Bakgrund och problem: Efter införandet av IFRS 2 ska svenska börsbolag behandla aktierelaterade ersättningar som en kostnad i redovisningen. Då detta inte krävdes tidigare, medförde de nya reglerna diskussioner om vilka konsekvenserna skulle bli. Frågan är om kostnadsföringen av dessa ersättningar lett till att bolag utformat sina aktierelaterade incitamentsprogram annorlunda efter införandet av IFRS 2. Syfte: Att undersöka om införandet av IFRS 2 har påverkat svenska börsbolags utformning av aktierelaterade incitamentsprogram samt förklara orsaken till en eventuell förändring. Metod/Empiri: Information har samlats in via årsredovisningar från 42 svenska noterade bolag under en tidsperiod av tio år. Datamaterialet analyseras genom observationer och regressionsanalyser där isolering sker av påverkan från företagsspecifika faktorer. Slutsatser: Studien visar på att förekomsten av optionsprogram minskar under åren 2003 och 2005 samtidigt som antalet aktieprogram ökar. Förändringen sker samtidigt som införandeprocessen av IFRS 2 och stämmer överens med antagandet om att kostnadsföringen av aktierelaterade ersättningar ligger bakom förändringen. Att kostnadsföring påverkar bolagsbeslut i utformning av incitamentsprogram överensstämmer med studier, som visar att beslutsfattare i bolag anser att bolagets intressenter koncentrerar sig på den redovisade vinsten. / Background and problem: Swedish listed companies treat share-based payments as an expense since the adoption of IFRS 2. The adoption meant a change compared to previous accounting treatment, which triggered discussions regarding the consequences of such expensing. The question is if the expensing of share-based payments resulted in changes in the design of share-based incentive programs. Aim: Investigate whether the adoption of IFRS 2 has affected the design of share-based incentive programs in Swedish listed companies and explain the reason for such change. Method/Empirics: Information has been collected through annual reports from 42 Swedish listed companies over a period of ten years. In order to analyze the impact of IFRS 2, observations are made together with regression analysis where the impact of firm-specific determinants is accounted for. Conclusions: The existence of option plans are reduced between 2003 and 2005, while the number of share plans is increasing. The change takes place at the same time as the implementation process of IFRS 2 and is consistent with the assumption that the mandatory expensing of share-based payments is causing the change. The reason for expensing affecting corporate decisions regarding share-based incentive programs is that decision makers believes that company stakeholders focuses on reported earnings.

<p>In many multiagent settings, a decision must be made based on the preferences of multiple agents, and agents may lie about their preferences if this is to their benefit. In mechanism design, the goal is to design procedures (mechanisms) for making the decision that work in spite of such strategic behavior, usually by making untruthful behavior suboptimal. In automated mechanism design, the idea is to computationally search through the space of feasible mechanisms, rather than to design them analytically by hand. Unfortunately, the most straightforward approach to automated mechanism design does not scale to large instances, because it requires searching over a very large space of possible functions. In this thesis, we adopt an approach to automated mechanism design that is computationally feasible. Instead of optimizing over all feasible mechanisms, we carefully choose a parameterized subfamily of mechanisms. Then we optimize over mechanisms within this family. Finally, we analyze whether and to what extent the resulting mechanism is suboptimal outside the subfamily. We apply (computationally feasible) automated mechanism design to three resource allocation mechanism design problems: mechanisms that redistribute revenue, mechanisms that involve no payments at all, and mechanisms that guard against false-name manipulation.</p> / Dissertation

