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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1151

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: a tool for investigation of asymptomatic versus symptomatic infections

Barletta, Francesca, Ochoa, Theresa J., Mercado, Erik H., Ruiz, Joaquim, Ecker, Lucie, Lopez, Giovanni, Mispireta, Monica, Gil, Ana I., Lanata, Claudio F., Cleary, Thomas G. 30 May 2015 (has links)
theresa.j.ochoa@uth.tmc.edu / Article / BACKGROUND: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains are pediatric pathogens commonly isolated from both healthy and sick children with diarrhea in areas of endemicity. The aim of this study was to compare the bacterial load of EPEC isolated from stool samples from children with and without diarrhea to determine whether bacterial load might be a useful tool for further study of this phenomenon. METHODS: EPEC was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of colonies isolated on MacConkey plates from 53 diarrheal and 90 healthy children aged <2 years. DNA was isolated from stool samples by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide extraction. To standardize quantification by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), the correlation between fluorescence threshold cycle and copy number of the intimin gene of EPEC E2348/69 was determined. RESULTS: The detection limit of qRT-PCR was 5 bacteria/mg stool. The geometric mean load in diarrhea was 299 bacteria/mg (95% confidence interval [CI], 77-1164 bacteria/mg), compared with 29 bacteria/mg (95% CI, 10-87 bacteria/mg) in control subjects (P = .016). Bacterial load was significantly higher in children with diarrhea than in control subjects among children <12 months of age (178 vs 5 bacteria/mg; P = .006) and among children with EPEC as the sole pathogen (463 vs 24 bacteria/mg; P = .006). CONCLUSIONS: EPEC load measured by qRT-PCR is higher in diarrheal than in healthy children. qRT-PCR may be useful to study the relationship between disease and colonization in settings of endemicity.
1152

Regulation of Escherichia coli pyrBI Gene Expression in Pseudomonas fluorescens

Shen, Weiping 05 1900 (has links)
Pseudomonas fluorescens does not appear to regulate the enzymes of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis at the level of gene expression. Little or no apparent repression of pyr gene expression is observed upon addition of exogenous pyrimidines to the growth medium. The Escherichia coli pyrBI genes for aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) were sized down and cloned into the broad host range plasmid, pKT230. Upon introduction into a P.fluorescenspyrB mutant strain, ATCase showed repression in response to exogenously fed pyrimidine compounds. Thus, it was possible to bring about changes in pyrimidine nucleotide pool levels and in transcriptional regulation of gene expression at the same time.
1153

Implication et régulation de la production des curli dans la résistance au nickel au sein de biofilms d’Escherichia coli K-12 / Implication and regulation of curli production in the nickel resistance within biofilms of Escherichia coli K-12

