Ce mémoire production vise, en premier lieu, à fournir des pistes d'explication sur la popularité et l'unicité du média Internet, pourtant jeune si on le compare aux autres grands médias traditionnels (journaux, télévision, radio). Ses caractéristiques intéressantes ont toutefois tendance à «éclipser» le risque omniprésent qui sévit sur le réseau. Les menaces sont non seulement plus nombreuses, mais aussi plus sournoises, dangereuses et potentiellement lourdes de conséquences. Plusieurs ressources sont offertes aux utilisateurs pour les aider à se protéger sur Internet et, s'il est trop tard, pour formuler un diagnostic et obtenir une piste de solution. Quelques-unes de ces ressources, accessibles en ligne, ont été examinées pour juger de leur adéquation au besoin en protection des internautes moyens. Force était de constater qu'elles étaient souvent pertinentes, mais qu'elles présentaient également souvent des lacunes d'utilité et d'utilisabilité; or celles-ci peuvent facilement rebuter les internautes à la recherche d'information et d'aide. Devant ce constat, il convenait, en second lieu, d'établir un cadre méthodologique pour guider l'élaboration d'un outil ergonomique pouvant être utilisé par les internautes moyens pour combler leur besoin en protection. La plateforme du site Web a été privilégiée, puisqu'elle facilite les mises à jour des contenus et des liens, un aspect essentiel pour assurer la pertinence de l'outil dans un univers virtuel en constante mutation. Ce site Web peut être consulté à l'adresse http://pages.usherbrooke.ca/securite_internet101/. Un retour sur la production de cet outil a permis, en troisième lieu, de faire ressortir les différents obstacles rencontrés en cours de conception (lesquels ont été documentés) de même que les solutions apportées pour les surmonter.

ITC/USA 2010 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Sixth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 25-28, 2010 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / Flight and weapons test ranges typically include multiple Telemetry Sites (TM Sites) that receive telemetry from platforms being flown on the range. Received telemetry is processed and forwarded by them to a Range Control Center (RCC) which is responsible for flight safety, and for delivering captured best source telemetry to those responsible for the platform being flown. When range equipment or operations are impaired in their ability to receive telemetry or process it correctly, expensive and/or one-of-a-kind platforms may have to be destroyed in flight to maintain safety margins, resulting in substantial monetary loss, valuable data loss, schedule disruption and potential safety concerns. Less severe telemetry disruptions can also result in missing or garbled telemetry data, negatively impacting platform test, analysis and design modification cycles. This paper provides a high level overview of a physics-compliant Range Test System (RTS) built upon Radio Frequency (RF) Channel Simulator technology. The system is useful in verifying range operation with most range equipment configured to function as in an actual mission. The system generates RF signals with appropriate RF link effects associated with range and range rate between the flight platform and multiple telemetry tracking stations. It also emulates flight and RF characteristics of the platform, to include signal parameters, antenna modeling, body shielding and accurate flight parameters. The system is useful for hardware, software, firmware and process testing, regression testing, and fault detection test, as well as range customer assurance, and range personnel training against nominal and worst-case conditions.

ITC/USA 2008 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fourth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 27-30, 2008 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / As part of a project to develop small satellites, we have developed a combined ground station and flight computer that use IP-based networking for the command and telemetry data communications. The network uses a private IP network between the payload and the ground-station. Commands are sent to the payload as UDP short message packets. Status and real-time telemetry are sent as UDP text strings. Production data are sent as files using a ftp-type of data exchange. Production data types include numeric data (sensor data) and JPEG-formatted picture data (full pictures and thumbnails). Details of the software used, challenges of making the system work over a low-quality radio link, and integration with the operating system will be discussed.

