Chan Chan, the prehistoric capital of the Chimu culture (ca. A.D. 900 to 1450), is located in the Moche Valley close to the Pacific Ocean on the North Coast of Peru. Its sandy desert environment is dominated by the dry onshore turbulent and gusty winds from the south. The nucleus of this large urban community built of adobe is visually and spatially dominated by 10 monumental rectilinear high walled citadels that were thought to be the domain of the rulers. The form and function of these immense citadels has been an enigma for scholars since their discovery by the Spanish ca. 1535. Previous efforts to explain the citadels and the walls have emphasized the social, political, and economic needs of the culture. The use of the citadels to control the effects of the wind, sand, and dust in the valley had not been previously considered. Through the use of theoretical constructions and wind tunnel experiments, it is established that the form of the classic variant of the citadel was developed from a longtime interaction between the man—built environment and the natural environment. The Chimu had designed a courtyard system that reduced stress and discomfort from wind, sand, and dust by means of architectural features that included: the rectilinear citadel plan with the long axis parallel to the prevailing winds; the contiguous courtyards with the long axis in common; the high exterior walls; the high interior transverse walls; and the triangular cross section of the walls. It is demonstrated that these features kept out the blowing sand, reduced the wind speeds at pedestrian level, and kept dust, entrained in the airstream by the anthropogenic activity outside the walls, from entering the enclosures. It is also demonstrated that there is a correlation between the degree of protection afforded in a sector of the citadel and the social, political, and economic activities that took place in that sector. / PH. D.

The primary purpose of this research was to examine institutional characteristics of four-year, public colleges and universities that closed off-site locations between 2012 and 2019 through the lens of resource dependence theory. As institutions attempt to maximize their available resources and make the best use of existing resources, there will inevitably be moments where an off-site location will come into question. Over the eight years of the study, the US Department of Education recorded the closure of 7,508 educational locations across all types of educational institutions. This study examined the closure trends that existed for public colleges and universities across the period and looked for institutional characteristics associated with a heightened risk of closing off-site locations. The results of the study indicate that most of the public closures came from a small number of institutions, with 62% of the closed off-site locations coming from 18 of the 365 institutions in the study. After examining the overall trend, data was analyzed from 365 institutions across ten self-reported variables. These research findings indicate two primary variables that significantly affected the closure of off-site locations and suggest the struggle between the access mission of public universities and prestige-maximizing behavior can drive institutional decision making. The study concludes with recommendations for future research.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The large mammal faunal sample, excavated since 1984 from the Late Pleistocene Klasies River main site, was studied. There are 27 species in eight genera represented. The bovids from the LBS member (110 000 years) and the Upper member (70 000 years) shows an increase in grazers relative to the fauna from the SAS member (100 000 years). This confirms previous research. The study of body part frequencies does not confirm the selective transport of the carcasses of larger bovids or that scavenging played an important role in the accumulation of the fauna. It is concluded that availability of marine mammals were the attraction of the locality and that all size classes of bovids were actively hunted and their carcasses returned to the site. KEYWORDS: Klasies River, Late Pleistocene, large mammal fauna, hunting. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die groot soogdier fauna van die Laat Pleistoseen vindplaas Klasies River main site, opgegrawe vanaf 1984, is bestudeer. Sewe-en-twintig spesies in agt genera is verteenwoordig. Die bokke van die LBS member (110 000 jare) en die Upper member (70 000 jare) toon 'n styging in grasvreters relatief tot dié van die SAS member (100 000 jare). Dit bevestig 'n vorige ondersoek. Die bestudering van ligaamsdeel frekwensies van alle groottes bokke bevestig nie dat selektiewe vervoer van groter bokkarkasse plaasgevind het nie, of dat aas 'n rol in die akkumulasie van die fauna gespeel het nie. Die gevolgtrekking is gemaak dat die teenwoordigheid van marine soogdiere die rede was vir die keuse van hierdie vindplaas was. Alle groottes bokke is doelbewus gejag en hulle karkasse is teruggebring na die vindplaas. SLEUTELWOORDE: Klasies River, Laat Pleistoseen, groot soogdiere, jag.