Perrin, Claire 18 December 2009 (has links)
Le nickel est connu pour son utilisation dans la préparation d’alliages réputés peu sensibles à la contamination bactérienne, très utilisés dans les secteurs agro-alimentaires et médicaux. Cependant, les bactéries apparaissent capables d’adhérer même à ce type de matériau et de le coloniser sous forme de biofilms. Les biofilms sont des communautés de micro-organismes, adhérant entre eux et à une surface, grâce à la sécrétion d’une matrice adhésive offrant une protection contre la dessiccation, les défenses de l’hôte et un grand nombre d’agents antimicrobiens. Ces biofilms manifestent des propriétés de multirésistances aux biocides qui causent des problèmes sanitaires majeurs dans les installations hospitalières et industrielles. D’importantes modifications de l’expression génétique accompagnent la vie en biofilm et induisent des caractères spécifiques dont des résistances accrues aux biocides et la production de facteurs de virulence. Parmi ces derniers, les curli, qui sont un composé protéique majeur de la matrice extracellulaire chez les bactéries Escherichia coli et Salmonella spp., jouent un rôle clé dans la formation de biofilms sur surfaces inertes et biologiques. Ce travail a consisté à explorer la contribution de la vie en biofilm à la survie des bactéries Escherichia coli K-12 productrices de curli en présence de nickel. Pour cela, l’effet physiologique d’ions solubles de nickel sur la survie des bactéries a été testé sur des supports inertes en polystyrène ou en acier. Nous avons montré que des concentrations sub-inhibitrices de nickel induisent une augmentation de l’épaisseur et de la densité du biofilm. Cet effet ne dépend pas des modifications physico-chimiques de la surface cellulaire par le nickel, ni de l’activité de la seule pompe d’efflux à nickel connue d’E. coli, RcnA. Par contre, le nickel à faible concentration induit l’expression des curli, ainsi que leur production. C’est donc via l’activation transcriptionnelle des gènes codant les curli que l’augmentation du biofilm par le nickel se produit. Ce travail s’est également appliqué à rechercher la nature du relais gouvernant la mise en place des curli en réponse à la présence de nickel. Aucun des régulateurs principaux de l’expression des curli ne joue un rôle décisif. Nos résultats nous conduisent à suggérer que l’effet du nickel repose sur un phénomène global de réponse au stress oxydant dont le mécanisme reste à déterminer. / Nickel is known for its use in alloy preparation, which is renowned for not being very sensitive to bacterial contamination, and thus widely used in the food-processing and medical sectors. However, bacteria appeared to be able to adhere even on this type of material, and to colonize it in the form of biofilms. Biofilms are microorganisms’ communities, adherent between themselves and to a surface, thanks to the secretion of an adhesive matrix, which offers them protection against desiccation, host defences and a great number of antimicrobial agents. Biofilms express biocidal multiresistance properties, which causes major sanitary problems in hospitals and industries. Biofilm life comes with important modifications in the genetic expression, which induces specific characteristics like increased biocides resistances and virulence factors production. In the latter, curli are a major proteic component of the extracellular matrix in the bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., and curli play a key role in biofilm formation on inert and biologic surfaces. This work had consisted of the exploration of the biofilm life-style contribution in the survival of E. coli K-12 bacteria that produces curli in the presence of nickel. In that aim, physiological effect of soluble ions of nickel on the bacterial survival has been tested on inert supports such as polystyrene and stainless steel. We have shown that sub-inhibitory concentrations of nickel induce an increase in the biofilm thickness and density. This effect does not rely on physicochemical modifications on the bacterial surface, nor on RcnA activity, which is the only known efflux pump dedicated to nickel in E. coli. On the other hand, low concentrations of nickel induce curli expression and their production. Hence, the nickel-induced biofilm increase occurs through transcriptional activation of curli genes. This work also tried to find the nature of the relay that governs curli setting up in response to the presence of nickel. None of the curli principal regulators seem to be implicated in this curli production increase. Thus, our results suggest that nickel effect lies on a more global response phenomenon like oxidative stress, but the involved mechanism needs to be determined.
