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Nutrient Availability and Dynamics of Compost Bedded Pack Dairy Barn WasteHammond, Leslie 01 January 2015 (has links)
Increased adoption of compost bedded pack dairy barns (CBP), a relatively new housing and manure handling strategy, warrants study to facilitate proper use of CBP waste as a soil amendment. This study: 1) characterized in situ nutrient content and availability of CBP waste in terms of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P); 2) examined the decomposition of surface-applied CBP waste compared to an alternative processed solid waste amendment; 3) examined nutrient dynamics of incorporated CBP waste in high and low soil test phosphorus (STP) environments. Quick anaerobic mineralization assays revealed that bed management affects nutrient content and availability of CBP waste. A Fall surface-applied litter bag study showed that different particle sizes of CBP waste and a biosolid decomposed at similar rates. The biosolid had greater nutrient density and availability, but the decomposition was similar to CBP waste in terms of mineralization dynamics. Aerobic mineralization of CBP waste in high and low STP soils amended on a uniform P basis was compared with fresh manure. In general, CBP increased STP more and yielded more plant available P than fresh manure. These studies provide recommendations for CBP management and further study to ensure the proper land application of CBP waste.
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A guideline for local authorities : legal and functional requirements for the drafting and implementation of waste management by-laws / N.S. MassynMassyn, Nicolai Spies January 2005 (has links)
By-laws are considered to be one of the primary tools of local
government to enable them to manage and regulate the affairs of their
constituent jurisdictions. It is therefore of critical importance that bylaws
are current, not in conflict with provincial and national legislation,
efficient and in line with practical requirements, and empowers the
local authority sufficiently to manage its own affairs.
There are three major causes that require local authorities to change
and update by-laws. The first major cause is the reorganisation of the
pre-1994 municipal boundaries. The second is the change to a
constitutional dispensation that created three distinct spheres of
government with their defined areas of legislative and executive
powers. The third is the new order environmental legislation and
philosophy that is in line with internationally accepted principles of
sustainable development and human rights, and differs from the pre-
1994 legislation.
The principle of cooperative governance requires local authorities not
to be in conflict with other organs of state or national and provincial
legislation.
The result is that many local authorities require new by-laws, including
waste management by-laws.
Many such projects were undertaken by local authorities, one by the
City of Johannesburg as part of the iGoli 2000 project.
The by-laws also have to adequately capacitate the local authority to
regulate all aspects of waste management in a practical and functional
manner. These practical and functional requirements must be
considered and included in the waste management by-laws where
relevant.
A guideline should as a minimum cover the following elements:
-ensuring cooperative governance,
-ensuring compliance with specific requirements set by the
Constitution and other legislation such as the Municipal Systems
Act,
-alignment of by-laws with the legal mechanisms available for
service delivery, and
-ensuring it provides guidance on what elements should be
considered to meet the practical and functional requirements of
local authorities.
This dissertation provides a guideline that meets criteria set out in
legislation, policies and strategies. The discussion encompasses a vast
field of the law and waste management practice, and attempts to
provide local authorities with an introduction and references to the
most salient aspects that has to be considered when drafting and
implementing waste management by-laws. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
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Visuomenės informavimo atliekų tvarkymo klausimais Lietuvoje analizė / Analysis of public awareness of waste management issues in LithuaniaPečkys, Artūras 14 June 2010 (has links)
Šio darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti visuomenės informavimo ir švietimo atliekų tvarkymo klausimais reglamentavimą teisės aktuose ir įvertinti regioninių atliekų tvarkymo centrų (RATC), savivaldybių tinklalapių išsamumą ir kokybę bei sukurti internetinę svetainę apie atliekų tvarkymą. Naudotas aprašomasis teisės aktų metodas. Palygintas regioninių atliekų tvarkymo centrų ir savivaldybių tinklalapių išsamumas. Magistro baigiamąjame darbe aprašomas magistro darbo autoriaus sukurtas tinklalapis apie atliekų tvarkymą. www.atliekos.visiems.lt . Alytaus, Šiaulių, Tauragės, Telšių, Kauno regioniniai atliekų tvarkymo centrai privalo rengti ir įgyvendinti visuomenės informavimo programas. Pagal pateikiamos informacijos išsamumą, Lietuvos regioninių atliekų tvarkymo centrų tinklalapiai buvo suskirstyti į 4 kategorijas. Šiaulių ir Telšių regiono atliekų tvarkymo centrų tinklalapiai yra išsamiausi tarp visų regioninių centrų tinklalapių. Neissamūs yra Marijampolės, Panevėžio, Tauragės, Utenos regioninių atliekų tvarkymo