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Earthquake geology of the large left-lateral strike-slip fault system at the Pacific and Australian plate margin, Eastern Indonesia / 東部インドネシアにおける太平洋プレートとオーストラリアプレートの境界に沿った長大左横ずれ断層帯の地震地質学 / トウブ インドネシア ニオケル タイヘイヨウ プレート ト オーストラリア プレート ノ キョウカイ ニ ソッタ チョウダイ ヒダリヨコズレ ダンソウタイ ノ ジシン チシツガクAdi Patria 17 September 2022 (has links)
東部インドネシアには,太平洋プレートとオーストラリアプレートの相対運動に起因する大規模な左横ずれ断層帯が発達する.この断層帯の地震地質学的な情報は限られており,地震災害軽減の大きな障壁となっていた.本研究では,スラウェシ島やバンダ弧の島々において,変動地形調査・古地震調査・物理探査を行った.各調査地域で詳細な活断層分布図を作成し,断層の変位速度や平均活動間隔,最近の大地震の時期を明らかにした.その結果,将来起こりうる地震の規模が推定され,また近い将来に地震が発生する可能性の高い地域が見いだされた. / In eastern Indonesia, the relative motion between the Pacific and Australian plates is accommodated by a large left-lateral strike-slip fault system. The lack of geologic information on the fault system has been a significant barrier to understanding the seismic hazard posed by this fault system. This study integrates tectonic geomorphic, paleoseismic, and shallow geophysics investigations to uncover the faulting and seismic behavior of the fault system, focusing on central Sulawesi and the northern Banda Arc. This study provides detailed active fault map of each investigated area and clarifies slip rates, average recurrence interval, and timing of the recent large earthquakes. This study also estimates the seismic potential of the active faults and highlights the areas with a high possibility of hosting large earthquakes in the future. / 博士(理学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Science / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University
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Parametric Study of Self-Centering Concentrically-Braced Frames with Friction-Based Energy DissipationJeffers, Brandon 15 May 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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Passive Force on Skewed Bridge Abutments with Reinforced Concrete Wingwalls Based on Large-Scale TestsSmith, Kyle Mark 01 July 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Skewed bridges have exhibited poorer performance during lateral earthquake loading when compared to non-skewed bridges (Apirakvorapinit et al. 2012; Elnashai et al. 2010). Results from small-scale laboratory tests by Rollins and Jessee (2012) and numerical modeling by Shamsabadi et al. (2006) suggest that skewed bridge abutments may provide only 35% of the non-skewed peak passive resistance when a bridge is skewed 45°. This reduction in peak passive force is of particular importance as 40% of the 600,000 bridges in the United States are skewed (Nichols 2012). Passive force-deflection results based on large-scale testing for this study largely confirm the significant reduction in peak passive resistance for abutments with longitudinal reinforced concrete wingwalls. Large-scale lateral load tests were performed on a non-skewed and 45° skewed abutment with densely compacted sand backfill. The 45° skewed abutment experienced a 54% reduction in peak passive resistance compared to the non-skewed abutment. The peak passive force for the 45° skewed abutment was estimated to occur at 5.0% of the backwall height compared to 2.2% of the backwall height for the non-skewed abutment. The 45° skewed abutment displayed evidence of rotation, primarily pushing the obtuse side of the abutment into the backfill, significantly more than the non-skewed abutment as it was loaded into the backfill. The structural and geotechnical response of the wingwalls was also monitored during large-scale testing. The wingwall on the obtuse side of the 45° skewed abutment experienced nearly 6 times the amount of horizontal soil pressure and 7 times the amount of bending moment compared to the non-skewed abutment. Pressure and bending moment distributions are provided along the height of the wingwall and indicate that the maximum moment occurs approximately 20 in (50.8 cm) below the top of the wingwall. A comparison of passive force per unit width suggests that MSE wall abutments provide 60% more passive resistance per unit width compared to reinforced concrete wingwall and unconfined abutment geometries at zero skew. These findings suggest that changes should be made to current codes and practices to properly account for skew angle in bridge design.
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Structural Damage Detection by Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Mode ShapesRosenblatt, William George 01 March 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Existing methods of evaluating the structural system of a building after a seismic event consist of removing architectural elements such as drywall, cladding, insulation, and fireproofing. This method is destructive and costly in terms of downtime and repairs. This research focuses on removing the guesswork by using forced vibration testing (FVT) to experimentally determine the health of a building. The experimental structure is a one-story, steel, bridge-like structure with removable braces. An engaged brace represents a nominal and undamaged condition; a dis-engaged brace represents a brace that has ruptured thus changing the stiffness of the building. By testing a variety of brace configurations, a set of experimental data is collected that represents potential damage to the building after an earthquake. Additionally, several unknown parameters of the building’s substructure, lateral-force-resisting-system, and roof diaphragm are determined through FVT.
