A proposta desta tese é interpretar os escritos de Georg Simmel (1958-1918) a partir de uma leitura cruzada entre dois momentos maiores de sua obra: as investigações sobre o dinheiro, cujos resultados mais substanciais foram reunidos em Filosofa do dinheiro (1900), e os argumentos de sua metafísica da vida, desenvolvidos em especial nos seus últimos anos e apresentados em suas consequências flosófcas no testamentário Visão da vida (1918). Essa perspectiva implica, no mesmo passo, uma segunda leitura cruzada. Pois uma instância central do desenvolvimento de um conceito enfático de vida, tal como aquele fornecido nos últimos escritos do autor, reside no âmbito de sua flosofa da arte: desdobradas em inúmeros ensaios ao longo de sua carreira intelectual, as refexões estéticas de Simmel culminaram na publicação de Rembrandt (1916), um livro também assentado no conceito de vida característico de suas últimas obras. Um primeiro resultado dessa leitura reside na constatação de que não se tem aí a mera relação entre uma flosofa do dinheiro e uma flosofa da vida concebida seja sob o signo da ruptura, seja da continuidade , mas entre duas flosofas da vida. A despeito das continuidades entre ambos os projetos por exemplo, o caráter relativista das duas flosofas, no interior das quais a vida é igualmente considerada como movimento, fuxo, vivacidade da interação , são aqui também destacadas suas cisões. Na Filosofa do dinheiro, a vida se manifesta sobretudo ali onde suas oposicoes chegam a uma tensao maxima, encontrando na circulação abstrata do dinheiro o símbolo de suas principais formas de movimento. Essa dinâmica se manifesta particularmente nos fenômenos paradoxais ou patológicos do valor, do desejo, da troca e da teleologia, que confguram em conjunto uma determinada forma de vida ou, nos termos da sociologia simmeliana, uma forma da socialização: a troca econômica ou troca-sacrifício. Nessa primeira perspectiva, as manifestações problemáticas da economia monetária e da cultura moderna encontram seu contraponto nas fguras positivas, em larga medida implícitas, do desejo racional e da ação teleológica razoável. Tais fenômenos serão posteriormente interpretados à luz da flosofa simmeliana da cultura, fundada na tradição alemã da Bildung e na qual a noção de cultivo, entendida como o desenvolvimento das potencialidades inerentes a cada sujeito, ocupa um lugar central. Os paradoxos da cultura se manifestam então como patologias do cultivo, como hipertrofa da cultura objetiva em relação à subjetiva, em suma, como alienação. Nos últimos escritos de Simmel, porém, a vida não surge mais ali onde os opostos convivem em máxima tensão, mas justamente onde tais oposições aparecem suspensas ou sequer são destacadas do movimento da vida, concebido agora como fuxo contínuo e indiferenciado. A despeito de sua relação necessariamente problemática com a forma, a vida pode agora encontrar uma expressão adequada para si mesma em certas modalidades de experiência artística ou social, nas quais se manifesta não somente outra concepção ou outro modo de expressão da vida, mas também outra forma de vida. Desse ponto de vista, as autocontradições da economia monetária e da cultura moderna não aparecem mais como desejo e ação irrazoáveis ou irracionais, nem como patologias do cultivo ou alienação, mas sob o signo do mecanicismo, como patologias da vitalidade / This thesis interprets the writings of Georg Simmel (1858-1918) from a reading that crosses two biggest moments of his work: the investigation into the money gathered in Philosophy of Money (1900) and the arguments of his metaphysics of life, presented in Vision of life. Four metaphysical essays (1918). This perspective led one second crisscross within the philosophy of art of the author, formulated primarily in Rembrandt. An essay in the philosophy of art (1916 ). The main )nding is that it is not the mere relationship between a philosophy of money and a philosophy of life, but more speci)cally the relationship between two philosophies of life. The concept of life plays a central role in the Philosophy of money, though not in the same terms of Simmel\'s later metaphysics. Despite the continuities between both projects it is also necessary to highlight their divisions. In that work, life is most clearly where their opposition reach a maximum tension or where it is presented in a dialectics without reconciliation that meets in the incessant movement of money the symbol of their main forms of movement. This dynamic is particularly manifested in speci)c categories of value, desire, exchange and of the discernible teleology from the money, which constitute in the aggregate a certain form of life or, in Simmel terms, a form of socialization. If such manifestations of monetary behavior, desire and teleology appear as problematic or pathological, it is in contrast to the positive )gures of a rational desire and a reasonable teleological action. Within his )rst philosophy of life, such phenomena would be conceived from the idea of culture itself, as the cultivation of the potential inherent in each subject; a framework in which the paradoxes and pathologies of culture emerge as conditions of cultivation, that is, as alienation. Already in his later philosophy of life, life no longer appears where it presents the coexistence of opposites in maximum tension, but precisely where such oppositions appear suspended or even highlighted the movement of life, now conceived as a continuous and undifferentiated fow. According to Simmel, this troubled relationship with form meets an adequate expression in certain modes of expression and artistic experience, from which protrudes another concept not only of life, but as another form of life, to the extent that the relationship between creator and receiver are given through certain art forms, corresponding to another mode of action (such as creation) and otherwise sensitive experience. The pathologies of modern monetary economics and culture arise, then, in a different light, not as inversions or interruptions of desire and reasonable or rational or as conditions of cultivation action, but as mechanical forma of life, as pathologies of vitality. Thus, in Simmels intellectual path, each time it comes to characterize the form of life symbolized by money, in its paradoxical character, self-contradictory or pathological, from different conceptions

Submitted by Elba Lopes (elba.lopes@fecap.br) on 2018-01-24T21:21:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 OT??VIO ULISSES DE ARAUJO SANT???ANNA.pdf: 846230 bytes, checksum: 0957b14111500cc9a380bb419acae8ae (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-24T21:21:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 OT??VIO ULISSES DE ARAUJO SANT???ANNA.pdf: 846230 bytes, checksum: 0957b14111500cc9a380bb419acae8ae (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-24 / This study analyzes the performance of the Brazilian hedge fund investment after Subprime Crisis. Evaluates if the different management strategies hedge funds manage to overcome the benchmark, considering the new classification established by ANBIMA in May 2009. The categories were classified as Long & Short Directional Long & Short Neutral, Multigestor Macro, Multiestrat??gia, Interest and Currencies, Trading, Strategy specifies, Balanced and Protected Capital, in order to adapt in a better way the different strategies and risk profile of each hedge fund the profiles of investors. It was considered in the study only non exclusive hedge funds that had quotas from May 2009 to December 2013. The funds performance was analyzed using indicators such as the average return, volatility, Sharpe ratio and Jensen???s Alpha, in order to assess whether hedge funds are able to get a significant risk adjusted return compared to the CDI rate. Moreover, hypothesis tests were applied to verify if the average return of hedge funds is equivalent to CDI. Data analysis found evidence that only certain categories of hedge funds outperformed the benchmark during the period analyzed, such as Long & Short Directional Long & Short Neutral, Multigestor, macro, multi-strategy and Interest and Currency categories. The return was higher than CDI with acceptable volatility, presenting Sharpe Ratios and Jensen's Alpha positive, further were efficient in overcoming the CDI in relation to the risk assumed in each of their respective management strategies. Concerning to hypothesis testing, it was not rejected the hypothesis that the average returns of hedge funds are statistically equal to the CDI. Only Capital Protected category got a statistically different mean return of CDI in the analyzed period. This study is usefull as a tool for market analysis and reflection on the management strategies of hedge funds and as an investment guide for the general public, helping to identify the best strategies for active management, as well as hedge funds with better performance. / Este estudo analisa o desempenho dos fundos de investimento multimercados brasileiros ap??s a crise do mercado imobili??rio americano, conhecida como a Crise do Subprime. Avaliase as diferentes estrat??gias de gest??ode fundos multimercado conseguem superar o benchmark, considerando a nova classifica????o institu??da pela ANBIMA em Maio de 2009. As dez categorias foram classificadas como Long & Short Direcional, Long & Short Neutro, Multigestor, Macro, Multiestrategia, Juros e Moedas, Trading, Estrat??gia Especifica, Balanceados e Capital Protegido, visando adequar de uma melhor forma as diferentes estrat??gias e o perfil de risco de cada fundo multimercado aos perfis dos investidores. Considerou-se na amostra do estudo apenas os fundos multimercados n??o exclusivos que apresentaram