centrų tinklalapiai. Atliktas tyrimas parodė, kad dažnai savivaldybių tinklalapiuose nėra atskiros skilties apie savivaldybės atliekų tvarkymo sistemą arba tokiose skiltyje informacija neišsami. Suformuluotos 9 rekomendacijos esamai visuomenės informavimo situacijai pagerinti. / The aim of the paper is to analyze the legal aspects of public environmental education and awareness rising on waste management issues, to evaluate the completeness and quality of the websites of regional waste management centers and municipalities and to develop a web site for waste management issues. Methods of the work: descriptive analysis of the legislation, comparative analysis of educational material on the websites of regional waste management centers in Lithuania. Master's thesis describes the website (www.atliekos.visiems.lt) for waste management developed by the author. Alytus, Šiauliai, Tauragė, Telšiai, Kaunas regional waste management centers according to legislation must develop and implement public awareness programs on waste issues. According to the information provided, Lithuanian regional waste management centers, were grouped into four categories. Websites of Siauliai and Telsiai regional waste management centers are the most developed and complete among of all regional centers. The websites of the waste management centers of Marijampolė, Panevėžys, Tauragė, Utena were among those that mostly lacked comprehensiveness. The research revealed that in the websites of municipalities’ there is no a separate column on municipal waste management system or information in such column is not complete. It was formulated 9 recommendations for the improvement of public environmental education and awareness rising on waste management issues.
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Urban poverty reduction through municipal solid waste management (MSWM) : a case study of Maseru and Maputsoe in Lesotho.Mvuma, Godfrey Ganizani Kwantha. January 2002 (has links)
The study was designed to generate data and information necessary for designing an
appropriate sustainable solid waste management system, and examining the socio-economic
benefits of urban municipal so lid waste management through job creation opportunities (albeit
mainly informal) in Lesotho.
The review of literature on the integrated solid waste management systems at international,
regional and local levels in relation to job creation was carried out with a view to establish the
necessity of carrying out this research. In addition, specific solid waste management
experiences and practices in other countries have been cited.
In Lesotho, investors and donors have, for long expressed the need for formulation of solid
waste management policy and guidelines formulated in the country in order to create an
enabling environment for investment. However, the process of preparing policy and
guidelines requires substantial data and information. This study supplemented this effort by
gathering data and information. The data and information gathered were on the existing
policies and regulatory framework concerning waste management; waste generation rates,
types and quantity from domestic, industrial and commercial establishments; recycling
activities; and the waste harvesting (scavenging) activities. The study was undertaken in
Maseru and Maputsoe, being the hub of commercial and industrial activities in the country.
The data and information may also be useful to other SADC countries
From the results of the study, it has been concluded that in Lesotho, paper was the most
commonly generated waste in all the categories: domestic, industrial and commercial
establishments. Plastic was the second category of the most commonly generated waste,
which was followed by organic waste, and then, beverage cans. The study established that the
weighted average household generation rate for the surveyed areas was: 0.13 Kg per capita
day-I. In the same findings, it occurred that overall, households contribution to waste
generation in the surveyed areas ranked second to commercial establishments despite their
low per capita, in comparison with industrial establishments. The study has further concluded
that out of an estimated total quantity of 157552 tonnes per annum of waste generated in
Maseru, commercial establishments contributed 82%, while households contribute 15% and
industrial establishments 3%. Households generated more waste than industries because they were in large numbers and hence contributed more than fewer industries. It has also been
established that the household waste generation is dependent on incomes ofthese households,
but had poor relationship with regard to the number of persons per household. To this effect,
it was seen that high-income households generated more waste than low-income. The study
further showed that where the municipal council offered waste collection service, not all
recipients paid for this service. However, there was a general willingness- to- pay for the
waste collection service by all sectors, on condition that there was an improvement in the
offering of this service; and if made available where currently not offered. Furthermore, there
was a general indication of affordability for these services up to a certain amount (albeit
minimal) per different sectors. On the other hand, the information collected strongly indicated
the need to invest more in solid waste management if this would be a means of employment
creation and improvement of the environment.