In der vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit – im Charakter einer Pionierstudie auf diesem Gebiet – wird mittels selbstkonstruiertem Onlinesurvey untersucht, inwiefern die Social-Network-Site Facebook die Bildungspartizipation und das Konsumverhalten ihrer Nutzer beeinflusst und verändert. Nach Definition eines sozialen Netzwerks, einer Social-Network-Site und definitorischer Eingliederung von Facebook als solche wird die Sozialplattform selbst historisch und faktisch erklärt und der bisherige Forschungsstand zusammengetragen. Zur weiteren Hypothesenformulierung dienen für die Bildungspartizipation Marotzkis strukturale Bildungstheorie (1990) und Banduras kognitive Lerntheorie (1979), für das Konsumverhalten ebenfalls Banduras sozial-kognitive Lerntheorie (1971; 1976; 1986), Heiders Balancetheorie (1946) und Festingers soziale Vergleichstheorie (1954). Nach äußerst umfangreicher Operationalisierung, Rekodierung und Skalenbildung, univariater und bivariater Analyse, Drittvariablenkontrolle und Mediationsprüfung werden im Regressionsabschnitt alle fünf Prädiktoren der Haupthypothesen der Bildungspartizipation und drei der fünf Haupthypothesen des Konsumverhaltens bestätigt. Die „Anzahl an Facebook-Freunden“, „Neue Facebook- Freunde“, „Daten aus der Vergangenheit“, „Lesen bildungsrelevanter Aspekte“ und die „Facebook-Nutzungshäufigkeit (pro Woche)“ beeinflussen somit signifikant positiv die Bildungspartizipation. Die „Neigung zu positiv geschlossenen Triaden“, die „Relevanz positiver Meinungen der Vergleichspersonen“ und die „Beobachtung positiver Signale Statushoher“ beeinflussen positiv-signifikant das Konsumverhalten, wobei jedoch im Endmodell die „Beobachtung negativer Konsumerfahrungen“ und die „Relevanz der Ähnlichkeit von Vergleichspersonen“ keinen statistisch gesicherten Effekt mehr aufweisen. Der überwiegende Teil der vorab gebildeten Unterhypothesen – als theoretische Zusatzannahmen fundiert – werden bestätigt. Als weiteres statistisches Instrument wird ein Künstliches Neuronales Netz als Regressionsfunktionsapproximator eingesetzt, das bemerkenswert genau die Einflussstärken der Haupthypothesenvariablen validiert. / Nowadays, the social network site Facebook preferably serves as an appropriate medium of communication and as adviser on issues about daily life. Thus, recent social scientists have plenty of reasons to investigate the research field Facebook, the connections amongst its members, their cognitive structures and way of behaving which is frequently not intended. Through an online survey, including 1,358 German respondents, the influence of Facebook on educational participation and consumer behaviour is analysed. According consumer behaviour as dependent variable, Heider´s Balance Theory (1946), Bandura´s Social Cognitive Theory (1971, 1976, 1986), and Festinger´s Theory of Social Comparison Processes (1954), including theoretical continuations for each of these, are used. In order to derivate hypotheses for educational participation Marotzki´s Strukturale Bildungstheorie (1990), further extensions and Bandura’s Social Cognitive Learning Theory are taken. To sum up, tending to positively closed triads, relevant positive opinions of persons of comparison, and observing positively social signals from persons with a high status on Facebook significantly and positively influence consumer behaviour. Surprisingly, there is no significant influence from similarity to persons of comparison and observations of negative consumer´s experience. All hypotheses concerning educational participation could be confirmed: For instance, the more often a person gets new Facebook friends or the more often friends post visible educational aspects (i.e. newspaper articles or similar), the higher is educational participation on Facebook. These results, analysed by a regression analysis, are checked by an alternative method which is rarely used in that context. Using an artificial neural network (multilayer perceptron) a sensitivity analysis is conducted. Interestingly, the rank order of beta coefficients is almost reproduced. The existing study which was carried out at the Institute of Sociology in Leipzig is a pilot experiment in respect of both theoretical and methodical aspects. There are exploratively connections between social-psychological theory and consumer behaviour and educational participation on Facebook, supported by an extensive implementation of control variables.