1154

Application de la photocatalyse pour la dégradation des polluants chimiques et bactériologiques dans l’eau en utilisant des catalyseurs irradiés par des photons de lumière naturelle ou artificielle (UV‐A /UV‐B) / Photocatalysis for decontamination and disinfection of water using different types of suspended catalysts irradiated by artificial (UV‐A/UV‐B) or natural sunlight

Helali, Sihem 17 December 2012 (has links)
La dégradation photocatalytique de deux amines, la méthylamine (MA) et la diméthylamine (DMA), a été étudiée en présence de TiO2 Degussa P25. Différents paramètres ont été étudiés: l'adsorption à l’obscurité et sous UV, la photolyse, les cinétiques de dégradation, l'effet du pH, l'effet de la nature et de l'intensité du flux photonique ainsi que les voies de dégradation de la MA et DMA.A l’obscurité, le taux de recouvrement des groupes OH est similaire pour la MA et DMA. Sous UV, ce taux devient deux fois plus élevé pour la MA. Les réactivités de MA et DMA sont directement corrélées à leur adsorption sous UV. Les atomes d'azote sont principalement décomposés en ammonium. Le nitrite a été également détecté, mais rapidement oxydé en nitrate. À pH basique, l'hydrolyse photo‐assisté et l'attaque de OH• sur l’atome N augmente. DMA est essentiellement transformé en MA. Les analyses du Carbone Organique Total (COT) montrent la présence de produits finaux contenant de l’azote difficilement minéralisables. Nous avons montré que, quelle que soit l'énergie des photons (UV‐A ou UV‐B), le rendement quantique reste constant et égal à 0,033.L'inactivation photocatalytique de E. coli en présence de la lumière solaire naturelle en absence (SODIS) et en présence de différents catalyseurs a été étudiée. L'effet de la température sur l'inactivation de E. coli a été aussi étudié. Les résultats ont montré que l’addition des différents types de catalyseurs accélère l'effet bactéricide du rayonnement solaire. Aucun phénomène de reviviscence bactérien n’a été observé après l'arrêt de l'exposition solaire durant au moins 72 heures. Seulement les ions ammonium et potassium ont été détectés au cours de l'inactivation de E. coli en accord avec la perforation de la membrane et l’oxydation des protéines. / The photocatalytic degradation of two amino‐compounds, methylamine (MA) and dimethylamine (DMA) was investigated in the presence of UV‐irradiated TiO2 aqueous suspensions. Different parameters were studied: adsorption under dark and UV conditions, photolysis, kinetics of degradation, effect of pH, effect of the nature and intensities of photonic flux and finally the chemical pathway MA and DMA degradation.While, the percentage of covered OH in the dark was equal for MA and DMA, it becomes twice higher for MA under UV. The reactivity of MA and DMA is directly correlated with the adsorption under UV. The nitrogen atoms were decomposed mainly to ammonium. Nitrite was also formed but was rapidly oxidized to nitrate. At basic pH, photo assisted hydrolysis and the attack of OH• on N‐atom increase. DMA is mainly transformed to MA. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis show the presence of final slightly mineralised intermediate compounds containing nitrogen atom. We shown that, whatever the energy of photons (UV‐A or UV‐B), the same quantum yield equal to 0.033 was obtained.The photocatalytic inactivation of E. coli under natural solar irradiation in the absence (SODIS) as well in the presence of different concentrations of varied photocatalysts has also been investigated. The effect of temperature on E. coli inactivation was studied. Results show that the additions of any types of catalyst to the water accelerate the bactericidal action of solar irradiation and leads to a total disinfection. No bacterial regrowth was observed during the subsequent dark period. Ammonium and potassium ions were formed during E. coli inactivation in agreement with the membrane perforation and the oxidation of proteins.
1155

