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It is of great importance to ensure the structural safety of dams during earthquakes since a failure may cause catastrophic consequences. Conventional computation of the structural response of dams is based on a simplified approach where the foundation is considered as massless. However, recent developments have produced several new analysis methods that consider the foundation mass, modelled with absorbing boundaries and free-field forces. These newer methods are intended to simulate the seismic structural response more accurately, optimize the design and minimise future unnecessary reparations. The aim of the thesis was to investigate the influence of foundation modelling in seismic time history analyses. This was done by comparing the established massless foundation approach to two approaches with foundation mass and free-field forces included; the analytical approach presented by Song et al. (2018) and the direct FE approach by Løkke (2018). Both the efficiency of the seismic wave propagation simulation and the structural response of the dam were of interest, and points on the dam and foundation were studied to accurately compare these modelling approaches. The time history analyses showed that the massless approach corresponded perfectly with the ideal theoretical velocity at the foundation surface when studying only the foundation block, as expected. The analytical and direct FE however, differed slightly from the theoretical value but still gave an accurate representation. Both methods using free-field forces obtained equivalent and realistic structural responses when studying the dam-reservoir-foundation model. The massless method however,strongly overestimated the dam response and was therefore found to not capture the actual behavior of the dam accurately, despite modifications such as increased material damping in the concrete. Additionally, another aim was to analyse the influence of modelling in 2D versus 3D for determining the dynamic characteristics of the dam such as natural frequencies and eigenmodes of the dam. These frequency analyses were made using models with and without foundation mass considered and was compared to experimental data.The massless 3D model was found to be the most effective modelling approach for deriving the dynamic characteristics of the dam since the use of a 3D model was necessary in order to study the behaviour of the whole dam and post-processing was simpler when using the massless model. / Det är nödvändigt att säkerställa dammars säkerhet mot jordbävningar i design-processen eftersom ett dammbrott kan få katastrofala konsekvenser. Traditionellt används förenklade beräkningar där dammens strukturella respons beräknas med en berggrund där bergets massa är försummad. Den senaste tiden har flera nya analysmetoder tagits fram, som tar hänsyn till bergets massa och är modellerade med absorberande randvillkor och free-field forces. De nyare metoderna förväntas modellera de seismiska krafterna mer exakt för att optimera designen och minimera onödiga reparationer. Syftet med projektet var att undersöka inverkan från olika metoders sätt att beakta berggrunden vid seismiska analyser. Det utfördes genom att jämföra den etablerade masslösa metoden med två metoder som beaktar bergmassan och free-fieldforces; den analytiska metoden av Song et al. (2018) och Direct FE-metoden av Løkke (2018). Både effektiviteten i den seismiska vågutbredningssimuleringen och dammens strukturella respons var av intresse. Modelleringsmetoderna jämfördes genom att studera punkter på både dammen och berget. När enbart berggrunden studerades med den masslösa metoden så erhölls, som förväntat, god överenstämmelse med den ideala teoretiska hastigheten på bergsytan. De analytiska och Direct FE metoderna skiljde sig marginellt från det teoretiska värdet men gav fortfarande en korrekt hastighet på bergsytan. Vid analys av modeller med dam och reservoar inkluderade, gav metoderna som använde free-field forces ekvivalenta och realistiska strukturella responser. Den masslösa metoden däremot, överskattade kraftigt dammens respons och ansågs därför inte modelleradet verkliga beteendet hos dammen på ett korrekt sätt, trots modifieringar med ökad materialdämpning i betongen. Ett annat syfte var att analysera påverkan av modellering i 2D kontra 3D för att bestämma dammens dynamiska egenskaper, som egenfrekvenser och egenmoder. Dessa frekvensanalyser gjordes med hjälp av modeller som både beaktade och försummade bergets massa, och jämfördes med experimentella data. Den masslösa 3D-modellen visade sig vara den mest effektiva modelleringsmetoden för att erhållade dynamiska egenskaperna hos dammen. Det eftersom en 3D-modell var nödvändig för att studera hela dammens beteende och hantering av utdata var förenklad vid användning av den masslösa modellen.