La configuration géologique des couches de sol proches de la surface peut modifier fortement le mouvement sismique en surface (effets de site lithologiques). Ces effets de sites peuvent être évalués numériquement ou empiriquement. Ce travail s'inscrit dans la thématique de l'évaluation des effets de site lithologiques et de la variabilité de la réponse sismique des sites. Il se base principalement sur l'analyse d'enregistrements de séismes. Nous avons étudié dans un premier temps la variabilité de la réponse sismique, par classe de sites et pour des mouvements sismique faibles (variabilité inter-sites), puis une partie de la variabilité inter-évènements en un site, due aux effets du comportement non-linéaire des sols. Enfin, nous avons inversé les courbes de réponse du site afin de préciser à quelles profondeurs le comportement du sol est non-linéaire. La base de données accélérométriques KiK-net (Japon) est constituée de 688 forages instrumentés avec un capteur en surface et un autre en fond de puits. Cette configuration en réseau vertical permet de calculer en chacun des sites la courbe de réponse empirique du forage. Ce réseau a été choisi compte tenu du nombre important de sites instrumentés, du nombre de séismes enregistrés (plus de 46 000 enregistrements ont été recueillis et analysés) et de l'existence de caractérisation géotechnique des sites (profils de vitesse de propagation des ondes de cisaillement et de compression).L'analyse de la variabilité de la réponse sismique par classe de site nous a permis de préciser les paramètres qui seraient à mesurer afin d'améliorer l'évaluation des effets de site. En régime linéaire, il s'agit du gradient du profil de vitesse calculé jusqu'à 30 m (B30) ou 100 m (B100) et de la fréquence de résonance fondamentale (f0). Ces paramètres pourraient être utilisés afin de réduire la variabilité inter-sites du mouvement sismique en surface (i.e. variabilité dans les GMPEs Equations prédictives du mouvement sismique).L'analyse de la variabilité inter-évènement associée au comportement non-linéaire des sols nous a fourni les paramètres pertinents pour l'analyse des sites en régime non-linéaire : B30, l'amplification maximale (Apred) et la fréquence associée (fpred). Cette analyse a également montré : - que le PGA (Peak Ground Acceleration, accélération maximale du sol) est un paramètre pertinent pour l'étude des effets du comportement non-linéaire des sols sur la réponse des sites. - que, quelque soit le site, le comportement non-linéaire des sols affecte la courbe de réponse du site à partir d'accélérations modérées (75 cm/s2 en fond de puits). - que la caractérisation non-linéaire d'un site, en vue de l'évaluation des effets de sites, pourrait être réduite à la caractérisation des couches de sol superficielles. Cette dernière assertion peut avoir une influence importante pour la caractérisation non-linéaire des sites. Elle a été confirmée par l'inversion comparée des fonctions de transfert forages linéaires et non-linéaires. Finalement, notre travail a également montré :• que l'analyse de sensibilité de la colonne de sol « à priori » est un bon outil pour déterminer la résolution de l'inversion compte tenu des informations disponibles ainsi que les paramètres du sol contrôlant les pics d'amplification.• que l'utilisation conjointe de l'analyse de sensibilité et de la comparaison des fonctions de transfert, sans étape d'inversion, pouvait être suffisante pour évaluer les profondeurs où le sol peut avoir un comportement non-linéaire important / Local geology can strongly affect seismic ground motion at the surface. These so-called site-effects can be evaluated either numerically by simulating the seismic wave propagation or empirically using earthquake recordings analyses or statistical correlations between site parameters and site effects. This thesis concerns the improvement of site effect evaluation and the consideration of the seismic site response variability. This work is mainly based on the analysis of earthquake recordings. First, we analyzed the site response variability between sites for similar ground motion incident intensity (weak motion) and then, we analysed the site response variability between events in one site caused by non-linear soil behaviour. Finally, we used inversion method to find the depths where soil non-linear behaviour mostly occurs.We analyzed various earthquake recordings from the KiK-net database in Japan (more than 46 000), which is composed of more than 688 surface/borehole instruments. The vertical array configuration allows the computation of the empirical site response in borehole condition. This database was chosen because of its large amount of instrumented sites located at sediments, its large amount of accelerometric data and the existence of characterisation of the shear and compressive wave velocity profiles down to the borehole depth. The analysis of the seismic response variability per site classes indicated which parameters must be measured to improve the site-effect assessment. In the linear range, the parameters are the Vs profile gradient calculated until 30 m (B30) or 100 m depth (B100) and the fundamental resonance frequency of the site (f0). These additional parameters to Vs30 can be used to reduce the between-sites surface motion variability (such as in GMPEs, Ground Motion Prediction Equations).Besides, the analysis of inter-event site response variability caused by non-linear soil behaviour showed the relevant parameters