<p>Many cells spontaneously establish a polarity axis even in the absence of directional cues, a process called symmetry breaking. A central question concerns how cells polarize towards one, and only one, randomly oriented "front". The conserved Rhotype GTPase Cdc42p is an essential factor for both directed and spontaneous polarization in various organisms, whose local activation is thought to define the cell's front. We previously proposed that in yeast cells, a small stochastic cluster of GTP-Cdc42p at a random site on the cortex can grow into a large, dominating cluster via a positive feedback loop involving the scaffold protein Bem1p. As stochastic Cdc42p clusters could presumably arise at many sites, why does only one site become the dominating "front"? We speculated that competition between growing clusters for limiting factors would lead to growth of a single winning "front" at the expense of the others. Utilizing time-lapse imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution, we now document initiation of multiple polarized clusters that competed rapidly to resolve a winning cluster. Such multicluster intermediates are observed in wild-type yeast cells with functional directional cues, but the locations where they are initiated are biased by the spatial cues. In addition, we detected an unexpected oscillatory polarization in a majority of the cells breaking symmetry, in which polarity factors initially concentrated very brightly and then dimmed in an oscillatory manner, dampening down to a final intermediate level after 2-3 peaks. Dampened oscillation suggests that the polarity circuit contains an in-built negative feedback loop. Mathematical modeling predicts that negative feedback would confer robustness to the polarity circuit and make the kinetics of competition between polarity factor clusters relatively insensitive to polarity factor concentration.</p><p>We are trying to understand how competition between clusters occurs. We find that the yeast guanine-nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI), Rdi1p, is needed for rapid competition between clusters. In the absence of Rdi1p the initial clustering of polarity</p><p>factors is slowed, and competition is also much slower: in some cases cells still have two clusters at the time of bud emergence and they form two buds. We suggest that in the absence of Rdi1p, the clusters compete for a limiting pool of Cdc42p, and that slow</p><p>exchange of Cdc42p on and off the membrane in the absence of Rdi1p leads to slow competition.</p> / Dissertation

When designed, installed, and maintained properly, septic systems provide a cost-effective and environmentally-sound method to treat domestic wastewater. However, poor installation, unsuitable site conditions, and infrequent maintenance can lead to system failure and the discharge of partially-treated effluent to local waterways. As many as 1%, or 4,000 systems, fail each year in the Atlanta area. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate what social and physical factors are significant to the location of on-site sewage management system failures in Cherokee County, Georgia. A regression analysis of the septic system failure rate, which was estimated with repair permit records from the local Board of Health, with Census demographics, soil, and septic system information found that the percent of soils in the “A” hydrologic group, unemployment rate, percent African-American population, population density, household size, percent of homes built between 1980 and 1989, percent built between 1970 and 1979, percent built between 1940 and 1949, and the average lot size of the parcels issued a repair permit were statistically-significant (p < 0.05) indicators