A suite of computer models with different levels of damage are then developed. A quantitative analysis procedure compares experimental results to the computer models. Models that show high levels of correlation to experimental brace configurations identify the extent of damage in the experimental structure. No testing or instrumentation of the building is necessary before an earthquake to identify if, and where, damage has occurred.
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Numerical Analysis of Passive Force on Skewed BridgeAbutments with Reinforced Concrete WingwallsSnow, Scott Karl 01 April 2008 (has links)
Numerical Analysis of Passive Force on Skewed BridgeAbutments with Reinforced Concrete WingwallsScott Karl SnowDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, BYU Master of Science Historically bridges with skewed abutments have proven more likely to fail during earthquake loadings (Toro et al, 2013) when compared to non-skewed bridges (Apirakvorapinit et al. 2012; Elnashai et al. 2010). Previous studies including small-scale laboratory tests by Jessee (2012), large-scale field tests by Smith (2014), and numerical modeling by Shamsabadi et al. (2006) have shown that 45° skewed bridge abutments experience a reduction in peak passive force by about 65%. With numerous skewed bridges in the United States, this study has great importance to the nation's infrastructure.The finite element models produced in this study model the large-scale field-testing performed by Smith (2014), which was performed to study the significant reduction in peak passive resistance for abutments with longitudinal reinforced concrete wingwalls. The finite element models largely confirm the findings of Smith (2014). Two models were created and designed to match the large-scale field tests and were used to calibrate the soil parameters for this study. Two additional models were then created by increasing the abutment widths from 11 feet to 38 feet to simulate a two-lane bridge. The 45° skewed 11-foot abutment experienced a 38% reduction in peak passive resistance compared to the non-skewed abutment. In contrast, the 45° skewed 38-foot abutment experienced a 65% reduction in peak passive resistance compared to the non-skewed abutment. When the wingwalls are extended 10 feet into the backfill the reduction decreased to 59% due to the change in effective skew angle.The finite element models generally confirmed the findings of Smith (2014). The results of the 11- and 38-foot abutment finite element models confirmed that the wingwall on the obtuse side of the 45° skewed abutments experienced approximately 4 to 5 times the amount of horizontal soil pressure and 5 times the amount of bending moment compared to the non-skewed abutment. Increases in the pressures and bending moments are likely caused by soil confined between the obtuse side of the abutment and the wingwall.A comparison of the 11- and 38-foot 45° skewed abutment models showed a decrease in the influence of the wingwalls as the abutment widened. The wingwall on the acute side of the 38-foot abutment developed approximately 50% of the horizontal soil pressure compared to the 11-foot abutment. The heave distribution of the 11-foot abutment showed approximately 1- to 2-inches of vertical displacement over a majority of the abutment backwall versus more than half of the 38-foot abutment producing ½ an inch or less.
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Seismic Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Frame Buildings with Tension Only BracesKhosravi, Sadegh 13 October 2021 (has links)
Reinforced concrete buildings built prior to the enactment of modern seismic codes are often seismically deficient. These buildings may have inadequate strength and ductility to withstand strong earthquakes. Conventional retrofit techniques for such frame buildings involve adding reinforced concrete shear walls or structural bracing systems to the existing bays. These techniques can be intrusive and result in lengthy down times and expensive structural interventions. An alternative to conventional techniques is the use of high-strength prestressing strands or cables, diagonally placed as tension elements. This technique was researched and used in a limited manner after the 1985 Mexico City Earthquake. It has since been further investigated at the University of Ottawa through experimental and analytical research (Shalouf and Saatcioglu (2006), Carrière (2008), Molaei (2014)). While the use of steel strands as tension bracing elements proves to be an effective technique, the resulting stiffening effects on the frames lead to increased seismic force demands and higher based shear, as well as increased axial forces on the attached columns, potentially generating net tension, foundation uplift and excessive compression. Relatively low elongation characteristics of high-strength cables and slack caused by yielding strands and associated pinching of hysteresis curves reduce potential energy dissipation capacity. The current research aims to improve the previously observed deficiencies of the system. One of the improvements involve the use of shape memory alloys (SMA) in the middle of the cables, which reduce/eliminate residual deformations upon yielding and associated pinching of the hysteresis curves. SMA allows energy dissipation in the system while forcing the structure to recover from its inelastic deformations because of the flag-shape hysteretic characteristics of the material. The feasibility of the cable-SMA assembly as tension brace elements is illustrated through dynamic analyses of selected prototype buildings. The other improvement is the development of progressively engaging, initially loose multiple strands as tension cables. These cables are placed loosely to engage in seismic resistance at pre-determined drift levels, thereby eliminating premature increase in seismic force demands until their participation is required as the frame capacity is reached. Tests of a large-scale reinforced concrete frame, designed following the requirements of the 1965 National Building Code of Canada NRC (1965) as representative of existing older frame buildings in Canada, are conducted under simulated seismic loading to assess the effectiveness of the proposed system. The verification of the concept is extended analytically to prototype buildings and the effectiveness of the system is demonstrated for mid-rise and low-rise frame buildings.