<p>Användandet av olika incitamentsprogram och aktierelaterade ersättningar i synnerhet har ökat sen 80-talet. Aktierelaterade ersättningsprogram används för att uppmuntra persona-len att aktivt deltaga för att förbättra företagets resultat. Ersättningarna i dessa program be-står antingen av köpotioner, teckningsoptioner, syntetiska optioner eller konvertibler.</p><p>Sedan den 1 januari 2005 gäller de nya redovisningsreglerna IFRS 2. Dessa regler styr redo-visningen av aktierelaterade ersättningar. IFRS 2 kräver att alla företag noterade på någon börs inom EU kostnadsför dessa ersättningar i resultaträkningen. Innan implementeringen av de nya reglerna räckte det med att ta upp dessa ersättningar i notform. IFRS 2 kräver att dessa regler retroaktivt skall användas för att påvisa dess effekter på 2004 års resultaträk-ning. Anledningen till detta är att potentiella investerare skall ha möjlighet att kunna jämfö-ra resultaträkningar från olika år.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka effekter företagen på den svenska A-listan skul-le få erfara om IFRS 2 var implementerad redan år 2004. Vidare ämnar vi att beskriva hur aktierelaterade ersättningsprogram används och hur detta påverkar företagen.</p><p>Uppsatsen är genomförd med en kvantitativ ansats och har baserats på sekundärdata från företagens årsrapporter. Vårt urval är det samma som totalpopulationen på den svenska A-listan.</p><p>De slutsatser som vi kunnat dra i vår uppsats är att majoriteten av de noterade företagen på A-listan använder någon form av aktierelaterade ersättningsprogram. Den mest använda optionstypen är teckningsoptioner. I medel skulle resultatet minskat med 0,89 procent på grund av IFRS 2. Utspädningseffekten som orsakats av aktierelaterade ersättningar var i medel 0,54 procent. Företagen på A-listan använder i huvudsak Black & Scholes-modellen vid värdering av de aktierelaterade ersättningsprogrammen. Vidare indikerar resultatet av vår studie att företag som använder köpoptioner skulle ha haft mest negativ resultatpåver-kan på grund av IFRS 2. En annan intressant slutsats är att större företag tenderar att in-volvera alla anställda i sina aktieoptionsprogram medan mindre bolag föredrar att rikta des-sa aktierelaterade ersättningar endast till chefer och ledning.</p> / <p>The use of incitement programs and share-based programs in particular has increased since the 1980`s. These share-based programs are used to encourage the employees to actively participate in increasing the company’s result. The payment in these share-based compen-sations either is; call options, subscription options, synthetic options or convertibles.</p><p>From January 1 2005, the new accounting regulation IFRS 2 regarding share-based pay-ments are implemented. The IFRS 2 demands all companies noted on a stock exchange in the European Union to account for the share-based payments and expense these in the in-come statement. Before this implementation, these payments only had to be described in a disclosed form. However for the year 2004, the effects due to the IFRS 2 have to be taken into consideration in the income statement. The reason for this is that potential investors must have the possibility to compare the financial statements between different time peri-ods.</p><p>The purpose with thesis is to cover what effects the companies’ on the Swedish A-list should have had if the IFRS 2 were implemented already the year 2004. Secondly, the aim is to cover and describe the utilization of share-based programs among these companies and to explain how they are affected.</p><p>The thesis is conducted through a quantitative approach and based on secondary data from annual reports of the companies’. Our selection is the total population on the Swedish A-list.</p><p>The conclusions made in our thesis are that the majority of the A-listed companies’ use some kind of share-based programs. The most frequently used option type is the subscrip-tion option. On average, the decrease in result was 0,89 percent due to IFRS 2. On average the dilution effect due to the use of share-based programs decreased the result per share by 0,54 percent. The companies on the A-list use the Black & Scholes formula to valuate the share-based payments. Our study also indicates that the companies using call options should have experienced the greatest result decrease due to the IFRS 2. Another interesting conclusion is that the larger companies in our study are most likely to involve all the em-ployees’ in the share-based programs while the smaller companies prefer to only involve executives and other leading personnel.</p>

No description available.