Impacto da inativação de genes relacionados à síntese de produtos de fermentação (lactato e acetato) na produção de 1,3-propanodiol em linhagens de Escherichia coli recombinantes / Inactivation impact of genes related to synthesis of fermentation products (lactate and acetate) in 1,3-propanediol production in recombinant strains of Escherichia coli.

Oliveira, Henrique da Costa 13 December 2017 (has links)
Este projeto teve como objetivo a produção de 1,3-propanodiol (1,3-PDO) utilizando glicerol como matéria prima, que pode ser proveniente da indústria de biodiesel. O 1,3-PDO é um produto de interesse na indústria biotecnológica, como precursor para diversos processos. Sua maior aplicação é na produção do bioplástico Politrimetileno Tereftalato (PTT), um termoplástico reciclável não biodegradável com qualidades superiores a do Polietileno Tereftalato (PET). Atualmente, o 1,3-PDO é produzido principalmente por síntese química, utilizando derivados do petróleo, mas a alternativa por microrganismos é vantajosa, pois gera menor emissão de poluentes, usa recursos renováveis e tem menor custo de produção. As bactérias apresentadas nesse trabalho são Escherichia coli recombinantes com genes da bactéria naturalmente produtora de 1,3-PDO Klebsiella pneumoniae. Analisando os dados da literatura, as Análises de Balanço de Fluxo (FBA) e dados experimentais, este projeto teve como objetivo eliminar total ou parcialmente os subprodutos lactato e acetato de E. coli recombinantes e analisar o impacto no metabolismo da bactéria e na produção de 1,3-PDO. Também foi o objetivo analisar o papel do gene yqhD na produção, combinando as mutações que produziam mais com as já obtidas, num esforço de melhorar o processo de produção estabelecido. Foram obtidas 4 linhagens da E. coli modificadas geneticamente, nas quais os seguintes genes foram alvos de estudo: ackA, ldhA, poxB, pta e yqhD. Também foram feitas combinações destas linhagens com uma cepa de E. coli já obtida com mutação na enzima Isocitrato Desidrogenase, na qual a especificidade por coenzimas foi alterada (NADP+ para NAD+), o que gerou mais 6 linhagens para estudo. Todos os genes propostos foram deletados e as linhagens tiveram a produção analisada. Com base em resultados preliminares foram construídas novas linhagens combinando as modificações, e todas tiveram a produção testada. A melhor das linhagens foi uma E. coli icdNAD+&Delta;yqhD, cultivada em biorreator. Foram observados aumentos no fator de conversão (até 0,489 molPDO/molglicerol) e produtividade (até 0,312gPDO.L-1.h-1). Mutantes derivadas desta, para produzir menos acetato, foram construídas e cultivadas em biorreator. Na tentativa de criar uma linhagem com potencial de ser usada na indústria, um gene essencial foi clonado no plasmídeo de produção, na tentativa de resolver problemas de larga escala. Esse novo plasmídeo, quando usado em uma linhagem específica, elimina a necessidade de usar antibiótico no meio e mantém o elevado número de cópias dos genes de interesse. Novos incrementos poderão ser obtidos explorando diferentes condições de oferta de oxigênio. Os objetivos iniciais foram alcançados: construir linhagens mais produtivas de 1,3-PDO e começar a estudar os efeitos da eliminação de genes responsáveis por alguns subprodutos na produção. Os resultados aqui obtidos ainda puderam indicar a importância de alguns genes, e agora perguntas mais específicas podem ser feitas, bem como hipóteses testadas. / This project aimed at producing 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) using glycerol as carbon source, which can be proven from the biodiesel industry. 1,3-PD is a significant product in biotechnology as a precursor to several processes. Its main application is as monomer of the bioplastic Polytrimethylene Terephthalate (PTT), a non-biodegradable recyclable thermoplastic with superior qualities over Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). 1,3-PD is produced mostly by chemical synthesis from petroleum derivatives. The alternative produced by microorganisms is more advantageous due to the use of renewable raw material and the lower cost of production. The bacteria presented here are recombinant strains of Escherichia coli, harboring genes from the natural producer of 1,3-PD, Klebsiella pneumoniae. Reviewing the literature, simulations of Flux Balance Analysis (FBA) and experimental observations, this project aimed at eliminating partially or completely the lactate and acetate byproducts in strains of E. coli, and at understanding the effects of the mutations in production and growing. We also analyzed the role of the yqhD gene in the production of 1,3-PD, combining the mutations that produced more 1,3-PD with each other, to improve the current production process. Four recombinant strains of E. coli were first obtained in a first experimentation, in which the following genes were analyzed: ackA, ldhA, poxB, pta e yqhD. Combinations of these strains was also made with one previously obtained E. coli with mutation at the Isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme, with specificity altered by coenzymes (NAD+ instead NADP+), resulting in 6 more strains. All genes of interest were deleted, and the mutants had the production evaluated. Based on preliminary results, new strains were constructed combining the modifications, all tested in shake flasks. The best strain for production was an E. coli icdNAD+&Delta;yqhD, cultivated in bioreactor. It was observed an increase in the yield (up to 0.489 molPDO/molglycerol) and productivity (up to 0.312 gPDO.L-1.h-1). Mutants lacking genes responsible for acetate formation were obtained from the best strain, in order to reduce acetate at batch. At last, in an attempt to create a strain with potential to be used in industry, an essential gene was cloned in the production plasmid, trying to solve some large-scale problems. This new plasmid used in a specific strain eliminate the use of antibiotics, and still preserve the high copy number of the genes of interest. Further improvements could be achieved by exploring different oxygen supply conditions. The initial objectives were achieved: to construct more productive strains of 1,3-PD and study the effect of the deletion of genes responsible of byproducts. Furthermore, the results obtained in this research could reveal the importance of some genes, and from here, more specific questions and hypothesis can be investigated.
1156