for analysis of site effects in non-linear range: B30, The maximal amplification (Apred) and the associated frequency (fpred). This analysis showed as well: - that the PGA (Peak Ground Acceleration) is a relevant parameter for non-linear site effect assessment. - that, whatever the site, non-linear soil behaviour affects the site response curves from moderate acceleration (75 cm/s2 at the down-hole station). - that only information on the non-linear soil behaviour of the superficial layers is enough to fully assess the non-linear site responses. This last conclusion may have a large impact for non-linear soil characterisation. It has been confirmed by inversion of linear and non-linear borehole site responses and comparison of the obtained Vs profiles. At the same time, the present work showed : - that the depth from which non-linear soil behaviour has no influence on site response depends on the site and on the intensity of the seismic input motion. - that careful attention needs to be taken when inverting data from vertical arrays. Sensitivity analyses are a powerful tool to evaluate the resolution of the inversion considering the available information and the soil parameters that are well solved during the inversion. - That the combined used of sensitivity analysis with comparison of transfer function, without inversion, could be enough to assess the depth where the non-linear soil behaviour mostly take place

S'il est désormais acquis que les communautés d'artistes et plus généralement le système de l'art contemporain jouent un rôle majeur dans le changement urbain, il reste encore plusieurs aspects à éclaircir en ce qui concerne la spécificité de cette contribution. Dans le contexte des quartiers en voie de régénération en particulier, les artistes ont un impact sur le capital symbolique qui se transmet des communautés qui y habitent ou y travaillent, à l'espace ; un processus que l'on pourrait qualifier de « spatialisation du capital symbolique ». Ces hypothèses ont été développées à travers l'exploration d'un ensemble d'éléments artistiques ayant agi dans le processus de régénération urbaine, au sein du cadre spécifique du Berlin des années 1990.Afin de donner des réponses nouvelles à ces questions, il a fallu élargir le champ de l'analyse en associant aux dimensions sociologiques, géographiques, économiques et urbaines la considération des activités artistiques qui appartiennent à la sphère plus proprement esthétique. L'hypothèse étant que les œuvres d'art – qui ne sont pas nécessairement des objets – sont des « configurations signifiantes à partir desquelles il est possible d'exercer un jugement rationnel » parce que dans l'expérience esthétique qu'elles engendrent, se produisent des effets d'ordre « normatif, cognitif et pragmatique ». Le rôle crucial de l'espace urbain dans l'évolution de l'art depuis la fin du XIXe siècle étaye l'hypothèse d'un ensemble d'interactions spécifiques, sur le plan esthétique, entre expression artistique et espace urbain. On ne se réfère pas aux recherches artistiques qui trouvent dans la ville un sujet à représenter, mais à des expériences plus radicales qui ont pu choisir l'urbain comme espace d'intervention, substrat des œuvres et lieu où établir des relations plus directes avec le public et le monde réel. La compréhension de l'émergence d'une approche site-specific dans l'art du XXe siècle peut servir à comprendre les racines symboliques du rôle croissant du système artistique dans le changement urbain. Pour aborder une question intrinsèquement transdisciplinaire nous avons dû avoir recours à des instruments variés et hétérogènes. Ainsi cette recherche s'appuie sur une variété de sources : des fonds d'archives concernant les programmes publics et les initiatives institutionnelles ; des recherches anthropologiques visant à reconstruire des histoires de vie et des expériences racontées par leurs protagonistes ; des sources bibliographiques importantes sur le cadre historique et théorique. Le degré d'indépendance des acteurs artistiques dans la détermination de ces changements démontre une profonde ambivalence qu'on ne peut réduire à des formules synthétiques. Les résultats des actions artistiques peuvent être analysés soit comme une exploitation de la valeur symbolique produite par les acteurs institutionnels de la ville, soit au contraire comme la préservation et le développement d'une alternative urbaine et politique. Par rapport aux exemples observés à Berlin, nous avons essayé de retracer les liens qui unissent ces expériences à des phénomènes antérieurs similaires – et à d'autres encore en évolution dans le présent – cela nous a permis de les considérer ceux-ci comme l'expression d'une tradition constamment renouvelée. En ce sens, les acteurs artistiques dont nous nous sommes occupés peuvent être considérés comme les interprètes de besoins et de désirs latents du corps social et urbain qui reviendraient de façon cyclique et qui pourraient jouer un rôle dans le développement de la ville dans le future aussi. L'analyse approfondie des deux cas d'étude, au-delà de leur intérêt individuel, s'offre comme une exploration à l'intérieur d'un champ dans lequel les études sont encore limitées et souvent très circonscrites. Notre recherche se veut comme la tentative de formuler des concepts, des instruments et des stratégies d'analyse qui pourront par la suite être appliqués à d'autres contextes / The key role played in urban change by artist communities, and more generally