a tendency for the closest anti-resonances to shift themselves to the required point.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2017-09-04T18:41:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Igor Cézar Silva Braga - 2017.pdf: 70087425 bytes, checksum: ae19e7f77dfd72abcaac00b9fa6bfbe1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-09-15T14:10:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Igor Cézar Silva Braga - 2017.pdf: 70087425 bytes, checksum: ae19e7f77dfd72abcaac00b9fa6bfbe1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-15T14:10:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Igor Cézar Silva Braga - 2017.pdf: 70087425 bytes, checksum: ae19e7f77dfd72abcaac00b9fa6bfbe1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Arches are structural elements of curvilinear form transmitting normal efforts of simple compression and with wide applicability in civil engineering, being used in bridges, domes, soccer stadiums and so on. Therefore, studies that involve physical and geometric parameters to analyze the behavior of arches are necessary. This work aims to study the static and dynamic instability of tri-articulated discrete arcs, with axial and rotational rigidities the supports and under the action of a time dependent load. The arche is evaluated is a discrete and continuous system. The discrete system consists of three degrees of freedom that describe the vertical displacement and two horizontal displacements; the continuous system composed of two degrees of freedom, with an axial displacement and another in the direction radial. For the discrete system a parametric analysis was performed by varying the axial stiffness and rotational rigidities in the supports, besides the height of the arch, considering first the post-critical path study, with the influence of the parametric variation in the obtained results and the effect of the symmetry breaking in the instability by point limit or snap through, with the appearance of dynamic jumps. The natural frequency analysis is a function of the height/span ratio and the rigidities in the boundary conditions of the structures. The dynamic analysis was initiated through the instability boundaries, where it is observed how the displacements were established according to the parameters adopted, the obtained answers were proved by time responses, bifurcation diagrams and attraction basins, noting the influence of these factors in the dynamic behavior of the discrete arch. The analysis of the continuous system was established in the variation of the modified slenderness of the flexibility in the supports, observing the interference of the parameters in the post-critical path in general and in the load of the axial compression. With the asymmetry in the flexibility of the supports, the loops coming from the dynamic jumps arise. / Arcos são elementos estruturais de forma curvilínea com função de transmitir esforços normais de compressão simples e com ampla aplicabilidade na engenharia civil, pois têm o artificio estrutural de vencer grandes vãos, sendo usados em pontes, cúpulas, estádios de futebol e etc. Portanto, estudos que envolvam parâmetros físicos e geométricos para análise do comportamento de arcos se fazem necessários. Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo da instabilidade estática e dinâmica de arcos discretos tri-articulados, com rigidezes axiais e rigidezes rotacionais nos apoios e sob a ação de uma carga dependente do tempo. O arco é avaliado nos sistemas discreto e contínuo, sendo que o sistema discreto é composto por três graus de liberdade que descrevem um deslocamento vertical e dois deslocamentos horizontais e o sistema contínuo composto por dois graus de liberdade, sendo um deslocamento axial e outro na direção radial. Para o sistema discreto foi feita uma análise paramétrica variando a rigidez axial e as rigidezes rotacionais nos apoios, além da altura do arco, considerando primeiramente o estudo do caminho pós-críticos, com a influência da variação paramétrica nos resultados obtidos e do efeito da quebra de simetria na instabilidade por ponto limite ou snap through, com o aparecimento de saltos dinâmicos. A análise da frequência natural é em função da razão altura/vão e das rigidezes nas condições de contorno das estruturas. A análise dinâmica foi iniciada através das fronteiras de instabilidade, onde se observa como os deslocamentos se estabeleciam de acordo com os parâmetros adotados, as respostas obtidas foram comprovadas por respostas no tempo, diagramas de bifurcação e bacias de atração, constatando a influencia desses fatores no comportamento dinâmico do arco discreto. A análise do sistema contínuo se estabeleceu na variação das esbeltezes modificadas. da flexibilidade nos apoiosobservando a interferência dos parâmetros no caminho pós-crítico de forma geral e na carga de compressão axial. Com a assimetria na flexibilidade dos apoios ocasiona-se o surgimento dos loops vindos dos saltos dinâmicos.