Influência dos sistemas de Quorum Sensing Al-1/Al2/3Al-3 nos fatores de virulência de EPEC atípica de origem animal / Influence of Quorum Sensing systems AI-1/AI-2/AI-3 on the virulence factors of atypical EPEC isolated from an animal.

Couto, Samuel Campanelli Freitas 17 September 2018 (has links)
Influência dos sistemas de Quorum Sensing AI-1/AI-2/AI-3 nos fatores de virulência de EPEC atípica de origem animal. A secreção de moléculas sinalizadoras de baixo peso molecular que se acumulam no meio extracelular até atingir um limite crítico de concentração para sua detecção, acarretando em sinalizações intracelulares e respostas efetoras, define o sistema de comunicação bacteriano chamado Quorum Sensing. Este sistema, que regula comportamentos coletivos mostrou-se um mecanismo disseminado em diversas espécies bacterianas. Diversos estudos descreveram a existência de pelo menos 3 sistemas relacionados ao Quorum Sensing em bactérias Gram-negativas, LuxIR/AI-1, LuxS/AI-2 e QseBC/AI-3/Epinefrina/Norepinefrina. Fatores de virulência como formação de biofilme, motilidade e adesão ao epitélio do hospedeiro devem ser controlados de maneira adequada para tirar o melhor proveito da situação em que a bactéria se encontra. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a influência e a correlação dos genes luxS, qseC e sdiA, relacionados ao sistema de comunicação bacteriana Quorum Sensing, nos principais fatores de virulência de uma amostra de EPEC atípica de origem animal. Foram construídos mutantes pela metodologia baseada na recombinação homóloga mediada pelo sistema Lambda Red, que foram submetidos a ensaios fenotípicos. A sinalização por AI-2 e luxS desempenham papéis na motilidade, formação de biofilme e adesão a células epiteliais. QseC influencia a produção de biofilme pela regulação de componentes da matriz extracelular, e participa de processos de motilidade e adesão. O hormônio epinefrina contribui na alteração de processos de motilidade, formação de biofilme e desenvolvimento da lesão A/E. O gene sdiA também tem um papel importante na regulação de fatores de virulência, mesmo na ausência de AHL. Uma interação antagônica parece existir entre os genes qseC e luxS. A ausência de sistemas de Quorum Sensing promove a produção de um biofilme robusto na amostra AP155. / The secretion of low molecular weight signaling molecules that accumulate in the extracellular medium until reaching a critical concentration limit for its detection, leading to intracellular signaling and effector responses, defines the bacterial communication system called Quorum Sensing. This system regulates collective behaviors and has been proven to be a widespread mechanism in several bacterial species. Several studies have described the existence of at least 3 Quorum Sensing-related systems in Gram-negative bacteria, LuxIR/AI-1, LuxS/AI-2 and QseBC/AI-3/Epinephrine/Norepinephrine. Virulence factors such as biofilm formation, motility and adhesion to the host epithelium should be adequately regulated to make the most of the situation in which the bacterium is found. The aim of this work was to analyze the influence and correlation of luxS, qseC and sdiA genes, related to the bacterial communication system Quorum Sensing, on the main virulence factors of an atypical EPEC strain isolated from an animal. Mutants were obtained through homologous recombination mediated by the Lambda Red system, and then were submitted to phenotypic assays. AI-2 signaling and luxS play roles in motility, biofilm formation, and adhesion to epithelial cells. QseC influences the production of biofilm by the regulation of components of the extracellular matrix, and participates in the processes of motility and adhesion as well. The epinephrine hormone alters the processes of motility, biofilm formation and development of the A/E lesion. The sdiA gene also plays an important role in the regulation of virulence factors, even in the absence of AHL. An antagonistic interaction seems to exist between the qseC and luxS genes. The absence of Quorum Sensing systems promotes the production of a robust biofilm in the AP155 strain.
1157