the art system has been widely recognized, yet the specific characteristics of this contribution are still to be explored. In the context of regenerating neighborhoods in particular, artist communities are able to produce a symbolic value that is subsequently transferred to the space they inhabit and work into, in a process that we could define as a ‘spatialisation of symbolic value'. Our thesis is focused on a series of artistic elements and events that were able to interact with the urban regeneration process that took place in post-wall Berlin in the 1990s.To fully understand such process, it is necessary to broaden the scope of the analysis in order to associate to sociological, geographical, economic and urban aspects the consideration of those artistic activities that belong to the aesthetic sphere. Our hypothesis being that works of art – which are not necessarily objects – may be regarded as significant configurations whose consideration allows a rational judgment as the aesthetic experience they determine encompasses prescriptive, cognitive and pragmatic effects. The crucial role of urban space in the evolution of art since the end of the XIX century supports the hypothesis of the existence of specific interactions between artistic expressions and the urban environment. We are not referring to those art works that find in the city an object to represent, but to more radical researches that choose the urban dimension as a site of intervention, the foundation of the work of art and the place where a more direct relationship with the public and the real world may be established. The consideration of the ‘site-specific' approach that appeared in the art of the XX century has helped us to understand the symbolic nature of the role increasingly played by the art system in urban change. In order to deal with a question that pertains to urban and cultural geography, urbanism, history as well as art history, we had to rely on a set of heterogeneous tools and sources: archival material concerning public programs and institutional initiatives; anthropological enquiries concerned with ‘life histories' and experiences reconstructed through the direct testimony of their protagonists; extensive bibliographic sources used to analyze the broader context of more specific case studies. As a result of our analysis, the degree of independence of artistic actors in the determination of such changes is marked by deep ambiguity that cannot be reduced to synthetic formulas. At times the symbolic value produced may be subsequently commodified and exploited by the institutional players of the city, in other cases art interventions prove as the expression of an alternative vision for urban development and its politics. In the specific context of Post-wall Berlin, we have tried to explore the relationship that connects specific experiences of the time to similar ones occurring in the past – as well as others currently taking place. This effort has brought us to consider the events of the 1990s as the expression of needs and desires periodically reappearing at the surface of the urban and social body, forces that may still play an important role in the future development of the city. Besides its intrinsic interest, in depth analysis of two case studies appears as a further inquiry in a field where research is still lacking and often focused on specific perspectives. Our contribution is intended as an attempt to develop concepts, tools and analytical strategies that may in the future be applied to other contexts

[pt] Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal responder ao seguinte questionamento: existe um modelo teórico para o Projeto de Serviços que possa ser aplicado por uma empresa prestadora de serviços de compras coletivas? Para esta análise foi feita uma ampla revisão sobre os modelos existentes, bem como sobre a unidade de investigação, o objeto desse estudo, os Sites de Compras Coletivas. Partindo de uma pesquisa descritiva, este estudo propõe em última análise um modelo esquemático para o projeto de serviço de um site de compras coletivas, o qual representa o mundo atual globalizado e interligado através dos meios de comunicação, via internet. Como resultado do trabalho cabe destacar que a elaboração do projeto para os Sites de Compras Coletivas permitiu que este englobasse três fatores que aumentam as suas chances de sucesso. Primeiro, o serviço se torna orientado para o mercado, no caso para os consumidores virtuais. Segundo, a realização de minuciosos estudos de viabilidade e especificação que consideram as características do público alvo, o mercado consumidor, de cada oferta e da concorrência. E, por fim, o projeto dá maior atenção para a qualidade do desenvolvimento do serviço, através das informações que permitam corrigir ou melhorar seu desempenho. / [en] This dissertation has as main purpose to answer the following question: is there an existing theoretical model for Project Services that can be applied by a service provider of collective purchasing? For this analysis a comprehensive review of the existing models was conducted, as well as of the research unit, the object of this study, the Collective Purchasing Sites. Starting from a descriptive research, this study ultimately proposes a schematic model for the project service of a collective purchasing site, which represents the current globalized and interconnected world through the media, via internet. As a result of the work, it is worth noting that the project design for Collective Purchasing Sites enables to encompass three factors that increase its chances of success. First, the service becomes oriented to the market, in this case to the virtual consumers. Second, it conducts feasibility studies and detailed specification that consider the characteristics of the target audience, the consumer market, of each offer and the competition. And, at last, the project gives much attention to the quality of service development through the information to correct or improve its performance.