On the overall, the study revealed that there was a low level of awareness on waste related
policy and regulatory instruments, and fragmented legal framework on waste management in
Lesotho. The study also established that currently, solid waste as an informal sector generated
an estimated profit of MO.7rnillion per annum from waste recycling related activities and that
this informal sector generated about 282 jobs. In addition to these benefits, the question of
solid waste as a source of biomass energy was another beneficial route in Lesotho. It has been
established that the combustible organic waste was highly sought after as a source of energy
for cooking and heating. However, besides the benefits, these activities also gave rise to some
adverse impacts. The waste harvesters expressed that their health had been negatively
impacted upon by the waste scavenging activities. Needless to suggest that there would be a
need by the government to intervene in this problem by formalising these waste harvesting
activities.
It is hoped that this study would serve as a reservoiur for the source of data and information
and for Lesotho and that other countries in the SADC Region shall fmd this document a
useful tool. / Theses (Ph.D.)-University of Westville, 2002.
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Material Flow and Stakeholder Analysis for a Transfer & Recycling Station in Gaborone, BotswanaAndersson, Emil January 2014 (has links)
Landfilling waste material is still one of the most common methods to take care of waste in a big part of the world. Gaborone, the capital of Botswana located in the southern part of Africa is no different in this way. The major part of all waste is landfilled in Gaborone and there is only a minor part of all collected material that is recycled. One solution that earlier studies suggest is to build a transfer and recycling station in the city of Gaborone that can contribute to a more sustainable waste management. This study aims to identify the major waste streams of recyclable waste and also the major stakeholders that are active in this area through an exploratory study involving interviews, a workshop and a survey. The result of this thesis can hopefully assist in the preparations for such a transfer station. The conclusions of this study are many and contains of both hard facts and also loose ends that can contribute to pursue further studies. The first important result is that all the waste collection companies transports everything they collects to a landfill and it is only recycling organizations that are working with collection and recycling in Gaborone. These recycling organizations are a few but smaller compared to the waste collection companies in collected amounts of material. Besides these collection organizations, Gaborone City Council, the local municipality works with collection of household waste and the collaboration between these three groups that operates in the same environment is very poor. All the interviewed stakeholders showed a positive interest in the transfer and recycling station but there is only a small part of the commercial business in Gaborone that believes in a more serious waste management than landfilling. Despite that one major shopping mall actually sort out recyclables and saves 30% in waste management costs thanks to that. Another issue is the prevailing cultural contradictions that is obvious among the organizations in Gaborone. The last two bigger issues is the tremendously dull political bureaucracy that is appearing in Botswana and also that voices are raised that corruption is great beneath the surface.
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The impact of community-based organisations on waste management service delivery : the case of Emfuleni Local Municipality / N.E. MossMoss, Ncamile Edward January 2013 (has links)
Waste reprocessing is a growing trend in different communities around South Africa which has become influential to the socio-economic liberalism of the people that are recycling at source in their respective areas. The focus of the research study is on the contributions of community-based organisations involved in recycling towards the social and environmental sustainability. The study explores (i) work done by community-based organisations in recycling, (ii) how the organisations turn unwanted products in to something usable and manage to sustain themselves and provide for their families, and (iii) how unpleasant municipality policies on the management of waste are to the organisations involved in recycling. As a result a comprehensive and consistent information set comprising significant contributions from the responsible stakeholders that contribute to the national waste stream will be expressed; regarding the development of relevant statutory frameworks to address and clarify issues facing reprocessing at large. South Africa is signatory to a number of international accords, hence a comprehensive international perspective on waste re-utilisation is incorporated. The notion of partnership is emphasized as it ought to be accompanied by other measures that can unleash a practical validity and influence; hence the public-private partnership strategy towards recycling is recommended as a requisite to try and tackle the challenges facing community-based organisations and the system of managing waste especially in the Emfuleni Local Municipality. The partnerships should be determined as the principle framework between the people, the private sector and the entire administration. The more serious