Aplicação de ramnolipídeo no controle de biofilmes de patógenos alimentares / Aplication of rhamnolipid to control food pathogens biofilms

Silva, Sumária Sousa e 01 August 2016 (has links)
A formação de biofilme representa preocupação à indústria de alimentos pois é uma fonte crônica de contaminação. Encontrar estratégias eficientes para controlar o crescimento de microrganismos continua a ser um importante desafio. Uma delas é o uso dos ramnolipídeos (RLs), um biossurfatante produzido tipicamente por P. aeruginosa que apresenta potencial como agente antimicrobiano, anti-adesivo e dispersivo. Sua baixa toxicidade, biodegradabilidade, eficiência e especificidade em comparação aos surfatantes sintéticos podem torná-los promissores agentes de biocontrole. O presente estudo teve como objetivo estudar o potencial de uso de ramnolipídeos, em diferentes condições de concentração e temperatura, no controle e remoção de biofilmes de patógenos alimentares formados em meio de cultura e leite. Foram utilizadas Escherichia coli ATCC 43895, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19112, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 8095, reconhecidos patógenos alimentares. Os biofilmes foram formados em placas de microtitulação de poliestireno nos meios de cultivo: caldo nutriente (CN), extrato de levedura com triptona de soja (TSYE) e matriz alimentar (leite) à 37 &deg;C, por 24 h (E. coli) e 48 h (S. aureus e L. monocytogenes). Os biofilmes foram avaliados pela quantificação da biomassa, viabilidade celular, hidrofobicidade de superfície e análises qualitativa (microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de fluorescência) e quantitativa (caracterização da matriz polimérica). O ramnolipídeo foi submetido à análise físico-química de espalhamento dinâmico de luz (DLS), espalhamento de raios-X a baixo ângulo (SAXS). Os resultados obtidos para E. coli mostraram que a concentração de RL que mais removeu o biofilme foi 2 &permil;, porém em temperaturas diferentes, para o CN à 25 &deg;C e para o leite à 37 &deg;C, com 33 &permil; e 80 &permil; de remoção, respectivamente. Para o biofilme de S. aureus em caldo nutriente os resultados mais eficientes foram à 25 &deg;C, na concentração de 0,1 &permil; de RL e em leite 4 &deg;C, na concentração de 0,05 &permil; de RL, com remoção de 35 &permil; e 89 &permil;, respectivamente. O biofilme de L. monocytogenes em TSYE mostrou-se mais sensível à 37 &deg;C, na concentração 0,5 &permil; de RL, o qual foi possível remover 35,3 &permil; da biomassa. Enquanto que em leite a 4 °C e 0,5 &permil; de RL, com remoção de 63,6 &permil; .Quanto à redução das células viáveis foi observado que para as bactérias Gram-positivas o tratamento mais efetivo foi à 4 &deg;C com 0,05 &permil; de RL, nos meios CN e TSYEe 1 &permil; em leite. Para os biofilmes de E. coli a maior redução da viabilidade ocorreu em leite, após tratamento com RL 0,05 &permil; à 37 &deg;C. As imagens de microscopia mostraram uma morfologia heterogênea na presença dos diferentes meios de cultivos, com destaque para os biofilmes de S. aureus (leite) e L. monocytogenes (TSYE), nos quais houve grande produção de matriz polimérica extracelular (MPE), e também apresentaram as maiores quantidades de carboidratos e proteínas. O tratamento com o ramnolipídeo reduziu a hidrofobicidade dos biofilmes. As análises de DLS e SAXS mostraram uma predominância em número de micelas com diâmetro entre 1-10 nm, independente das concentrações e temperaturas analisadas. De modo geral, a aplicação de ramnolipídeo promoveu remoção da biomassa celular como também redução de células viáveis presentes no biofilme. As evidências obtidas aqui, podem ser importantes subsídios para futuras investigações sobre as interações físico-químicas entre ramnolipídeos e a camada de biofilme visando aplicação como agentes sanitizantes em indústria de alimentos. / Biofilm formation is a concern to the food industry because it is a chronic source of contamination. Finding effective strategies to control the growth of microorganisms remains a major challenge. One strategy is the use of rhamnolipids (RLs), a biosurfactant typically produced by P. aeruginosa that has potential as antimicrobial, anti-adhesive and biofilm disrupting agent. RLs low toxicity, biodegradability, efficiency and specificity comparatively to synthetic surfactants, makes them promising biocontrol agents. This work aimed to study the potential use of rhamnolipid at different conditions of concentration and temperature, to control and removal of biofilms of food pathogens established in culture medium and milk. The bacterial strain utilized Escherichia coli ATCC 43895, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19112, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 8095, are well-recognized food pathogens. The biofilms were formed in polystyrene microtiter plates in culture media: nutrient broth (NB), yeast extract and tryptone soya (TSYE) and in food matrix (milk) at 37 &deg;C for 24 h (E. coli) and 48 h (S. aureus and L. monocytogenes). Biofilms were assessed by biomass quantification, cell viability, surface hydrophobicity, qualitative (scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence) and quantitative (characterization of polymer matrix) analysis. The rhamnolipid was subjected to physical and chemical analysis of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and X-ray small angle scattering (SAXS). E. coli biofilms were removed more efficiently using 2 &permil; RL, but at different temperatures for NB (25 °C) and milk (37 &deg;C) showing 33 &permil; and 80 &permil; respectively. For the biofilm of S. aureus in NB the best results was obtained at 25 &deg;C and 0.1 &permil; RL and in milk medium at 4 &deg;C with 0.05 &permil; RL showing 35 &permil; and 89 &permil; of biofilm disruption, respectively. The biofilm of L. monocytogenes in TSYE was more sensitive to the treatment at 37 &deg;C with 0.5 &permil; RL, removing 35.3 &permil; of the biofilm; while in milk at 4 °C and 0.5 &permil; RL, biofilm removal reached 63.6 &permil;. Reduction on cell viability was more effective for Gram-positive bacteria at 4 &deg;C with 0.05 &permil; RL, for NB and TSYE and at 1 &permil; in milk. For E. coli biofilms the largest reduction of viability occurred in milk after treatment with 0.05 &permil; RL at 37 &deg;C. The microscopy images showed a heterogeneous morphology in the presence of different media, especially biofilms of S. aureus (milk) and L. monocytogenes (TSYE), in which there was a great production of extracellular polymeric matrix (EPM), and also the highest amounts of carbohydrates and protein. The treatment with RL reduced the hydrophobicity of biofilms. The DLS and SAXS analysis of RL showed a predominance of micelles with diameters between 1-10 nm, independent of the concentrations and temperatures utilized. In general, the application of rhamnolipid promoted a reduction in biofilm mass as well in cell viability. The evidences obtained can provide a basis for future research on the physical and chemical interactions between rhamnolipid and biofilm layer aiming their application as sanitizers in food industry.
1158

Perfil fenotípico e genotípico de Escherichia coli resistente a quinolonas isoladas de hemocultura / Phenotypic and genotypic profile of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from blood cultures