cotas de Maio de 2009 a Dezembro de 2013. O desempenho dos fundos foi analisado utilizando indicadores, como o retorno m??dio, a volatilidade, o ??ndice de Sharpe e o Alfa de Jensen, deforma a avaliar se os fundos mulimercados conseguem obter um retorno ajustado ao risco significante, em compara????o com a taxa do CDI. Al??m disso, foram aplicados testes de hip??tese, para verificar em que medida a m??dia de retorno dos fundos multimercados se equivale ao CDI.A an??lise de dados encontrou evid??ncias de que apenas algumas categorias de fundos multimercados superaram o benchmark no per??odo analisado, tais como as categorias Long & Short Direcional, Long & Short Neutro, Multigestor, Macro, Multiestrategia e Juros e Moedas. Obtiveram um retorno acima do CDI com volatilidade aceit??vel, apresentando ??ndices de Sharpe e Alfa de Jensen positivos, ou seja, foram eficientes na supera????o do CDI em rela????o ao risco assumido em cada uma das suas respectivas estrat??gias de gest??o. Em rela????o aos testes de hip??tese, n??o foi poss??vel rejeitar a hip??tese de que a m??dia dos retornos dos fundos multimercados s??o estatisticamente iguais ao CDI. Apenas a categoria Capital Protegido apresentou m??dia de retorno estatisticamente diferente do CDI no per??odo analisado. Este trabalho serve ao mercado como uma ferramenta de an??lise e reflex??o sobre as estrat??gias de gest??o de fundos multimercados e como um guia de investimentos para o p??blico em geral, contribuindo para identificaras melhores estrat??gias de gest??o ativa, bem como os fundos multimercados com melhor desempenho.

Submitted by Cátia Araújo (catia.araujo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-01-24T13:09:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Proposta de aplicativo móvel para identificação de cédulas de real por pessoas com deficiência visual.pdf: 26957479 bytes, checksum: fbee16416d94008754e7d9c9e7919046 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cátia Araújo (catia.araujo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-01-24T13:13:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Proposta de aplicativo móvel para identificação de cédulas de real por pessoas com deficiência visual.pdf: 26957479 bytes, checksum: fbee16416d94008754e7d9c9e7919046 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-24T13:13:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Proposta de aplicativo móvel para identificação de cédulas de real por pessoas com deficiência visual.pdf: 26957479 bytes, checksum: fbee16416d94008754e7d9c9e7919046 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-07 / Pessoas com deficiência visual têm dificuldade em reconhecer as cédulas de Real. Estas cédulas possuem características diferentes (i.e marcações táteis e dimensões diferentes) que são insuficientes para identificação por pessoas cegas e com baixa visão. Esta pesquisa propõe a criação de um aplicativo móvel para ajudar pessoas com deficiência visual a identificar as notas de Real. A plataforma de desenvolvimento é Android porque apresenta recursos nativos de acessibilidade e é considerado o sistema operacional mais popular no mercado de smartphones. O método desenvolvido usa descritores para classificação das cédulas, o cálculo da distância mínima para a correspondência de pontos, análise de cor predominante na cédula e identificação do numeral presente nas cédulas da primeira família. A validação com usuários é realizada através da avaliação cooperativa e escala de Likert. Na comparação com outros aplicativos, o método proposto atinge alta confiabilidade em relação à identificação das notas. A taxa de sensitividade, especificidade e acurácia foram de 86%, 98% e 89%, respectivamente. / People with visual impairment have difficulty in recognizing the Brazilian Real banknotes. These banknotes have different characteristics (e.g. different tactile markings and dimensions) which are insufficient for identification by blind and low vision persons. This research proposes the creation of a mobile application to help the visually impaired people to identify the current Brazilian paper money. The development platform is Android because it has accessibility native features and is considered the most popular operating system in the smartphone market. The developed method uses descriptors for classification of banknotes, the calculation of the minimum distance to the correspondence points, the predominant color analysis on the banknotes and the numeral recognition which is present in the first family of Real. The validation with users is performed by cooperative assessment and Likert scale. In comparison with other applications, the proposed method achieves high reliability in relation to the identification of the banknotes. We report a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rate of 86%, 98% and 89%, respectively.