Darbo tikslas – įvertinti pacientų ketinimus mokėti už sveikatos priežiūros įstaigų teikiamas paslaugas. Metodika. Tyrime dalyvavo pacientai, tyrimo vykdymo laikotarpiu apsilankę sveikatos priežiūros įstaigose. Respondentams buvo pateikta anoniminė anketa, kurią sudarė 37 klausimai. Pagrindinės klausimų grupės buvo: pacientų charakteristikos; naudojimosi paslaugomis dažnis ir papildomas mokėjimas; pacientų ketinimas mokėti už sveikatos priežiūros įstaigų teikiamas paslaugas, priklausomai nuo naudojimosi paslaugomis dažnio ir savo sveikatos būklės vertinimo; veiksniai, įtakojantys pacientų ketinimus mokėti. Iš visų tyrime dalyvavusių pacientų anketas užpildė 604 (atsako dažnis 86,3 proc.). Statistinė analizė atlikta naudojant SPSS statistinį paketą (17.0 versija). Hipotezėms, kad požymiai tarpusavyje susiję, tikrinti skaičiuotas chi kvadrato (χ2) kriterijus bei Spearmano koreliacijos koeficientas (r). Proporcijų skirtumų statistiniam reikšmingumui nustatyti buvo skaičiuojamas z - kriterijus. Rezultatai. Per paskutinius 6 mėn. į gydymo įstaigą kreipėsi 80,3 proc. apklaustųjų. 32,1 proc. pacientų teigė, kad niekada nėra papildomai mokėję už sveikatos priežiūros įstaigų teikiamas paslaugas. Dažniausiai papildomai už suteiktas sveikatos priežiūros paslaugas yra tekę mokėti mieste gyvenantiems pacientams bei turintiems aukštąjį neuniversitetinį (17,1 proc.) ir profesinį (12,4 proc.) išsilavinimą. Vidutiniškai kas 9 apklaustasis teigė, kad už daugumą sveikatos priežiūros paslaugų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim of the study - assess patients willingness to pay for health care services. Methods. The study included pacients, who at the duration of the study visited health care facilities. The respondents were given an anonymous questionnaire consisting of 37 questions. The main groups of questions were: characteristics of patients; access to services frequency and additional payments; patients willingness to pay for health care services depending on the frequency of use of these services and their health status; factors influencing the patient's intentions. Of all the participating pacients filled out questionnaires to 604 (response rate 86.3 percent). Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical package (version 17.0). Hypothesis that the features are related, check the calculated chi-square (χ2) criteria and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Statistical significance of differences between proportions were calculated to determine z - criteria. Results. Over the last 6 months 80.3 percent interviewees wented to the hospital. Respondents most commonly applied to medical institutions for chronic diseases or acute illnesses or appropriate tests. 32.1 percent patients said that they have never paid for additional health care services. The most common extra for the costs of health care have had to pay the city for patients and those with higher education (17.1 percent) and professional education (12.4 percent). On average every 9 interviewee said that the majority of... [to full text]

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İktisat Anabilim Dalı, 2008. / Bibliyografya var.