of the failure rate at the Census block group level. The inclusion of socioeconomic, environmental, and physical characteristics suggests that the most effective response to reduce failures will incorporate actions to address these significant elements collectively. Despite restrictions on the ability of the Georgia Department of Public Health to regulate maintenance, many policy options are available to proactively identify areas with the greatest likelihood of failure and reduce the incidence of failure in those areas. Greater collaboration between stakeholders, including the county Board of Health and utility providers, improved record-keeping, and education and incentive programs provide the best opportunities to improve the management of septic systems in local jurisdictions.

Klibbalen (Alnus Glutinosa) växer på frisk eller fuktig mark i södra och mellersta Sverige, mestadels i bestånd mindre än ett hektar. Klibbalen är med sina kvävefixerande noduler på rötterna ett näringsberikande träd, dess kvävetillförsel medför en naturlig gödsling. Den växer som bäst på djup näringsrik, mullrik mark med rörligt grundvatten. Produktionen kan  uppgå till drygt 10 m3sk/ha och år och kan föryngringsavverkas vid 35 års ålder. Virket är mjukt, har låg densitet och är lätt att bearbeta. Efter bearbetning fås en jämn fin yta som behålls även efter återfuktning. Värmeupptagningsförmågan är låg för klibbal. Däremot är virket inte intressant för tillverkning av papper då virket missfärgar pappersmassan. Undersökningen är tredelad, besök och intervjuer på lövsågverk, fältmätningar i bestånd samt analys av beståndsdata från skogsbruksplaner. Dessa tre delar ligger till grund för en syntes till en förbättrad skötselinstruktion för klibbal. Vid intervjuer med lövsågverk framkommer att de sågverk som idag sågar lövvirke upplever en brist på virke med rätt kvalitet. Med bättre skötsel och ett anpassat skötselprogram för klibbal bör det gå att få ut mer sågbart virke. God kvalitet på klibbalsvirke definieras som virke fritt från torr- och rötkvist samt brunkärna. Träden bör vid slutavverkning vara 30 till 40 cm i brösthöjd. De skogsbruksplaner som Södra Skogsägarna tillhandahöll har undersökts avseende de bestånd där klibbal är huvudträdslag. Som regel baseras skötselförslagen för dessa bestånd på andra trädslag än klibbal t.ex. gran eller björk och med ett skötselintervall på 5 år. Skötselintervallet blir ofta för långt i dessa förslag. Resultatet från såväl intervjuerna, fältmätningarna och skogsbruksplanerna har syntetiserats till ett förbättrat skötselprogram. Med en korrekt angivning av beståndsdata med anpassande skötselförslag för klibbal som har korta skötselperioder går det att skapa bättre framtida virkeskvalitet. Dagens skogsbruksplaner ger för långa tidsperioder för klibbalskötsel och bör förkortas till 2, 3 och 4-års långa perioder beroende på var i omloppstiden man befinner sig. / Common alder (Alnus Glutinosa) grows for the most part in the south and middle of Sweden, in clumps smaller than one hectare. The wood is soft, light and easy to work and maintains a smooth surface in humid environment and does not take on heath. The wood is not of interest in pulp as it discolors. The hard wood saw mills have at present a lack of good quality hardwood. With enhanced silviculture-program for common alder with shorter silviculture-interval, 2-, 3 and 4 years, and the use of a site index for common alder it should be possible to get a higher production of good quality hardwood. The current silviculture programs should be changed to shorter intervals to fit common alder silviculture. When common alder is identified for cutting, it should be taken to the hard wood industry for optimal refining.