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Elasto-Plastic Dynamic Analysis Of Coupled Shear WallsEl-Shafee, Osama January 1976 (has links)
<p> A method for tlie dynamic analysis· of planar coupled shear walls subjected to ground motions is developed herein. The method is capable of application to nonuniform coupled shear walls resting on flexible foundations. The possibility-of development of yield hinges at the ends of the connecting beams is included in the analysis . Also P-& Effect is incorporated in the stiffness of the structure. </p>
<p> The method is based on the transfer matrix technique in combination with the continuum method. A step-by-step integration approach is used in solving the equation of motion. The response to a number of earthquake records are obtained. The effect of the rotational ductility factor of connecting beams is studied. </p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)
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Multi-hazard analysis of steel structures subjected to fire following earthquakeCovi, Patrick 30 July 2021 (has links)
Fires following earthquake (FFE) have historically produced enormous post-earthquake damage and losses in terms of lives, buildings and economic costs, like the San Francisco earthquake (1906), the Kobe earthquake (1995), the Turkey earthquake (2011), the Tohoku earthquake (2011) and the Christchurch earthquakes (2011). The structural fire performance can worsen significantly because the fire acts on a structure damaged by the seismic event. On these premises, the purpose of this work is the investigation of the experimental and numerical response of structural and non-structural components of steel structures subjected to fire following earthquake (FFE) to increase the knowledge and provide a robust framework for hybrid fire testing and hybrid fire following earthquake testing. A partitioned algorithm to test a real case study with substructuring techniques was developed. The framework is developed in MATLAB and it is also based on the implementation of nonlinear finite elements to model the effects of earthquake forces and post-earthquake effects such as fire and thermal loads on structures. These elements should be able to capture geometrical and mechanical non-linearities to deal with large displacements. Two numerical validation procedures of the partitioned algorithm simulating two virtual hybrid fire testing and one virtual hybrid seismic testing were carried out. Two sets of experimental tests in two different laboratories were performed to provide valuable data for the calibration and comparison of numerical finite element case studies reproducing the conditions used in the tests. Another goal of this thesis is to develop a fire following earthquake numerical framework based on a modified version of the OpenSees software and several scripts developed in MATLAB to perform probabilistic analyses of structures subjected to FFE. A new material class, namely SteelFFEThermal, was implemented to simulate the steel behaviour subjected to FFE events.
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Deep Learning for Building Damage Assessment of the 2023 Turkey Earthquakes : A comparison of two remote sensing methods / Djupinlärning för bedömning av byggnadsskador efter jordbävningarna i Turkiet 2023 : En jämförelse av två fjärranalysmetoderKarlbrg, Tobias, Malmgren, Jennifer January 2023 (has links)
Current disaster response strategies are based on damage assessments carried out on the ground, which can be dangerous following a ä destructive event. Damage assessments can also be performed remotely using satellite imagery, but are usually carried out through visual interpretation, which can take a lot of time. This thesis explored a way of using artificial intelligence to automate remote damage assessment. We implemented a dual-task U-Net deep learning model, trained it with the xBD dataset for assessing building damage, and applied the model to pre- and post-event very high resolution satellite imagery of the February 6, 2023 earthquakes in Turkey. The results were compared to damage maps produced using a traditional object based method by calculating the F1 scores associated with the outputs of each method and ground truth data that we compiled. The study areas were parts of the two cities Kahramanmaraş and Antakya. The deep learning model almost only correctly identified undamaged buildings, achieving F1 scores of 0.95 during training as well as 0.93 and 0.83 in the damage assessments of Kahramanmaras and Antakya, respectively. For the other damage classes, the best result was the classification of destroyed buildings, both in training and in the study areas, with a F1-score of 0.45 in training and 0.16 in Kahramanmaraş. The deep learning model performed similarly to the object based method. Although the thesis did not yield good damage maps in the areas of interest, it had many limitations, and there is still a lot of potential for deep learning models to be useful in building damage assessment.
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[pt] ESTABILIDADE E DEFORMAÇÃO DE TALUDES DE SOLO SOB CARREGAMENTO SÍSMICO / [en] STABILITY AND DEFORMATION OF SOIL SLOPES UNDER SEISMIC LOADCARLOS HUGO SOTO MOROTE 15 February 2007 (has links)
[pt] O comportamento sísmico de taludes tem sido um tópico de
grande
interesse da engenharia geotécnica nos últimos 40 anos.