abstract: Environmental agencies often want to accomplish additional objectives beyond their central environmental protection objective. This is laudable; however it begets a need for understanding the additional challenges and trade-offs involved in doing so. The goal of this thesis is to examine the trade-offs involved in two such cases that have received considerable attention recently. The two cases I examine are (1) the protection of multiple environmental goods (e.g., bundles of ecosystem services); and (2) the use of payments for ecosystem services as a poverty reduction mechanism. In the first case (chapter 2), I build a model based on the fact that efforts to protect one environmental good often increase or decrease the levels of other environmental goods, what I refer to as "cobenefits" and "disbenefits" respectively. There is often a desire to increase the cobenefits of environmental protection efforts in order to synergize across conservation efforts; and there is also a desire to decrease disbenefits because they are seen as negative externalities of protection efforts. I show that as a result of reciprocal externalities between environmental protection efforts, environmental agencies likely have a disincentive to create cobenefits, but may actually have an incentive to decrease disbenefits. In the second case (chapter 3), I model an environmental agency that wants to increase environmental protection, but would also like to reduce poverty. The model indicates that in theory, the trade-offs between these two goals may depend on relevant parameters of the system, particularly the ratio of the price of monitoring to participant's compliance cost. I show that when the ratio of monitoring costs to compliance cost is higher, trade-offs between environmental protection and poverty reduction are likely to be smaller. And when the ratio of monitoring costs to compliance costs is lower, trade-offs are likely to be larger. This thesis contributes to a deeper understanding of the trade-offs faced by environmental agencies that want to pursue secondary objectives of protecting additional environmental goods or reducing poverty. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Biology 2012

Submitted by Geraldo José Martins dos Santos (gera-martins@uol.com.br) on 2014-12-22T23:36:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 20141222_Sistemas Informação_Geraldo dos Santos_DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 1534634 bytes, checksum: 06a2fe20308e98b4a0f9357f758760dd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2014-12-23T11:15:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 20141222_Sistemas Informação_Geraldo dos Santos_DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 1534634 bytes, checksum: 06a2fe20308e98b4a0f9357f758760dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-23T11:38:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 20141222_Sistemas Informação_Geraldo dos Santos_DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 1534634 bytes, checksum: 06a2fe20308e98b4a0f9357f758760dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-01 / This study objects to identify aspects that can promote or limit the emergence of mobile payment arrangements (m-payments) that can be used in microcredit initiatives in Brazil. The microcredit theme was chosen not only for the huge potential to perform microcredit operations in Brazil but also for the aspect of economic and social integration that microcredit operations can provide. The choice of mobile payment theme was based on the versatility and innovation of this payment method, with potential for a major transformation of payment methods in the Brazilian market. The analysis of the use of mobile payment initiatives in microfinance arose due to the contributions this mode of payment can bring to perform microfinance operations. The objective of this qualitative study is to assist in understanding the supportive and limiting aspects for the use of mobile payment initiatives in microcredit, as well as to verify what contributions the use of mobile payment can bring to perform microfinance operations. Additionally, using the information obtained from the Relevant Social Groups (RSG) involved in these payment arrangements, this work also aims to identify the influences of these agents to form and to adapt these arrangements. Information to conduct this study was collected primarily through in-depth interviews with selected participants of RSG from these payment arrangements representatives. The interviews were transcribed at the end of this work and represent an important source of information to those interested in the subject, considering the richness of detail presented. For the understanding and interpretation of the object of study, the theoretical framework presented by Coase and Williamson (Transaction Costs), Gannamaneni e Ondrus (Multilevel Framework) was used. With the publication of Resolution 4.282 of Brazilian Central Bank in November 2013, establishing the regulatory framework that governs the authorization and operation of arrangements and payment institutions in Brazil, the subject of this study becomes even more relevant for the academic community participants in the microfinance market and RSG members of the mobile payment arrangements. We hope with this study contribute to a better understanding of the barriers and facilitators for adoption and development of mobile payment arrangements, but mostly that this study may contribute to a greater interaction of these arrangements with microcredit