the community-based organisations towards the system of managing waste around an area, the better it will turn out to be for the communities concerned. Unemployment is also the biggest issue thus far and strategies have long been implemented to tackle the crisis, and yet the public is still faced and halted by means that are expensive in nature. Advanced educational facilities for instance, which are still major challenges to the people around Emfuleni. The logic of responsibility now is therefore to develop, implement and enforce recently formulated legislation to encourage the masses to be involved in the process of recycling. Indeed, the lack of co-ordination by private sector, the people and local authorities has resulted in the involvement of community-based organisations being regarded as non-existing and not being intensified in South Africa. The contributions made by waste pickers in making sure that the green environment concept is maintained in societies they live in, is in fact the actual concern in undertaking these research study. The negative stigma associated with the communities involved in recycling is endured as individuals are able to support their families and themselves through recycling ingenuities. The Emfuleni Local Municipality has some of the best strategies and plans to address the involvement of community-based organisations in their disposal, and the full implementation of this category has to prioritised in order to achieve a hospitable and sustainable environment for the area. / M Development and Management (Public Management and Governance), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014
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Policies for Employment Enhancement and Environmental Protection: The Integration of Waste Management Systems in Argentina and IndiaHauenstein, Chloe R 01 January 2014 (has links)
In many developing countries, a significant proportion of the population relies on work in the informal sector as a source of income. Some scholars have posed the possibility of integrating the informal sector into the formal sector, in an effort to improve the lives and livelihoods of workers and the productivity of a country’s economy. This paper examines potential steps that could allow for such integration by focusing on a sub-sector of the informal sector that has already begun the process of integration: the informal waste management sector. This paper compares the cities of Buenos Aires, Argentina and Pune, India in an attempt to explore their processes of integrating the informal waste sector into the formal waste management process.
By examining both scholarly works and primary government documents, this study demonstrates that both Buenos Aires and Pune have implemented a number of initiatives to develop laws and programs in order to integrate their informal waste management systems. Consequently, the municipal governments of these cities have been able to provide a more substantial livelihood for previously informal workers and have improved the sanitation of their cities. These findings imply that the governments of other cities with large informal waste sectors could utilize a similar framework to benefit both vulnerable populations and environmental practices.
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A guideline for local authorities : legal and functional requirements for the drafting and implementation of waste management by-laws / N.S. MassynMassyn, Nicolai Spies January 2005 (has links)
By-laws are considered to be one of the primary tools of local
government to enable them to manage and regulate the affairs of their
constituent jurisdictions. It is therefore of critical importance that bylaws
are current, not in conflict with provincial and national legislation,
efficient and in line with practical requirements, and empowers the
local authority sufficiently to manage its own affairs.
There are three major causes that require local authorities to change
and update by-laws. The first major cause is the reorganisation of the
pre-1994 municipal boundaries. The second is the change to a
constitutional dispensation that created three distinct spheres of
government with their defined areas of legislative and executive
powers. The third is the new order environmental legislation and
philosophy that is in line with internationally accepted principles of
sustainable development and human rights, and differs from the pre-
1994 legislation.
The principle of cooperative governance requires local authorities not
to be in conflict with other organs of state or national and provincial
legislation.
The result is that many local authorities require new by-laws, including
waste management by-laws.
Many such projects were undertaken by local authorities, one by the
City of Johannesburg as part of the iGoli 2000 project.
The by-laws also have to adequately capacitate the local authority to
regulate all aspects of waste management in a practical and functional
manner. These practical and functional requirements must be
considered and included in the waste management by-laws where
relevant.
A guideline should as a minimum cover the following elements:
-ensuring cooperative governance,
-ensuring compliance with specific requirements set by the
Constitution and other legislation such as the Municipal Systems
Act,
-alignment of by-laws with the legal mechanisms available for
service delivery, and
-ensuring it provides guidance on what elements should be
considered to meet the practical and functional requirements of
local authorities.