Concentrically braced frames with replaceable brace modules (RBMs) have the potential of improving the constructability of braced frames, mitigating the structural damage during earthquakes, and minimizing the time of post-earthquake repairs. To fill the gaps between the component-level performance of RBMs and system-level behaviour of SCBFs with RBMs, this thesis focused on the overall system-level seismic performance of SCBFs with RBMs in three steps. Firstly, the effects of beam-column connection fixity on the behaviour of three SCBFs were investigated to determine what level of fixity, if any, is required to ensure adequate collapse capacity of an SCBF. Secondly, the effects of column design parameters on braced frame seismic performance were investigated, where two different brace-to-frame connections were considered: 1) conventional gusset plate connection and 2) the newly proposed connection detail with RBMs. Detailed numerical modelling was undertaken to develop improved provisions for designing columns in SCBFs. Finally, a large-scale experimental program was conducted to evaluate the seismic performance of braced frames with initial and replaced RBMs where realistic boundary conditions were provided. Three different beam-column connections that can be used in SCBFs with RBMs were designed and tested. Based on the current work, the recently proposed concept of replaceable brace modules, accompanied by the recommended methods for designing columns and detailing beam-column connections, appears to be a promising approach. The fabrication and installation are simpler, the seismic performance is similar to that of SCBFs with currently accepted connection detailing, and the approach can increase the post-earthquake reparability of steel concentrically braced frames. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Perú está ubicado en uno de los continentes que presentan mayor actividad sísmica causando muchas pérdidas humanas y daños excesivos en elementos estructurales y no estructurales, así mismo para disminuir estos movimientos sísmicos se ha estudiado un sistema de protección sísmica llamado Amortiguamiento de masa sintonizada con el fin de aumentar el desempeño sísmico, El edificio analizado es: las dos torres de Salaverry ubicado en la ciudad de Chiclayo del territorio Peruano, Dicho amortiguamiento de masa sintonizada se ha colocado en la parte final del edifico con el propósito de disminuir los desplazamientos laterales ,Los Análisis utilizados han sido el Estatico,Dinamico Y el Análisis tiempo historia cumpliendo también con los requisitos de la Norma E030 , Para el análisis tiempo historia se han seleccionado los sismos ocurridos en Piura el 18 de octubre de 2021 y el 3 de febrero Condorcanqui Amazonas y uno de los sismos más fuertes de Perú que es de lima 1974, de los resultados obtenidos se ha concluido que este sistema de amortiguamiento de masas sintonizada al incorporar a edificios reduce considerablemente los desplazamientos laterales, resultando ser uno de sistemas de protección sísmica favorable / Peru is located in one of the continents that present the greatest seismic activity, causing many human losses and excessive damage to structural and non-structural elements. Likewise, in order to reduce these seismic movements, a seismic protection system called Tuned mass damping has been studied in order to increase the seismic performance, The analyzed building is the two Salaverry towers located in the city of Chiclayo in the Peruvian territory, This tuned mass damping has been placed in the final part of the building with the purpose of reducing lateral displacements, The Analyzes used have been the Static, Dynamic and Time History Analysis, also complying with the requirements of Standard E030. For the time history analysis, the earthquakes that occurred in Piura on October 18, 2021 and February 3, Condorcanqui Amazonas and one of the strongest earthquakes in Peru, which is from Lima 1974, of the results obtained It has been concluded that this tuned mass damping system when incorporated into buildings considerably reduces lateral displacements, turning out to be one of the favorable seismic protection systems.

Erdbeben gehören zu den zerstörerischsten Naturgefahren auf diesem Planeten. Obwohl Erdbeben seit Jahrtausenden dokumentiert sing, bleiben viele Fragen zu Erdbeben unbeantwortet. Eine Frage ist die Vorhersagbarkeit von Brüchen: Inwieweit ist es möglich, die endgültige Größe eines Bebens zu bestimmen, bevor der zugrundeliegende Bruchprozess endet? Diese Frage ist zentral für Frühwarnsysteme. Die bisherigen Forschungsergebnisse zur Vorhersagbarkeit von Brüchen sind widersprüchlich. Die Menge an verfügbaren Daten für Erdbebenforschung wächst exponentiell und hat den Tera- bis Petabyte-Bereich erreicht. Während viele klassische Methoden, basierend auf manuellen Datenauswertungen, hier ihre Grenzen erreichen, ermöglichen diese Datenmengen den Einsatz hochparametrischer Modelle und datengetriebener Analysen. Insbesondere ermöglichen sie den Einsatz von maschinellem Lernen und deep learning. Diese Doktorarbeit befasst sich mit der Entwicklung von Methoden des maschinellen Lernens zur Untersuchung zur Erbebenanalyse. Wir untersuchen zuerst die Kalibrierung einer hochpräzisen Magnitudenskala in einem post hoc Scenario. Nachfolgend befassen wir uns mit Echtzeitanalyse von Erdbeben mittels deep learning. Wir präsentieren TEAM, eine Methode zur Frühwarnung. Auf TEAM aufbauend entwickeln wir TEAM-LM zur Echtzeitschätzung von Lokation und Magnitude eines Erdbebens. Im letzten Schritt untersuchen wir die Vorhersagbarkeit von Brüchen mittels TEAM-LM anhand eines Datensatzes von teleseismischen P-Wellen-Ankünften. Dieser