Boundary layer rolls are a rather frequent phenomena, where regions of alternating up- and downdraft motion causes clouds to form in elongated, parallel rows oriented with the mean wind direction. The clouds can be seen during certain atmospheric conditions and are often called ”cloud streets” because of their characteristic appearance. By performing a linear instability analysis, the underlying mechanisms causing the onset of boundary layer rolls has been analysed in this study. There are two governing mech- anisms that cause the boundary layer rolls to form, the thermal instability and the dynamic instability. The thermal instability is caused by convection in an unstable airmass, while the dynamic instability usually is associated with neutral or stable conditions. The dynamic instability arise due to an inflection point in the wind profile, around which eddies develop. In a previous study by Svensson et al. (2017), rolls were observed over the Swedish east-coast, stretching out over sea during four days; 2 of May 1997, 3 of May 1997, 17 of May 2011 and 25 of May 2011. The aim of this study is to simulate the rolls on these four dates, analyse the underlying mechanisms and establish what type of instability that primarily causes the rolls to form. The linear stability analysis performed in this study indicate that the dynamic instability is the main mechanism giving rise to the rolls on all four studied dates. The rolls are found to arise over the Swedish mainland and are advected out over the sea. Both the orientation of the rolls and the modeled wind direction are in accordance with the observations. A qualitative agreement is found for the wavelength, the amplitude and the altitude of the rolls, when comparing the results of this study with the observations.

Microtubules are cytoskeletal protein polymers relevant to a wide range of cell functions. In order to polymerize, the constituent tubulin subunits need to bind the nucleotide GTP, but its subsequent hydrolysis to GDP in the microtubule lattice induces depolymerization. The resulting behaviour of stochastic switching between growth and shrinkage is called dynamic instability. Both dynamic instability and microtubule mechanical properties are integral to many cell functions, yet are poorly understood. The present study uses thermal fluctuation measurements of grafted microtubules with different nucleotide contents to extract stiffnesses, relaxation times, and drag coefficients with an unprecedented precision. Both the stiffness and the relaxation time data indicate that stiffness is a function of length for GDP microtubules stabilized with the chemotherapy drug taxol. By contrast, measurements on microtubules polymerized with the non-hydrolizable GTP-analogue GMPCPP show a significantly higher, but constant, stiffness. The addition of taxol is shown to not significantly affect the properties of these microtubules, but a lowering of the GMPCPP content restores the length-dependent stiffness seen for taxol microtubules. The data are interpreted on the basis of a recent biopolymer model that takes into account the anisotropic architecture of microtubules which consist of loosely coupled protofilaments arranged in a tube. Using taxol microtubules and GMPCPP microtubules as the respective analogues of the GDP and GTP state of microtubules, evidence is presented that shear coupling between neighbouring protofilaments is at least two orders of magnitude stiffer in the GTP state than in the GDP state. Previous studies of nucleotide effects on tubulin have focussed on protofilament bending, and the present study is the first to be able to show a dramatic effect on interprotofilament bonds. The finding’s profound implications for dynamic instability are discussed. In addition, internal friction is found to dominate over hydrodynamic drag for microtubules shorter than ∼ 4 μm and, like stiffness, to be affected by the bound nucleotide, but not by taxol. Furthermore, the thermal shape fluctuations of free microtubules are imaged, and the intrinsic curvatures of microtubules are shown for the first time to follow a spectrum reminiscent of thermal bending. Regarding the extraction of mechanical data, this assay, though previously described in the literature, is shown to suffer from systematic flaws.

This thesis presents the results of basically two separate studies. The first study involved identifying structural and earthquake parameters that influenced seismic structural collapse. The parameter study involved nonlinear dynamic analyses using single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) bilinear models. Four parameters were associated with the SDOF models — the lateral stiffness, the post-yield stiffness ratio, the yield strength, and the stability ratio (P-Delta effects). Then, three parameters were associated with the ground motions — the records themselves, the lateral ground motion scales, and the vertical ground motion scales. From the parameter study, it was found that the post-yield stiffness ratio augmented by P-Delta effects (rp) in conjunction with the ductility demand was the best predictor of collapse. These two quantities include all four structural parameters and the seismic displacement demands. It was also discovered in the parameter study that vertical accelerations did not significantly influence lateral displacements unless a given combination of model and earthquake parameters was altered such that the model was on the verge of collapsing. The second study involved Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) using bilinear SDOF models representative of low rise buildings in both the Western United States (WUS) and the Central and Eastern United States (CEUS). Models were created that represented three, five, seven, and nine story buildings. Five sites from both the WUS and CEUS were used. Four different damage measures were used to assess the performance of the buildings. The IDA study was primarily interested in the response of the structures between the earthquake intensities that have a 10 percent probability of occurring in 50 years (10/50) and 2 percent probability of occurring