initiatives. / Este estudo tem por objetivo identificar os aspectos que podem promover ou limitar o surgimento de arranjos de pagamentos de mobile payment (pagamentos móveis) que possam ser utilizados nas iniciativas de microcrédito no Brasil. O tema microcrédito foi escolhido em função do enorme potencial para a realização de operações de microcrédito no Brasil, bem como pelo aspecto de integração econômico-social que as operações de microcrédito podem proporcionar. A escolha do tema mobile payment ocorreu em função da versatilidade e inovação desta modalidade de pagamento, com potencial para uma grande transformação dos meios de pagamentos no mercado brasileiro. A análise da utilização do mobile payment nas iniciativas de microcrédito surgiu em função das contribuições que tal modalidade de pagamento pode trazer para a realização de operações de microcrédito. O objetivo deste estudo qualitativo é auxiliar na compreensão dos aspectos limitadores e incentivadores para a utilização do mobile payment nas iniciativas de microcrédito, bem como verificar quais contribuições a utilização do mobile payment pode trazer para a realização de operações de microcrédito. Adicionalmente, por meio das informações obtidas junto aos Grupos Sociais Relevantes (GSR) envolvidos nos arranjos de pagamentos, a presente pesquisa pretende ainda identificar as influências destes agentes para a formação e adaptação desses arranjos. As informações para a realização deste estudo foram coletadas principalmente por meio de entrevistas em profundidade com representantes selecionados dos GSR participantes dos arranjos de pagamentos. As entrevistas realizadas foram transcritas e constam no final do trabalho, representando uma fonte importante de informação aos interessados no tema, em função da riqueza de detalhes apresentados. Para a compreensão e interpretação do objeto de estudo, foi utilizado o referencial teórico apresentado por Coase e Williamson (Teoria dos Custos de Transação), Gannamaneni e Ondrus (Multilevel Framework). Com a publicação da Resolução 4.282 do Banco Central do Brasil em novembro de 2013, instituindo o marco regulatório que disciplina a autorização e o funcionamento de arranjos e instituições de pagamento no Brasil, o objeto de análise em questão torna-se ainda mais relevante para a comunidade acadêmica, participantes do mercado de microcrédito e GSR integrantes dos arranjos de mobile payment. Espera-se com isso contribuir para um melhor entendimento das barreiras e facilitadores para a adoção e desenvolvimento dos arranjos de pagamentos de mobile payment, e, principalmente, que esta pesquisa possa contribuir para uma maior interação destes arranjos com as iniciativas de microcrédito.

Subsidies to agriculture in 2007-2013 and after 2013. The thesis is focused on the use of subsidies in agriculture with a deeper focus on fruit growing. In the theoretical part of the thesis describes the programs and subsidy schemes that have been provided to farmers and ovocnářům 2007-2013. In addition, subsidies that are provided to them after 2013. In the practical part of the thesis focuses on the fruit grower in southern and western Bohemia, where the questionnaire investigated interest subsidy programs that were offered ovocnářům period 2007-2013, the average age of fruit trees, fruit storage method, the type of storage device and method of sale fruit.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:51:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mauro_ra_me_arafcl.pdf: 515682 bytes, checksum: 350b048ce675a115cf41e212f2c8bb2f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta pesquisa de dissertação procurou fazer um resgate dos principais elementos teóricos que formam o pensamento marxista de Ruy Mauro Marini sobre a dependência latino americana. O primeiro passo foi contextualizar, compreender e explicitar suas principais categorias: superexploração do trabalho, subimperialismo, dependência, generalização da lei do valor etc.; segundo, utilizar essas categorias e o método dialético sugerido por Marini para analisar a experiência da economia brasileira contemporânea, a partir de suas relações com a economia mundial, baseada, sobretudo, em variáveis selecionadas do balanço de pagamentos. Este exercício mostrou, de um lado, não apenas a validade, mas também a atualidade deste instrumental teórico para análise de uma situação concreta, vivenciada na contemporaneidade, por um dos principais países latino americanos; de outro, que o tão sonhado desenvolvimento segue sendo muito mais uma utopia do que uma realidade no caso brasileiro / This dissertation research has sought to do a rescue of the main theoretical elements that form the Ruy Mauro Marini's Marxist thought on the Latin American dependence. The first step was to contextualize, to understand and to make explicit their main categories: superexploitation of the work, subimperialism, dependence, generalization of the law of the value etc.; second, to use those categories and the dialectic method suggested by Marini for analyzing the experience of the contemporary Brazilian economy, starting from their relationships with the world economy, based, above all, in selected variables of the balancesheet of payments. This exercise has showed, of one side, not just the validity, but also the present time of this theoretical instrumental for analysis of a concrete situation, lived in the contemporaneity, for one of the main Latin American countries; of other, that the so dreamed development follows being a lot one more utopia than a reality in the Brazilian case