This study empirically investigates the relationship between fiscal deficit, inflation, M3 money supply and the exchange rate in South Africa. The study makes use of quarterly macroeconomic time-series data sets comprising 84 observations, covering the period from 1994Q1 to 2015Q4. The unit root tests conducted employed the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) tests. The results reveal that the variables become stationary at first difference. The Johansen co-integration technique suggests that there is at least one co-integrating equation among the variables. The results of the Engle-Granger approach, which is residual based, show that the residuals are stationary, thus validating the existence of a long-run relationship between the model variables. The study carried out a Granger causality test. The results indicate that there is a strong Granger causal relationship between the variables (IF) and (FD). Another strong causal relationship emerges between inflation and money supply. The ECM model was employed to identify the speed of adjustment as a response to the departures from the long-run equilibrium path. The estimated coefficient of the ECM error term has the required sign and is statistically significant at the five per cent level of significance. The error term indicates a quick convergence to equilibrium. The study concludes that the dependent variable (FD) is jointly caused by all the independent variables in the long-run. The results of the variance decomposition of the variable (FD) to innovations resulting from IF, MS and RER indicate that own shocks remain the dominant source of total fluctuations in the forecast error of the variables. The findings of the study are efficient and reliable as the estimated model passed all the major diagnostic tests. By implication the findings suggest that the estimated model show high goodness of fit and is thus reliable for policy making. The study recommends a fiscal adjustment that will enhance economic growth. Additionally, a fiscal policy that will aim at identifying and mitigating other possible leakages that narrow the tax base should be considered.

A proposta desta tese é interpretar os escritos de Georg Simmel (1958-1918) a partir de uma leitura cruzada entre dois momentos maiores de sua obra: as investigações sobre o dinheiro, cujos resultados mais substanciais foram reunidos em Filosofa do dinheiro (1900), e os argumentos de sua metafísica da vida, desenvolvidos em especial nos seus últimos anos e apresentados em suas consequências flosófcas no testamentário Visão da vida (1918). Essa perspectiva implica, no mesmo passo, uma segunda leitura cruzada. Pois uma instância central do desenvolvimento de um conceito enfático de vida, tal como aquele fornecido nos últimos escritos do autor, reside no âmbito de sua flosofa da arte: desdobradas em inúmeros ensaios ao longo de sua carreira intelectual, as refexões estéticas de Simmel culminaram na publicação de Rembrandt (1916), um livro também assentado no conceito de vida característico de suas últimas obras. Um primeiro resultado dessa leitura reside na constatação de que não se tem aí a mera relação entre uma flosofa do dinheiro e uma flosofa da vida concebida seja sob o signo da ruptura, seja da continuidade , mas entre duas flosofas da vida. A despeito das continuidades entre ambos os projetos por exemplo, o caráter relativista das duas flosofas, no interior das quais a vida é igualmente considerada como movimento, fuxo, vivacidade da interação , são aqui também destacadas suas cisões. Na Filosofa do dinheiro, a vida se manifesta sobretudo ali onde suas oposicoes chegam a uma tensao maxima, encontrando na circulação abstrata do dinheiro o símbolo de suas principais formas de movimento. Essa dinâmica se manifesta particularmente nos fenômenos paradoxais ou patológicos do valor, do desejo, da troca e da teleologia, que confguram em conjunto uma determinada forma de vida ou, nos termos da sociologia simmeliana, uma forma da socialização: a troca econômica ou troca-sacrifício. Nessa primeira perspectiva, as manifestações problemáticas da economia monetária e da cultura moderna encontram seu contraponto nas fguras positivas, em larga medida implícitas, do desejo racional e da ação teleológica razoável. Tais fenômenos serão posteriormente interpretados à luz da flosofa simmeliana da cultura, fundada na tradição alemã da Bildung e na qual a noção de cultivo, entendida como o desenvolvimento das potencialidades inerentes a cada sujeito, ocupa um lugar central. Os paradoxos da cultura se manifestam então como patologias do cultivo, como hipertrofa da cultura objetiva em relação à subjetiva, em suma, como alienação. Nos últimos escritos de Simmel, porém, a vida não surge mais ali onde os opostos convivem em máxima tensão, mas justamente onde tais oposições aparecem suspensas ou sequer são destacadas do movimento da vida, concebido agora como fuxo contínuo e indiferenciado. A despeito de sua relação necessariamente problemática com a forma, a vida pode agora encontrar uma expressão adequada para si mesma em certas modalidades de experiência artística ou social, nas quais se manifesta não somente outra concepção ou outro modo de expressão da vida, mas também outra forma de vida. Desse ponto de vista, as autocontradições da economia monetária e da cultura moderna não aparecem mais como desejo e ação irrazoáveis ou irracionais, nem como patologias do cultivo ou