Comprendre comment les processus de transmission non génétique comme la transmission sociale influencent l’évolution comportementale des espèces est une problématique importante en biologie de l’évolution. Cette thèse cherche à appréhender les mécanismes de diffusion et de maintien d’une information au sein d’un groupe par l’étude de la transmission sociale d’un choix de site d’oviposition chez Drosophila melanogaster. Le premier volet de cette thèse met en évidence l’existence d’une transmission du choix de site de ponte entre des femelles démonstratrices possédant l’information et des femelles observatrices naïves ainsi qu’à déterminer le processus d’apprentissage social sous-jacent. Le transfert de l’information sociale du choix d’oviposition se fait par le biais d’interactions directes entre les démonstratrices et observatrices. L’analyse de ces interactions par une méthode de vidéo tracking révèle l’existence d’un transfert de l’information bidirectionnel : plus les observatrices et les démonstratrices interagissent plus les observatrices acquièrent le choix d’oviposition et plus les démonstratrices le perdent. L’acquisition d’une information personnelle de la part les démonstratrices n’induit pas systématiquement sa transmission sociale aux observatrices suggérant que les deux processus sont dissociés. Le deuxième volet vise à comprendre dans quels contextes l’information sociale est employée et comment un individu réalise la balance entre l’utilisation des informations sociales et personnelles présentes dans son environnement. L’influence du groupe est examinée sur l’efficacité de la transmission par l’étude de paramètres tels que le ratio entre démonstratrices et observatrices, la taille du groupe, ou la présence d’une variabilité génétique. Les drosophiles montrent une stratégie d’apprentissage social de « copier la majorité » pour choisir leur site de ponte. Lorsque deux informations sociales sont présentes et contradictoires, les drosophiles acquièrent celle en adéquation avec leur préférence innée. La taille du groupe n’influence pas la transmission sociale mais perturbe l’utilisation de l’information personnelle des démonstratrices. La présence d’une variabilité génétique au sein du groupe, issue du polymorphisme du gène foraging, montre des différences de stratégies d’apprentissage social entre les individus des différents variants alléliques. L’utilisation de l’apprentissage social est parfaitement intégrée dans les prises de décision des drosophiles laissant envisager sa prévalence dans le règne animal. Cette thèse permet d’apporter de nouveaux éléments sur les mécanismes d'adaptation du comportement basé sur les processus de transmission sociale et de dégager les futurs enjeux liés à son étude. / Understanding how the process of non-genetic transmission as social transmission influence species behavioral evolution is an important issue in evolutionary biology. This thesis seeks to understand the diffusion mechanisms and information maintenance within a group studying social transmission of a choice of oviposition in Drosophila melanogaster. The first part of this thesis show social transmission occurrence of oviposition choice between informed demonstrator and naive observer females and try to determine social learning processes underlying. Social information transfer of oviposition choice occurs through direct interactions between demonstrators and observers. Analysis of these interactions by a video tracking method reveals a bidirectional information transfer: the more observers and demonstrators interact, the more observers gain oviposition choice behavior and the more demonstrators lose it. Personal information acquisition of oviposition choice by demonstrators is not sufficient to induce its transmission to observers, observers social learning seems to require special conditions. The second part of this thesis analyzes how social context influence social information use and how an individual realizes the balance between social and personal information use. The influence of group composition on social transmission efficiency is studied through different parameters such as the ratio between demonstrators and observers, group size, and the presence of genetic variability within the group. Flies show a “copy the majority” social learning strategy in their oviposition site choice behavior. Females acquire social information matching with their innate preference in presence of two contradictory social information. Group size does not affect the social transmission but perturbs demonstrator’s use of personal information. Genetic variability within the group stems from foraging gene polymorphism shows differences of social learning strategy between allelic variants. This thesis highlights a social learning use fully integrated into individuals’ decision-making and brings new elements on behavioral adaptation mechanisms based on social transmission processes.

