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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Microfabrication of a MEMS piezoresistive flow sensor - materials and processes

Aiyar, Avishek R. 11 July 2008 (has links)
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based artificial sensory hairs for flow sensing have been widely explored, but the processes involved in their fabrication are lithography intensive, making the process quite expensive and cumbersome. Most of these devices are also based on silicon MEMS, which makes the fabrication of out-of plane 3D flow sensors very challenging. This thesis aims to develop new fabrication technologies based on Polymer MEMS, with minimum dependence on lithography for the fabrication of piezoresistive 3D out-of-plane artificial sensory hairs for sensing of air flow. Moreover, the fabrication of a flexible sensor array is proposed and new materials are also explored for the sensing application. Soft lithography based approaches are first investigated for the fabrication of an all elastomer device that is tested in a bench top wind tunnel. Micromolding technologies allow for the mass fabrication of microstructures using a single, reusable mold master that is fabricated by SU-8 photolithography, reducing the need for repetitive processing. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is used as the device material and sputter deposited gold is used as both the piezoresistive as well as the electrode material for collection of device response. The fabrication results of PDMS to PDMS metal transfer micromolding (MTM) are shown and the limitations of the process are also discussed. A dissolving mold metal transfer micromolding process is then proposed and developed, which overcomes the limitations of the conventional MTM process pertinent to the present application. Testing results of devices fabricated using the dissolving mold process are discussed with emphasis on the role of micro-cr  acking as one failure mode in elastomeric devices with thin film metal electrodes. Finally, a laser microfabrication based approach using thin film Kapton as the device material and an electrically conductive carbon-black elastomer composite as the piezoresistor is proposed and demonstrated. Laminated sheets of thick and thin Kapton form the flexible substrate on which the conductive elastomer piezoresistors are stencil printed. Excimer laser ablation is used to make the micro-stencil as well as to release the Kapton cantilevers. The fluid-structure interaction is improved by the deposition of a thin film of silicon dioxide, which produces a stress-gradient induced curvature, strongly enhancing the device sensitivity. This new approach also enables the fabrication of backside interconnects, thereby addressing the commonly observed problem of flow intrusion while using conventional interconnection technologies like wire-bonding. Devices with varying dimensions of the sensing element are fabricated and the results presented, with smallest devices having a width of 400 microns and a length of 1.5 mm with flow sensitivities as high as 60 Ohms/m/s. Recommendations are also proposed for further optimization of the device.
72

Molecular dynamics study of pyrene excimer formation and oxidation in lipid bilayer models / Etude par dynamique moléculaire de formation d'excimères et de mélanges de lipides oxydés dans les membranes lipides modèles

Ayoub, Pierre 16 December 2015 (has links)
Nous proposons une nouvelle approche pour déterminer le coefficient de diffusion dans des membranes lipidiques se basant sur la formation d'excimères. Alors que les autres modèles statistiques considèrent le système comme un ensemble de points sur un réseau, nous utilisons un modèle à gros grain afin d'étudier des bicouches lipidiques simulées à l'aide du champs de force Martini. Nous déterminons le taux de réaction dépendant du temps à partir des probabilités de survie obtenues a posteriori à l'aide des trajectoires numeriques des bicouches symétriques de DOPC (1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) et POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) simulées à 283 K et 293 K respectivement. Les dynamiques de collision sont obtenues en distinguant virtuellement les molécules simulées. Les sondes fluorescentes sont supposées semblables aux lipides, et par conséquent, ne modifient pas la dynamique. Nous obtenons une expression générale pour la probabilité de survie en combinant approximation des paires indépendantes et propriétés d'échelle, mais aucune hypothèse n'est faite pour le taux de formation d'excimère. En superposant les intensités d'émission de fluorescence normalisées, déterminées numériquement, aux courbes de titrations expérimentales, nous obtenons deux ensembles de résultats pour le coefficient de diffusion latéral, selon que l'association entre feuillets est autorisée ou pas. Nous utilisons un rayon de capture de 0.5 nm, la distance à partir de laquelle les deux sondes réagissent pour former un excimère. En comparant la dynamique Martini aux expériences de fluorescence, il est possible d'estimer le facteur d'accélération. / We propose a novel approach to extract the lateral diffusion coefficient in lipid bilayers using excimer formation. In contrast to previous statistical models that modeled the system as points undergoing jumps from site to site on a lattice, we use coarse-grained molecular dynamics to study lipid bilayers simulated using the Martini force field. We derive time dependent reaction rates from survival probabilities obtained a posteriori from numerically generated trajectories of symmetric DOPC (1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) bilayers at 283K and 293K respectively. Collision dynamics are determined by virtually relabeling the simulated molecules. The fluorescent probes are assumed to behave like ordinary membrane lipids and therefore the dynamics remain unaffected. We derive a generalized expression for the survival probability combining independent pairs and size scaling assumptions, but no assumption is made regarding the kinetic rate of the excimer formation process. By fitting the numerically determined normalized fluorescence emission intensities to experimental titration curves, we obtain two sets of results for the lateral diffusion coefficients depending whether interleaflet excimer association is allowed or not. We use a capture radius of 0.5 nm, the distance at which the probes react to form excimers. By relating Martini dynamics to real fluorescence experiments, we estimate the numerical Martini acceleration factor. We also study mixtures of oxidized-non oxidized DOPC and POPC bilayers using a hydroperoxidized model of these lipids for different concentrations of the oxidized component (3.1%, 25% and 50%). Using pair correlation functions, we extract structural information on the systems and determine whether the two components are prone to mixing or not. Finally, we calculate the thermodynamic mixing parameters within the framework of the virial expansion.
73