alienação, mas sob o signo do mecanicismo, como patologias da vitalidade / This thesis interprets the writings of Georg Simmel (1858-1918) from a reading that crosses two biggest moments of his work: the investigation into the money gathered in Philosophy of Money (1900) and the arguments of his metaphysics of life, presented in Vision of life. Four metaphysical essays (1918). This perspective led one second crisscross within the philosophy of art of the author, formulated primarily in Rembrandt. An essay in the philosophy of art (1916 ). The main )nding is that it is not the mere relationship between a philosophy of money and a philosophy of life, but more speci)cally the relationship between two philosophies of life. The concept of life plays a central role in the Philosophy of money, though not in the same terms of Simmel\'s later metaphysics. Despite the continuities between both projects it is also necessary to highlight their divisions. In that work, life is most clearly where their opposition reach a maximum tension or where it is presented in a dialectics without reconciliation that meets in the incessant movement of money the symbol of their main forms of movement. This dynamic is particularly manifested in speci)c categories of value, desire, exchange and of the discernible teleology from the money, which constitute in the aggregate a certain form of life or, in Simmel terms, a form of socialization. If such manifestations of monetary behavior, desire and teleology appear as problematic or pathological, it is in contrast to the positive )gures of a rational desire and a reasonable teleological action. Within his )rst philosophy of life, such phenomena would be conceived from the idea of culture itself, as the cultivation of the potential inherent in each subject; a framework in which the paradoxes and pathologies of culture emerge as conditions of cultivation, that is, as alienation. Already in his later philosophy of life, life no longer appears where it presents the coexistence of opposites in maximum tension, but precisely where such oppositions appear suspended or even highlighted the movement of life, now conceived as a continuous and undifferentiated fow. According to Simmel, this troubled relationship with form meets an adequate expression in certain modes of expression and artistic experience, from which protrudes another concept not only of life, but as another form of life, to the extent that the relationship between creator and receiver are given through certain art forms, corresponding to another mode of action (such as creation) and otherwise sensitive experience. The pathologies of modern monetary economics and culture arise, then, in a different light, not as inversions or interruptions of desire and reasonable or rational or as conditions of cultivation action, but as mechanical forma of life, as pathologies of vitality. Thus, in Simmels intellectual path, each time it comes to characterize the form of life symbolized by money, in its paradoxical character, self-contradictory or pathological, from different conceptions

Sustainable strategic management (SSM) involves analysing, formulating, and implementing business strategies that are economically competitive, socially responsible, and in balance with the cycles of nature. SSM has emerged from the coevolutionary interactions of business organisations with the society they serve and the planet they call home. SSM strategic portfolios allow organisations to create competitive advantages by serving as agents of social change and ecological protection.This book has been specifically written as a text for traditional graduate and undergraduate strategic management courses, and its short length makes appropriate as a supplementary text in these courses as well. The authors have structured the book to follow the standard strategic management process, and they have included an ongoing descriptive case on Eastman Chemical Company designed to provide an in-depth example of the concepts presented in the chapters.From creating organisational visions and missions, to formulating, implementing, and evaluating goals and strategies, this book provides readers with new ways of thinking about their organisation's strategic role in the greater society and ecosystem now and in the future. / https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1054/thumbnail.jpg

La thèse « l’argent dans les Métamorphoses d’Apulée » est le fruit d’une accumulation de recherches. Apulée nous a paru de suite comme un auteur représentant plus d’une énigme entre sa vie et ses œuvres. Au lieu de faire le point sur les seuls sujets présents dans l’œuvre, nous avons choisi de nous concentrer sur les objets. L’argent nous est apparu comme un objet récurrent sous bien des formes. Nous avons dressé un relevé aussi complet que possible. Il nous a paru essentiel de rechercher l’origine étymologique de chacun. L’idée était de faire apparaître le sens du mot en lui-même et son utilisation en contexte. Quelle vision de l’argent et de la société pouvions-nous en tirer ? Utiliser un terme est effectuer un choix qu’un Romain de l’époque d’Apulée pouvait comprendre. C’était renvoyer à des concepts, à des positionnements, des réflexions qui faisaient sens à l’époque de l’œuvre. A alors surgi la question de l’époque et de la société d’Apulée. Dans quelle mesure l’univers économique et social du IIème siècle ap. J.