Paula, Alexandre Inacio Cruz de 25 October 2012 (has links)
Introdução: Atualmente o uso de fluoroquinolonas na prática clínica tem sido associado a um aumento da incidência da infecção com bactérias resistentes as quinolonas, especialmente Escherichia coli. O Brasil tem uma das mais altas taxas de resistência as quinolonas entre os países da America Latina. Diferentes mecanismos de resistência estão envolvidos no desenvolvimento de resistência as quinolonas. Os principais mecanismos dividem se em três categorias: i) alteração na DNA girase e topoisomerase IV; ii) diminuição do acúmulo de antibióticos no interior da bactéria e iii) produção de proteínas protetoras da DNA girase e topoisomerase IV. No ano de 2010 foram observadas elevadas taxas de resistência às fluorquinolonas em Escherichia coli isoladas de hemoculturas de pacientes atendidos em hospitais privados da cidade de São Paulo, pelo Fleury Medicina e Saúde. As taxas de resistência à ciprofloxacina variaram de 26,1% a 43,9% em três hospitais diferentes. Considerando que há determinantes cromossômicos não transferíveis e determinantes plasmidiais transferíveis da resistência às fluorquinolonas, a avaliação da clonalidade dos isolados e dos determinantes genéticos da resistência às fluorquinolonas poderá contribuir para o entendimento de alguns dos fatores que possam contribuir para essa progressiva elevação nas taxas de resistência a essa classe de antimicrobianos. Objetivo: Avaliar o fenótipo, a diversidade genética, determinantes cromossômicos e plasmidiais da resistência a fluorquinolonas em Escherichia coli isoladas de corrente sanguínea. Materiais e métodos: Foram estudados 47 E. coli resistentes a ciprofloxacino isoladas de hemoculturas de pacientes atendidos em cinco centros hospitalares da cidade de São Paulo. A caracterização fenotípica foi realizada por determinação da concentração mínima inibitória para fluoroquinolonas. A confirmação genotípica da resistência foi confirmada por PCR para os genes qnrA, qnrB, qnrS. As regiões determinantes da resistência a fluorquinolonas dos genes gyrA, parC foram sequenciadas. A tipagem molecular foi realizada pela técnica de ERIC-PCR. Resultados e conclusões: Os genes qnrA e qnrS não foram detectados nos isolados avaliados neste estudo. Os genes qnrB foram detectados em 42,5% dos isolados. Em todos os isolados, exceto o F4991, foram detectadas as substituições S83L e D87N na GyrA Em todos os isolados, exceto o F4991, foram detectadas as substituições S80I em ParC. Foi detectada a substituição E84V em ParC 23,4% dos isolados. Foi observada a disseminação dos grupos clonais ERIC1 e ERIC2 entre hospitais e disseminação intrahospitalar dos grupos clonais ERICS, ERIC6 e ERIC7. / Introduction: The use of fluoroquinolones in clinicai practice has been associated with an increased incidence of infection with bacteria resistant to quinolones, especially Escherichia coli. Brazil has one of the highest rates of resistance to quinolones among the countries in Latin America. Different resistance mechanisms are involved in the development of resistance to quinolone. The main mechanisms fall into three categories: i) alteration in DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, ii) reduction in the accumulation of antibiotics within the bacterium and iii) production of proteins that protect DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. In the year of 2010 high rates of resistance to fluoroquinolones in E. coli were observed blood cultures isolates from of patients from private hospitais in São Paulo. Ciprofloxacin resistance rates ranged from 26.1 to 43% 9% at three different hospitais. There are chromosomal and transferable plasmid-determined resistance to fluoroquinolones. The evaluation of the clonality of the isolates and the genetic determinants of resistance to fluoroquinolones may contribute to the understanding of some of the factors that may contribute to the progressive increase in resistance rates to this class of antimicrobials. Objective: To evaluate the phenotype, genetic diversity, chromosomal and plasmid determinants of resistance to fluoroquinolones in E. coli isolated from bloodstream. Materiais and methods: We studied 47 ciprofloxacin resistant E. coli isolated from blood cultures of patients treated at five hospitais in the city of Sao Paulo. Phenotypic characterization was performed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration for fluoroquinolones. Genotypic resistance was confirmed by PCR to genes qnrA, qnrB and qnrS. The quinolone resistance determining regions of genes gyrA and parC were sequenced. Molecular typing was performed using ERIC-PCR. Results and conclusions: The qnrA and qnrS genes were not detected in the isolates evaluated in this study. The qnrB genes were detected in 42.5% of isolates. In all isolates, except for F4991, substitutions were detected in gyrA S83L and D87N. In all isolates, except for F4991, substitution S80I were detected in ParC. E84V substitution in ParC was detecxted in 23.4% of isolates. We observed the spread of clonal groups ERIC1 and ERIC2 and between hospitais and alsdo intra-hospital spread of clonal groups ERIC5, and ERIC6 ERIC7.
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Padrão de adesão agregativa e formação de biofilme em Escherichia coli enteroagregativa típica e atípica: papel da proteína Shf. / Aggregative adherence pattern and biofilm formation in typical and atypical enteroaggregative Escherichia coli: role of the Shf protein.