Binding and characterization of fluorescent nano-aggregates on structured surfaces

Baumgärtel, Thomas 10 July 2012 (has links)
Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit steht die selektive Funktionalisierung von Siliziumoxidnanostrukturen auf alkyl-passivierten Siliziumoberflächen welche durch rasterkraftmikroskopisch induzierte lokale anodische Oxidation (LAO) erzeugt werden. Bei der gezielten Immobilisierung von funktionalen Molekülen auf den Strukturen werden zwei verschiedene Routen verfolgt – Anbindung von ionischen Farbstoffen über elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen sowie stufenweise kovalente chemische Anbindung von bi-funktionalen Verbindermolekülen und Farbstoffen. Eine Untersuchung der hergestellten funktionalen Strukturen erfolgt mittels Rasterkraftmikroskopie, Raster-Kelvin-Mikroskopie sowie zeitaufgelöster Fluoreszenzmikroskopie und-spektroskopie. Durch zwei unabhängige Methoden kann gezeigt werden dass die Ladungen im lokalen Oxide vergleichsweise stabil sind und die elektrostatische Anbindung somit auch noch nach Tagen möglich sein sollte. Das Verhalten der elektrostatisch angebundenen Farbstoffe hängt stark von deren Art ab. Während es bei Rhodamin 6G nur zu einer minimalen spektralen Änderung im Vergleich zur Lösung kommt so zeigen spermin-funktionalisierte Perylenbisimidfarbstoffe eine deutliche H-Aggregation und Ausbildung von Excimerzuständen. Diese Zustände sind eindeutig thermisch aktiviert und zeigen eine wesentlich höhere Aktivierungsenergie als bei allen anderen bisher untersuchten Perylenaggregaten sowie eine Hysterese bei Temperaturveränderung. Die physikalische Ursache für dieses Phänomen liegt allem Anschein nach in der elektrostatischen Anbindung selbst welche ein instabiles Gleichgewicht mit der Wechselwirkung der Moleküle untereinander bildet. Eine geordnete kovalente Anbindung von funktionalen Silanmolekülen an die mittels LAO erzeugten Strukturen erfordert sehr definierte Prozessparameter. Die spektroskopische Untersuchung von an die funktionalen Silane chemisch angebundenen Fluoresceinfarbstoffen lässt indirekte Schlüsse auf deren Belegungsdichte und damit die Qualität der Silanmonolage zu.
74

新しい縦型放電励起方式を用いた高速紫外パルスレーザの研究

後藤, 俊夫, 河野, 明広, 岸本, 茂, 平松, 美根男 03 1900 (has links)
科学研究費補助金 研究種目:一般研究(A) 課題番号:63420036 研究代表者:後藤 俊夫 研究期間:1988-1990年度

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