in 50 years (2/50). The results showed that all structures could be in danger of severe damage and possible collapse, depending on which damage measure and which earthquake was used. It is important to note, though, that the aforementioned is based on a damage-based collapse rule. The damage-based rule results were highly variable. Using an intensity-based collapse rule, proved to be more consistent. Due to the nature of the bilinear models, only those structures with negative rp values ever collapsed using an intensity-based collapse rule. Most of the WUS models had positive rp values and many of the CEUS models had negative rp values. While many of the CEUS structures had negative rp values, which made them prone to collapse, most of the CEUS structures analyzed did not collapse at the 2/50 intensity. The reason was that the periods of the CEUS models were much longer than the approximate periods that were required to determine the strengths. Consequently, the strength capacity of most of the CEUS models was much greater than the seismic strength demands. While many of the CEUS models did have sudden collapses due to the large negative rp values, the collapses happened at intensities that were generally much higher than the 2/50 event. In the IDA, it was also shown that vertical accelerations can significantly affect the ductility demands of a model with a negative rp post-yield stiffness ratio as the earthquake intensity approaches the collapse intensity. Since IDA is concerned with establishing collapse limit states, it seems that the most accurate collapse assessments would include vertical accelerations. / Master of Science

Cette thèse étudie les instabilités dynamiques des milieux granulaires modèles saturés à l’aide d’un appareil triaxial classique. Les instabilités englobent la liquéfaction et les effondrements en compression isotrope drainée, les frottements saccadés en compression triaxiale drainée. Ces instabilités apparaissent spontanément à des contraintes effectives de confinement imprévisibles. Elles sont accompagnées de très rapides et très fortes surpressions interstitielles, malgré un drainage approprié; ce que ne présentent pas les milieux granulaires naturels. En compression isotrope drainée (consolidation), des effondrements locaux naissent instantanément. En compression triaxiale drainée, on observe de larges frottements saccadés quasi-périodiques caractérisés par des déformations volumiques et axiales contractantes. De temps en temps, ces effondrements et frottements saccadés locaux peuvent se développer en liquéfaction menant à une destruction complète de la structure granulaire. Les données à haute résolution temporelle issues de ce travail ont permis la découverte d’une nouvelle famille de liquéfaction dynamique et statique. L’étude des émissions acoustiques passives a permis l’identification de signature spectrale caractéristique. Pour les frottements saccadés, la phase de glissement peut être interprétée comme une consolidation dynamique, limitée par l’unique surface en dessous de la ligne critique de rupture dans le plan des contraintes effectives. La séquence temporelle précise des événements exclut que la pression interstitielle soit la cause principale des instabilités. Cependant, le rôle important de la surpression interstitielle est démontré dans des relations quantitatives entre les incréments de contraintes, et de déformations et l’éphémère surpression interstitielle stabilisée développée pendant la phase de glissement. Cela montre finalement la nature quasi-déterministique de ces instabilités dynamiques. Ces relations empiriques sont basées uniquement sur l’amplitude maximale de l’accélération verticale de très courte durée et sont gouvernées indépendamment par la pression de confinement et par l’indice des vides. La similarité de la surpression interstitielle entre différentes instabilités suggère fortement quelques mécanismes similaires de déclenchement, probablement à partir de ré-arrangements de la micro-structure granulaire. / This thesis reports a laboratory study on the dynamic instabilities of model saturated granular material using a triaxial apparatus. The term instability consists of isotropic collapse and liquefaction under isotropic compression and of stick-slip under triaxial compression in drained condition. The instabilities spontaneously occur at unpredictable effective stress with unexpected buildup of excess pore pressure irrespective of fully drained condition, contrasting with the instability-free behaviour of natural granular materials. In isotropic compression, instantaneous local collapse happens and in triaxial compression, very large and quasi-periodic stick-slip occurs with sudden volumetric compaction and axial contraction. Sometimes, these local failures (collapse and stick-slip) can develop into total liquefaction failure, destroying completely the granular structure. High time-resolved data permit the discovery of a new family of dynamic and static liquefaction. Passive acoustic measurements allow the identification of typical spectral signature. For stick-slip phenomenon, the slip phase with constant duration of stress drop can be interpreted as dynamic consolidation at constant deviatoric stress, limited by a unique boundary inside the critical state line in the effective stress plane. The precise temporal sequence of mechanical measurements excludes the generated pore pressure as the main cause of the instabilities. However, the role of pore pressure is emphasised by consistent quantitative relations between the amplitude of incremental stresses, incremental strains and the ephemeral stabilised excess pore pressure developed during the dynamic event, leading to the quasi-deterministic nature of granular instabilities. These empirical relations are based only on the short-lived maximum vertical acceleration and governed separately by the confining pressure and the initial void ratio. The similarity of pore pressure evolution for different kinds of instability strongly suggests some common speculative triggering mechanisms, probably originated from different rearrangements of the granular micro-structure.