Vasconcellos, Francielli Mahnic de 04 August 2009 (has links)
Escherichia coli enteroagregativa (EAEC) é caracterizada pela expressão do padrão de adesão agregativa (AA) em células HEp-2 e sua classificação em típica e atípica se baseia na presença ou ausência de aggR, respectivamente. O gene shf de EAEC codifica uma proteína com similaridade a IcaB, relacionada à formação de biofilme. Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar a prevalência de shf em 113 amostras de EAEC isoladas no Brasil e investigar o envolvimento de Shf na formação de biofilme e no padrão AA de EAEC típica e atípica. O gene shf foi detectado em 25 EAEC típicas e em 16 atípicas. As amostras shf+ foram analisadas quanto ao sorogrupo, adesão em células HEp-2 e formação de biofilme. Nenhuma dessas características foi associada a shf e a formação de biofilme foi detectada em todas essas amostras. A mutagênese em shf resultou na diminuição da capacidade de formação de biofilme e na incapacidade de adesão. Foi demonstrado que o gene shf é prevalente e que Shf participa do estabelecimento do padrão AA e de formação de biofilme em EAEC típica e atípica. / Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is characterized by the expression of the aggregative adherence (AA) pattern to HEp-2 cells. The classification of EAEC in typical and atypical is based on the presence or absence of aggR, respectively. The shf gene encodes a protein with similarity to IcaB, associated with biofilm formation. The objectives of this study were to verify the prevalence of shf in 113 EAEC strains isolated in Brazil and investigate the role of the Shf in the establishment of the AA pattern and biofilm of typical and atypical EAEC. The shf gene was detected in 25 typical and in 16 atypical EAEC. The shf+ strains were analyzed regarding serogroups, adherence to HEp-2 cells and the ability to form biofilm. None of these characteristics was associated with the presence of shf and all strains were able to produce biofilm. The mutagenesis in shf reduced the biofilm formation and abolished the adherence to HEp-2 cells. This study demonstrated that shf is prevalent and Shf is involved in the AA and biofilm formation of typical and atypical EAEC.
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Resposta imune induzida por uma vacina conjugada contra Escherichia coli diarreiogênicas pertencentes ao sorogrupo O111. / Immune responses induced by a conjugate vaccine against diarrheagenic Escherichia coli belonging to serogroup O111.

Andrade, Gabrielle Ribeiro de 12 December 2013 (has links)
E. coli pertencentes ao sorogrupo O111 são incluem amostras com diferentes fatores de virulência que são responsáveis por gastroenterites por todo o mundo e surtos de diarreia com sangue e síndrome hemolítico-urêmica em países desenvolvidos. Resultados obtidos anteriormente mostraram que o LPS O111 é um bom candidato a antígeno para a formulação de uma vacina contra E. coli O111. Desta forma, o polissacarídeo O111 foi conjugado com proteínas arreadoras. Coelhos foram imunizados pela via subcutânea com o conjugado O111-citocromo c incorporado em sílica SBA-15 como adjuvante, os resultados mostraram que os anticorpos obtidos foram capazes de reconhecer e inibir a adesão de todas as categorias de E. coli pertencentes ao sorogrupo O111. O veículo carreador de antígeno, VaxcineTM , foi incorporado no conjugado O111-EtxB e camundongos foram imunizados pela via oral, o que resultou em resposta imune sistêmica e de mucosa contra o LPS O111. Os anticorpos obtidos foram capazes de reconhecer amostras de todas as categorias de E. coli O111. Os dados obtidos neste trabalho sugerem que a utilização do polissacarídeo O111 em uma formulação conjugada é capaz de prevenir surtos de diarreia causada por E. coli O111 independente do seu mecanismo de virulência. / The E. coli serogroup O111 include samples with different virulence factors that are responsible for enteritis throughout the world and for outbreaks of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome in developed countries. Previous results obtained have shown that O111 LPS is a good candidate antigen for the development of a vaccine against E. coli O111. Therefore, the polysaccharide was conjugated with carrier proteins. Rabbits were immunized subcutaneously with the O111-cytochrome c conjugate incorporated in silica SBA-15 as an adjuvant, the results obtained show that the antibodies were able to recognize and inhibit the adhesion of all types of E. coli belonging to serogroup O111. The antigen delivery vehicle, VaxcineTM was incorporated into the O111-EtxB conjugate, and mice were immunized by gavage, resulting in systemic and mucosal immune response against O111 LPS. These antibodies were able to recognize all categories of E. coli O111. The results presented in this work indicate that an oral conjugated vaccine that targets the O111 antigen has the potencial to prevent diarrhea by O111 E. coli strains, regardless their mechanism of virulence.

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