This study aims to gain an understanding on how researchers leave their mark on archaeological records and to discuss what this have meant for the production of archaeological knowledge. This was done by studying archival records from two archaeological excavations of boat graves in Valsgärde, which was held in 1936 and 1950. Starting with the relation between creator/researcher and records made the idea was to contribute with a study of the relationship between records and creator. The theories being used for analyzing this was intersectionality combined with Donna Haraways situated knowledges, where created interacting categories in the material was analyzed in relation to each researcher. Both researchers material where further discussed whis this in mind. The main method used was qualitative content analysis, wich were also combined with a quantitative method of the number of records created with the same content. Through these methods interacting categoriers was found in the archaeological documentation. The created interacting categories in one material consisted of documentation of archaeological remains in situ, documentation of single finds and documentation of archaeological stratigraphy. Further three interacting categories of documentation after excavation, of weapons and single finds was found in the same material. In comparision, the other records consisted of interacting categories of documentation of archaeological remains in situ, documentation of the contex of the findings and documentation of archaeological stratigraphy. This showed how the reseachers in the studied records have left their marks on the archaeological documentation of each boat grave. The researches had desicive impact on the produced knowledge that was based on their findings, since the records that were created were created were influenced by each researcher. This is a two years master’s thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A construction method that proves to be the best today will not necessarily be the best method for application in 20 years. Therefore, with changing circumstances, engineers have to consider all the options before selecting a specific method. Options that are weighed in this study are in-situ concrete construction and hybrid concrete construction. Hybrid concrete construction is the combination of in-situ and precast concrete in structures, with the purpose to exploit the advantages of each to its full potential. This construction method gained popularity in the United States and in Europe due to its distinctive benefits. However, the increase of its application in some countries (including South Africa) has been slow and possible reasons for this are investigated in this study. With the intention of improving the South African construction industry, a model is developed for decision making between hybrid concrete construction and insitu concrete construction. The main purpose of a larger research project is to assist project teams in the decision making between precast concrete and in-situ concrete in building construction projects. This decision making is not based on decision making models with mathematical output, since the decision of a construction method is influenced by many variables that may not all be quantifiable. Consequently, instead of prescribing a decision making method, the relevant information is to be provided for the decision maker. The aim of this study is to identify the relevant parameters and to set a framework for further in depth investigation by subsequent theses. A decision making process in any field normally involves having a list of advantages and disadvantages of the different options. Therefore this study includes the following managerial discussion topics: factors that influence hybrid concrete construction, as well as benefits, barriers and other aspects to consider, structural systems and elements, decision making methods and important factors that will be the basis of the decision making process. Traditionally the most important factors for decision making between construction methods were construction cost and duration, but more recently sustainability is becoming increasingly important. It is the civil duty of all parties involved in a project to foresee that most of the criteria of sustainability are met. Sustainability covers all the aspects of economic, social and environmental impacts. Furthermore quality is identified as an important aspect in the decision making process for a construction method. The comparison of precast and in-situ concrete construction is therefore discussed, considering all the abovementioned criteria and investigating possible quantification methods. This information, together with information from future studies, would then allow the project team to consider each aspect involved in the decision making process. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die beste konstruksiemetode vandag sal nie noodwendig die beste metode oor 20 jaar wees nie. Met veranderende omstandighede, moet ingenieurs altyd al die moontlike opsies oorweeg voordat ‘n spesifieke konstruksiemetode gekies word. Opsies wat in hierdie studie bestudeer word, is in-situ betonkonstruksie en hibriede betonkonstruksie. Hibriede betonkonstruksie is die kombinasie van in-situ en voorafvervaardigde beton elmente in strukture, ten einde die voordele van elke metode ten volle te benut. As gevolg van sy voordele, het hierdie konstruksiemetode al hoe meer gewild geraak in Amerika en Europa. Nietemin is die toename in die gebruik van hierdie metode in sommige lande (insluitend Suid-Afrika) traag en moontlike redes hiervoor word in hierdie studie ondersoek. Met die voorneme om die Suid- Afrikaanse konstruksie-industrie te bevorder, is ‘n model vir besluitneming tussen hibriede betonkonstruksie en in-situ betonkonstruksie ontwikkel. Die hoofdoel van ‘n groter navorsingsprojek is om projekspanne te help met die besluitneming tussen voorafvervaardigde en in-situ beton in konstruksieprojekte vir geboue. Hierdie besluitneming is nie gebaseer op besluitnemingsmodelle wat wiskundige resultate lewer nie, want die keuse van ‘n konstruksiemetode word deur te veel veranderlikes, wat nie altyd kwantifiseerbaar is nie, beïnvloed. Gevolglik word relevante inligting aan die besluitnemer verskaf, eerder as om ‘n gekwantifiseerde besluitnemingsmetode voor te skryf. Die doel van hierdie studie is om relevante aspekte te identifiseer en om ‘n raamwerk te skep vir verdere, in diepte studies van volgende tesisse. ‘n Besluitnemingsproses in enige veld word gewoonlik gebaseer op ‘n lys van voordele en nadele van die verskillende opsies. Daarom sluit hierdie studie die volgende bestuursaspekte in: faktore wat hibriede betonkonstruksie beïnvloed, asook voordele, beperkings en ander aspekte om te oorweeg, strukturele sisteme en –elemente, besluitnemingsmetodes en belangrike faktore wat die basis van die besluitnemingsproses sal wees. Tradisioneel was die belangrikste faktore vir besluitneming tussen konstruksiemetodes die koste en tydsduur daaraan verbonde, maar deesdae word volhoubaarheid al hoe meer belangrik geag. Dit is die plig van alle persone betrokke by ‘n projek om te sorg dat die projek aan so veel as moontlik van die kriteria van volhoubaarheid voldoen. Volhoubaarheid sluit al die aspekte van ekonomiese-, sosiale- en omgewingsimpakte in. Verder is kwaliteit ook geϊdentifiseer as ‘n belangrike aspek in die besluitnemingsproses van ‘n konstruksiemetode. Die vergelyking van voorafvervaardigde- en in-situ betonkonstruksie word dus bespreek met die oog op al die bogenoemde kriteria en, sover moonlik, word die kwantifisering van hierdie aspekte ondersoek. Met hierdie inligting en die inligting van toekomstige studies, kan die projekspan dan elke aspek in die besluitnemingsproses oorweeg.