Durante este período, a
prática da engenharia nesta área evoluiu do emprego de
técnicas elementares para
procedimentos numéricos bastante complexos. A abordagem
mais simples é a
análise pseudo-estática na qual o carregamento do
terremoto é simulado por uma
aceleração horizontal estática equivalente atuando na
massa de solo deslizante,
utilizando-se um procedimento de equilíbrio limite
(método
das fatias),
geralmente conservativo. O parâmetro que descreve o
comportamento dinâmico
do solo é referido como coeficiente sísmico k, e sua
seleção depende fortemente
da experiência e normas técnicas locais, porque não há
maneira simples e segura
de se escolher um valor adequado. O segundo procedimento
é
conhecido como
método de Newmark, que envolve o cálculo de uma
aceleração
de escoamento,
definida como a força inercial necessária para o fator
de
segurança atingir 1 em
uma análise pseudo-estática pelo método de equilíbrio
limite. O procedimento
então usa os registros de aceleração do terremoto de
projeto e o integra
duplamente no tempo para calcular os deslocamentos
permanentes acumulados.
O terceiro método é referido como análise de Makdisi-
Seed,
que procura definir a
estabilidade sísmica do talude em termos de
deslocamentos
aceitáveis em vez de
um fator de segurança tradicional através de uma versão
modificada do método de
Newmark. Esta técnica apresenta uma maneira racional de
calcular uma
aceleração de escoamento média, necessária para produzir
um valor do coeficiente
de segurança do talude igual a 1. Gráficos específicos
foram também
desenvolvidos para estimativa dos deslocamentos
permanentes, tendo sido
bastante aplicados em aterros rodoviários, barragens e
aterros sanitários.
Finalmente, o mais sofisticado método para análise de
estabilidade sísmica de
taludes é conhecido como análise dinâmica, que
normalmente
incorpora modelos
de elementos finitos e relações tensão x deformação
complexas numa tentativa de obter melhores
representações
para o comportamento mecânico de taludes sob
cargas cíclicas Os resultados destas análises podem
incluir a história no tempo dos
deslocamentos e tensões, bem como das freqüências
naturais, efeitos de
amortecimento, etc. Este trabalho apresenta uma
comparação
entre os métodos
mencionados anteriormente, analisando o comportamento
sísmico dos taludes da
estrutura de contenção dos resíduos de lixiviação de
minério de urânio, na Bahia,
e dos taludes do bota-fora sul da mina de cobre
Toquepala,
situada no Peru. / [en] The seismic stability of slopes has been a topic of
considerable interest in
geotechnical engineering for the past 40 years. During
that period, the state of
practice has moved from simples techniques to more
complicated numerical
procedures. The simplest approach is the pseudo-static
analysis in which the
earthquake load is simulated by an equivalent static
horizontal acceleration
acting on the mass of the landslide, according to a
generally conservative limit
equilibrium analysis. The ground motion parameter used in
a pseudo-static
analysis is referred to as the seismic coefficient k, and
its selection has relied
heavily on engineering judgment and local code
requirements because there is no
simple method for determining an appropriate value. The
second main procedure
is known as the Newmark displacement analysis which
involves the calculation of
the yield acceleration, defined as the inertial force
required to cause the static
factor of safety to reach 1 from the traditional limit
equilibrium slope stability
analysis. The procedure then uses a design earthquake
strong-motion record which
is numerically integrated twice for the amplitude of the
acceleration above the
yield acceleration to calculate the cumulative
displacements. These displacements
are then evaluated in light of the slope material
properties and the requirements of
the proposed development. The third method is referred to
as the Makdisi-Seed
analysis sought to define seismic embankment stability in
terms of acceptable
deformation instead of conventional factors of safety,
using a modified Newmark
analysis. Their method presents a rational means to
determine yield acceleration,
or the average acceleration required to produce a factor
of safety of unity. Design
curves were developed to estimate the permanent earthquake-
induced
deformations of embankments, which have since been applied
to sanitary landfill and highway embankments. Finally, the
most sophisticated method for seismic
slope stability calculations is known as the dynamic
analysis, which normally
incorporates a finite element model and a rather complex
stress-strain behavior for
geological materials in an attempt to obtain a better
representation of the behavior
of soils under cyclic loading. The results of the analysis
can include a time
history of displacements and stresses, as well as natural
frequencies, effects of
damping, etc. This work presents a comparison of the
results obtained by the
aforementioned approaches, considering the seismic
behavior of the slopes of an
uranium lixiviation pad situated in Bahia, Brazil, and the
South embankment of
the waste landfill of the Toquepala Mine, Peru.
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