This dissertation provides a guideline that meets criteria set out in
legislation, policies and strategies. The discussion encompasses a vast
field of the law and waste management practice, and attempts to
provide local authorities with an introduction and references to the
most salient aspects that has to be considered when drafting and
implementing waste management by-laws. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
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Förändringen av MARPOL Annex V år 2013 : Hur den implementerats och upplevts ombordRönnblom, Jenny, Sigurdh, Oskar January 2014 (has links)
Första januari år 2013 trädde den senaste versionen av MARPOL Annex V i kraft. Denna studie har genom en litteraturstudie samt intervjuer med nautiska befäl sökt svar på vilka förändringar som skedde, hur dem implementerats ombord samt hur förändringarna upplevts av sjöfarare. Syftet med studien var att bidra med en pusselbit till bilden av hur avfallssortering utövas till sjöss samt hur arbetet med det upplevs. Litteraturstudien kom fram till att den stora skillnaden är att papper, glas, metall samt aska inte längre får slängas i havet. Inom specialområde får endast matavfall destruerat genom avfallskvarn slängas överbord. Intervjuerna visade att respondenterna inte påverkats nämnvärt av förändringarna då de redan tidigare följt strängare riktlinjer och regelverk för avfallshantering. Den mest betydande arbetsuppgiften för avfallsansvarigt befäl ombord är att underrätta övrig besättning om hur avfall skall hanteras. Dock efterfrågas av samtliga befäl ytterligare internationell lagstiftning riktat mot hamnar för en global likformighet för att underlätta arbetet som annars kan ses som krångligt och omotiverat. / The first of January 2013 came an updated version of MARPOL Annex V. This research has been made with a literature study and interviews with nautical officers searched for answers to what changes have been made, how they are implemented on board and how the changes experienced by seafarers. The purpose of this study was to contribute how the waste handling works onboard, how waste sorting exercise at sea and how the work is perceived. The literature study found that the major difference is that paper, glass, metal and ashes can no longer be thrown in the sea. Food waste inside special areas must have been processed through a food waste disposer before thrown overboard. The interviews showed that respondents are not significantly affected by the changes as they have already followed a more strict version of the regulations for waste disposal. The most important task for the waste responsible officer on board is to inform the rest of the crew on how waste should be managed onboard. All the respondents ask for international legislation directed at ports of a global uniformity in order to facilitate the work that otherwise might be viewed as burdensome and unjustified.
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Empowerment and communication in São Paulo, Brazil: Participatory Video with recycling cooperativesTremblay, Crystal 16 September 2013 (has links)
This research explores how Participatory Video (PV) can facilitate empowerment and strengthen dialogue and engagement for public policy with members of recycling cooperatives and government in the greater metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil. The research project provided opportunities for catadores/as (‘recyclers’) to explore PV as a way to shed light on their livelihood challenges, but also as an approach to celebrate, demonstrate and legitimize the value and significance of their work to local government and community. Working through a participatory approach, twenty-two leaders from eleven cooperatives were involved in all aspects of the video-making process, from script writing to filming, group editing and knowledge mobilization. The research took place during nine months of fieldwork located in four municipalities in the greater metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil using multiple ethnographic and participatory methods. The methodology for this research is action-oriented, and applies a participatory community-based multi-methods approach. The purpose of the videos was to relay the message that catadores/as perform a valuable service to society, and through the organization of cooperatives have the capacity to be further supported and integrated into waste management programs. The videos were used as a tool for communication with government and for community outreach.
This research is supported through the Participatory Sustainable Waste Management (PSWM) project, a six-year Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) funded University Partnership project (2005-2011). The overall purpose of the participatory-based PSWM project was to increase the effectiveness, safety, and income generation of organized waste recycling in originally four and later six Brazilian municipalities in the metropolitan region of São Paulo: Santo André, Diadema, Ribeirão Pires, São Bernardo do Campo, Mauá and some parts of the municipality of São Paulo. The capacity building activities and actions of the PSWM project have contributed to structure, organize and strengthen cooperative recycling enterprises and their members, for example, by setting up a pilot project on micro-credit and advancing the practice of solidarity economy through collective commercialization and networking of the recyclers in the region. In addition, the project has helped create a more inclusive culture amongst the local governments in this region, where many recyclers are now present in political meetings and decision making related to waste management. Unfortunately, this is not the case in all the municipalities and there are still barriers to participatory models in decision-making and a lack of political support.
Findings support the conclusion that PV can be a powerful methodological tool contributing to the process of individual, community and organizational empowerment and is significant for democratic governance and the increasingly popular notion of the knowledge democracy. This research also has policy relevance and practical application. The findings have the capacity to inform models of participatory governance, and improved democratic processes in addressing complex urban development challenges, in addition to advancing practices in government accountability and transparency. / Graduate / 0344 / 0700 / 0999 / crystaltre@gmail.com
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