Thesis (M.Phil. (School of Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Water and sanitation is one of the key factors in the socio-economic development of a nation and people. Billions of people worldwide do not have access to clean water or basic sanitation leading to many health problems and developmental issues. This article discusses the challenges facing the world, South Africa and in particular the Western Cape and Cape Town in the provision of water and sanitation. For most people the desire is to have access to their own private portable water supply and their own private flush toilet connected via costly bulk water services to sewage treatment plants far away. The question posed is whether this model is sustainable into the future, given the water demands in many parts of the world affected by droughts and more violent weather cycles as a result of climate change and global warming. These factors will affect water supplies in South Africa and in particular the Western Cape and Cape Town. To answer some of the questions raised the Lynedoch EcoVillage development is discussed in detail in terms of sustainable neighbourhood planning and implementation. Sustainable Development is discussed, also various options in terms of applying ecological sanitation. The on-site water and sanitation system of the Lynedoch EcoVillage is discussed as a case study. The results of influent and effluent tests conducted by the CSIR are analysed to see whether the system is conforming to the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry standards for the use of effluent water in irrigation and re-use of water in toilets. Localised models of water and sanitation provision might thus be a way forward to satisfy the increasing demand for such services made on national and local authorities as urban areas increase in size and population.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A multitude of factors affects the experience of the user on a specific site. Slow downloading, navigational difficulties and complex designs all play a role in destroying what could be an enjoyable experience to the user. Usability exists when the design of the system matches what the intended end users need and want. Most Web site designers agree that great design essentially has the user as its priority. Companies tend to forget that the user's hand is on the mouse. The most successful Web sites are those that not only respond to user feedback, but actively seek it out. We have to realise that the cost of flipping to another Web site is so low, it doesn't make any sense for people to go back to a site that failed them the first time. Most Web sites fail miserably at their prime directive: usability. The best way to run a user test is one-on-one, writes Fleming (1998:1). You don't need a large quantity of users for the tests to be effective. The costs in user testing are often exaggerated and there is no excuse for not performing some sort of user test on your Web site. When a page comes up Jakob Nielsen says, people look only one place, in the middle, at the content. (Head, 1999:2) If a page does not appear relevant to the user's current goals, then the user will ruthlessly click the Back button after as little as two to three seconds. Users rarely look at logos, mission statements, slogans, or any other elements they consider fluff. Usability is practically guaranteed if you have a solid information architecture at the outset. Make sure information is not more than two clicks away from the homepage. (Radosevich, 1997:3) According to the GVU7 survey, speed is the number one complaint of Web users (76,5 %). (Hamilton, 1997:1) Since users need web pages to load quickly, you should make your image files small. Try to limit the size of individual images to 5k, and try to limit the total size of all the images on any single page to 20k. Generally, a user with a 28.8 modem should have a sense of the page content or be able to navigate off the page within 10 seconds of download. The rest of the page should load within the next 30 seconds. Any site needs a good search feature since even the best navigation support will never be enough. (Nielsen, 1996a: 1) A search function should be provided if the site has more than 100 pages. Even if you haven't created perfect navigation, at least be consistent. (Berst, 1998: 1) The Back button is the lifeline of the Web user and the second-most used navigation feature (after following hypertext links). People rarely read web pages word by word - they scan pages to find the information they want. Make the text scannable with bulleted lists, highlighted keywords, meaningful headings, and short sections of text. The essential purpose of graphics, especially animated graphics, is to set the tone and communicate the company's personality in a unique and fun way. (Heath, 1997:1) / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Menigte faktore beïnvloed die gebruiker se ondervinding van 'n spesifieke Webblad. Aflaai spoed, navigasie en komplekse bladontwerp kan almal 'n gebruiker se belewenis van 'n Webblad verongeluk. Bruikbaarheid (Usability) bestaan wanneer die ontwerp van die sisteem voldoen aan die behoeftes van die eindgebruiker. Web ontwerpers het dit eens dat goeie ontwerp die gebruiker se behoeftes as prioriteit sien. Maatskappye vergeet dikwels dat die gebruiker se hand die muis beheer. Die mees suksesvolle Webblaaie is nie net die wat reageer op verbruiker terugvoer nie maar dit selfs aanmoedig. Ons moet verstaan dat dit so maklik is om na 'n volgende Webblad te spring dat dit nie sin maak om terug te keer na 'n Webblad wat jou eenkeer in die steek gelaat het nie. Die meeste Webblaaie misluk tragies in hul poging tot bruikbaarheid. Die beste gebruikerstoets metode is een-tot-een, skryf Heming (1998: 1) Die toets lewer betekenisvolle resultate selfs met enkele gebruikers. Nielsen sê gebruikers stel deesdae net in inligting belang. Indien inligting irrelevant voorkom sal die gebruiker nie skroom om die "Back" sleutel te gebruik nie. Gebruikers kyk selde na logos, missie stellings en slagspreuke en beskou dit as onbenullighede. Maak seker dat inligting nie meer as twee klikke vanaf die tuisblad is me. (Radosevich, 1997:3) Die GVU7 studie het bevestig dat aflaaispoed die gebruikers se grootste beswaar is.(Hamilton, 1997: 1) Enige Webblad benodig 'n goeie soek ("search") funksie veral as die Webwerf meer as 100 bladsye het. Die "back" sleutel is die reddingslyn van die gebruiker en die tweede mees gebruikte sleutel op navigasiestelsel. Gebruikers lees selde woord vir woord wat voor hulle staan, maar skandeer eerder 'n blad. Hou dus teks kort, met kort sinsnedes en kort kragtige begrippe. Grafieke se hoofdoel is om Webblad atmosfeer op unieke wyse te skep.(Heath,1997:1)