-C. dépeint fictivement dans les Métamorphoses rejoignait-il la réalité de cette époque ? Restait pourtant un domaine bien difficile à manipuler : celui de la religion. Le domaine religieux n’apparaît pas seulement dans le livre XI. Entre les références à la magie, les cultes locaux, le recours à des pratiques magiques, les religions de Rome et de Grèce, les religions orientales… Dans quelle mesure cette thématique entre-t-elle en relation avec l’argent ? Finalement, l’argent semble participer à la construction de sens d’interprétation différents. C’est un des symboles qui permet des lectures renouvelées des Métamorphoses. / The thesis "Money in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses" is the result of an accumulation of research. Apuleius appeared to us immediately as an author representing more than one enigma between his life and his works. Instead of taking stock of the only subjects present in the work, we chose to focus on objects. Money has appeared to us as a recurring object in many forms. We have made a record as complete as possible. It seemed essential to us to seek the etymological origin of each one. The idea was to bring out the meaning of the word itself and its use in context. What vision of money and society could we draw from it? To use a term is to make a choice that a Roman of the time of Apuleius could understand. It was referring to concepts, positions, reflections that made sense at the time of the work. Then arose the question of the time and society of Apuleius. To what extent the economic and social world of the 2nd century AD J. - C. depicts fictitiously in the Metamorphoses it joined the reality of this time? However, there was one area that was difficult to manipulate: that of religion. The religious domain does not appear only in the book XI. Between the references to the magic, the local cults, the recourse to magic practices, the religions of Rome and Greece, the Eastern religions ... To what extent does this theme have any relationship with money? Finally, money seems to participate in the construction of different interpretations. It is one of the symbols that allow renewed readings of the Metamorphoses.

Financial literacy education continues to be a deficiency in the U.S. education system because it is not included in most school curricula, and little is known about the efficacy of the school district programs that do include it. A former Federal Reserve Chairman identified the lack of financial literacy as a national problem, and the National Financial Educators Council described it as the #1 problem in the current generation. Using Berger and Luckmann's conceptualization of social construction as the theoretical framework, the purpose of this study was to explore how access to financial literacy education is perceived by fifth- through eighth-grade students in terms of behavior modification. The research questions focused on participants' understanding of financial concepts as it relates to grade level, gender, and school type. A qualitative multiple-case case study design, bounded in a single school district, was employed using stratified purposeful sampling through face-to-face interviews with only fifth- and eighth-grade students attending public, private, and charter schools. Data collected were coded and categorized for thematic analysis through constant comparison. The social construction framework served as an interpretive framework and helped capture the shared meaning in the key findings revealed through 5 core themes and 19 sub themes, with the highest emphasis on the core themes of Concepts of Earnings and Using Financial Institutions. The positive social change implications stemming from this study include recommendations to local/state/national education officials to develop and teach financial literacy curricula in order to increase the understanding and change financial behavior, throughout the United States, beginning with America's youth, and all future generations.

Customers' use of digital banking has reshaped traditional banking, and senior level bank executives must know how to leverage this innovation to improve customer service to increase profitability. Using the technology acceptance model as the conceptual framework, the purpose of this multiple case study was to explore effective digital banking strategies that senior level executives used to improve customer service to increase profitability. The target population for this study included senior-level executives from 3 banks in Mauritius possessing successful development and implementation experience in digital banking strategies to improve customer service. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and organizational documents, which were analyzed in accordance with Yin's 5-phase data analysis process consisting of pattern matching, explanation building, time-series analysis, program logic models, and cross-case synthesis. The use of member checking and methodological triangulation increased the trustworthiness of data interpretations. Three themes emerged from the analysis of data: use of mobile strategies to migrate customers to digital banking, challenges to migrate customers to digital banking, and digital banking innovation. The implications of this study for positive social change include improving convenience to customers; promoting green banking; and providing easy access to banking to the poor, those with physical disabilities, and those living in remote and rural areas.