A redefinição da escultura e as pautas atuais de criação, fazendo uso da prática de projeto, provocam mudanças na formação do artista. Da aula expandida à aula Site-Specificity. A hipótese estudada: o projeto didático pautado em explorar as possibilidades das formas de experimentação e procedimentos artísticos em projeto Site-Specificity, que traz a vida para a \'sala de aula\', envolve mais o aluno, enquanto articulador de diferentes e complexas atividades no espaço público, supondo que essas características da prática de projeto Site-Specificity possam contribuir na formação do jovem artista e fornecer soluções às crescentes exigências de profissionalização que vem sofrendo a arte contemporânea em relação à sociedade. O principal objetivo: explorar as possibilidades de renovação das formas de experimentação e procedimentos em projeto Site-Specificity para descrever e explorar suas contribuições na formação do artista. Os objetivos específicos correspondem ao percurso da dissertação e ao processo das aulas \'site\', para os quais os três capítulos são como um campo das relações dialéticas, onde o Site-Specificity designa igualmente tanto o que é proposto para ser realizado quanto o que é feito para atingi-lo. Essa relação dialética leva a muitas possibilidades de operacionalizar projetos, tendo em vista as diferentes preocupações dos alunos. Concluindo, cada capítulo, respectivamente, concorre para um objetivo. O primeiro capítulo é uma reflexão sobre a expansão da escultura e as transformações do Site-Specificity; o segundo capítulo é sobre as aulas Site- Specificity e por último, no terceiro capítulo denominado \"Dupla exposição\", apresento exposições realizadas por alunos como resultados do processo de aprendizagem a partir das aulas Site-Specificity. / The redefinition of sculpture and the current guidelines for creation, through the practice of projects, provoke change in the artist\'s formation. The class expanded to learning Site-Specificity. The studied hypothesis, along with the educational project outlined to explore the possibilities of forms of experimentation as well as the artistic procedures in Site-Specificity project, bring life into the \'classroom\' and better involve the students as they perform different and complex activities in public spaces, supposing that these characteristics from the practice of Site-Specificity project can contribute to the formation of the young artist and provide some solutions to the growing demands of professionalization that has been suffering contemporary art in relation to society. The main goal was to explore the possibilities of the renewal of both, the forms of experimentation and the procedures in Site-Specificity project to depict and explain its influences and contributions to an artist\'s formation. The specific goals correspond to the course taken by the dissertation and the \'site\' classes\' process, of which the three chapters stand as fields of dialectical relationships, where Site-Specificity designates equally what is to be accomplished as well as what is done in order to achieve it. This dialectical relationship leads to many possibilities of operating projects, having in mind the different student\'s concerns. In conclusion, each chapter, respectively, collaborates to a goal. The first chapter is a reflection of the expansion of sculpture and the Site-Specificity\'s transformations; the second chapter is about the Site-Specificity classes, and lastly, the third chapter denominated \"Double exposure\", presents student\'s exhibitions as a result of the learning process from the Site-Specificity classes.