L'évaluation de l'endogénéité monétaire révèle les arrangements complexes qui forment une structure bancaire et sa capacité à créer de l'argent grâce au crédit. À cet égard, les principales caractéristiques de l'approche post-keynésienne structuraliste de l'endogénéité monétaire sont les suivantes : (i) l'argent est principalement créé sur le marché du crédit; et (ii) les autorités monétaires imposent certaines limites à la création de crédit, mais elles ne déterminent pas entièrement le processus. La demande de monnaie et la préférence de liquidité des agents (banques, entreprises et consommateurs) sont les forces sous-jacentes qui soutiennent ces deux attributs. La thèse étudie ce qui a déterminé l'offre de monnaie de crédit au Brésil et comment la politique monétaire a limité ce processus après l'adoption du régime de ciblage de l'inflation en 1999. Nous décrivons d'abord les caractéristiques intrinsèques de l'offre de monnaie dans une économie de production monétaire en abordant la théorie structuraliste post-keynésienne sur le sujet. Par la suite, nous nous concentrons sur la pensée académique dominante actuelle qui guide la formulation de politiques monétaires pour de nombreuses banques centrales de près de trois décennies, à savoir le Nouveau Consensus en Macroéconomie (NCM), et d'évaluer ses divergences à l'approche post-keynésienne. Nous soulignons ensuite le vaste débat que la crise financière 2007-2009 a suscité entre les théoriciens, en soulignant la vision alternative post-keynésienne de la politique monétaire et du crédit et des cycles économiques. Après l'argumentation théorique, les objectifs et instruments de la politique monétaire brésilienne sont étudiés afin de recueillir les éléments les plus importants qui contraindront la création de crédit par les banques. Enfin, nous éclairons la voie de l'offre de crédit au Brésil de 1999 à 2016, où les changements du système financier et du bilan des banques sont analysés. Nous estimons finalement un modèle dynamique des données du panel et un modèle de VECM utilisant des données des bilans des cinquante plus grandes banques dans le pays pour la période sous enquête. On constate donc des preuves que l'offre de monnaie a une relation ascendante avec le taux d'intérêt, et, par conséquent, il est ni horizontale ni verticale, mais plutôt répondre à la préférence pour la liquidité des banques. Ainsi, la thèse contribue à la construction d'une discussion plus précise de l'endogénéité de l'offre de monnaie au Brésil, en élargissant la compréhension des restrictions au système bancaire par la politique monétaire. / The evaluation of money endogeneity reveals the complex arrangements that form a banking structure and its ability to create money through credit. In this regard, the key features of the Post-Keynesian structuralist approach of money supply are : (i) money is mostly created in the credit market ; and (ii) monetary authorities impose some limits to credit creation, however, they do not entirely determine its process. Hereof, both money demand and liquidity preference of agents (banks, firms and consumers) are the underlying forces that sustain these two attributes. The thesis investigates what has determined credit money supply in Brazil and how monetary policy has bounded this process after the adoption of the inflation targeting regime in 1999. We, first, outline the intrinsic characteristics of money supply in a monetary economy of production by addressing the Post-Keynesian structuralist theory on the subject. Thereafter, we focus on the current dominant academic thinking that guides the formulation of monetary policies for numerous Central Banks by almost three decades, i.e. the New Consensus in Macroeconomics (NCM), and assess its divergences to the Post-Keynesian approach. Following, we highlight the extensive debate that the 2007-2009 financial crisis brought among theorists, pointing to the alternative Post-Keynesian view of both monetary policy and credit and business cycles. After the theoretical argumentation, Brazilian monetary policy objectives and instruments are investigated in order to gather the most important elements that shall constraint bank’s credit money creation. Finally, we enlighten the path of credit supply in Brazil from 1999 to 2016, where both the changes in the financial system and in the balance sheet of banks are analyzed. We ultimately estimate a dynamic panel data model and a VECM model using data from the balance sheets of the fifty largest banks in the country for the period under investigation. We thus find evidences that the money supply has an ascending relation with the interest rate, and, therefore, it is neither horizontal nor vertical, but rather, respond to the liquidity preference of banks. Hence, the thesis contributes to the construction of a more accurate discussion of the endogeneity of money supply in Brazil, widening the understanding of the imposed restrictions of monetary policy to the banking system.