Analyse stellen wir eine Untersuchung von Quellfunktionen großer Erdbeben gegenüber. Unsere Untersuchung zeigt, dass die Brüche großer Beben erst vorhersagbar sind, nachdem die Hälfte des Bebens vergangen ist. Selbst dann können weitere Subbrüche nicht vorhergesagt werden. Nichtsdestotrotz zeigen die hier entwickelten Methoden, dass deep learning die Echtzeitanalyse von Erdbeben wesentlich verbessert. / Earthquakes are among the largest and most destructive natural hazards known to humankind. While records of earthquakes date back millennia, many questions about their nature remain open. One question is termed rupture predictability: to what extent is it possible to foresee the final size of an earthquake while it is still ongoing? This question is integral to earthquake early warning systems. Still, research on this question so far has reached contradictory conclusions. The amount of data available for earthquake research has grown exponentially during the last decades reaching now tera- to petabyte scale. This wealth of data, while making manual inspection infeasible, allows for data-driven analysis and complex models with high numbers of parameters, including machine and deep learning techniques. In seismology, deep learning already led to considerable improvements upon previous methods for many analysis tasks, but the application is still in its infancy. In this thesis, we develop machine learning methods for the study of rupture predictability and earthquake early warning. We first study the calibration of a high-confidence magnitude scale in a post hoc scenario. Subsequently, we focus on real-time estimation models based on deep learning and build the TEAM model for early warning. Based on TEAM, we develop TEAM-LM, a model for real-time location and magnitude estimation. In the last step, we use TEAM-LM to study rupture predictability. We complement this analysis with results obtained from a deep learning model based on moment rate functions. Our analysis shows that earthquake ruptures are not predictable early on, but only after their peak moment release, after approximately half of their duration. Even then, potential further asperities can not be foreseen. While this thesis finds no rupture predictability, the methods developed within this work demonstrate how deep learning methods make a high-quality real-time assessment of earthquakes practically feasible.

Earthquakes pose a significant threat as one of the most destructive natural disasters globally. Despite ongoing efforts to predict earthquakes, the success of such research remains a challenge, necessitating interdisciplinary research and collaboration. The EU-funded Project artEmis seeks to address this challenge in earthquake-prone regions of Europe by establishing a multi-sensor Internet of Things (IoT) network to monitor radon gas concentration in groundwater near fault lines. This thesis focuses on supporting the project by developing the software interface for the transmission of data from a gateway controller to the cloud interface, addressing key functionalities. The goal is to establish two-way communication between the gateway controller and the cloud using the MQTT-SN protocol. Additionally, other functionalities such as data storage and sensor data anomaly detection are also explored and implemented. This research employs an applied research approach, consisting of literature reviews, development, and evaluation phases. The development phase consists of the design and implementation of memory storage, data generation, and bi-directional communication features which align with the project goals. The evaluation of the software development process is achieved through a comprehensive set of functional and end-to-end tests. These tests examine the intricacies of the different software components, with rigorous evaluation against all test criteria and project requirements. The evaluation process concluded with a favourable outcome, indicating that all tests were successful. Additionally, a detailed evaluation of memory capacity was conducted to understand the system’s data retention capability, alongside an analysis of throughput and latency. The memory evaluation demonstrated efficient allocation within the processor’s memory, offering 2.7 days of data storage with specific intervals. Throughput analysis revealed a positive correlation between larger data packets and increased transfer rates, and latency increased with larger packets, possibly due to network congestion and processing delays. However, it is important to acknowledge several inherent limitations in this work, including constrained bi-directional communication capabilities, the absence of a serial interface with sensors, limitations in report size, and constraints on storage capacity. These factors serve as essential contextual considerations for the scope and capabilities of our project. In summary, this research supports Project artEmis by developing a vital software interface for the IoT network. Successful evaluation of the software through comprehensive testing signifies a significant step forward in earthquake monitoring. Despite certain limitations, this work contributes to enhancing our understanding and response to seismic threats. / Jordbävningar utgör ett betydande hot som en av de mest förödande naturliga katastroferna globalt sett. Trots pågående ansträngningar att förutsäga jordbävningar förblir framgången för sådan forskning en utmaning, vilket kräver tvärvetenskaplig forskning och samarbete. Det EU-finansierade projektet artEmis syftar till att belysa detta problem i jordbävningsbenägna regioner i Europa genom att etablera ett multisensor Internet of Things (IoT)-nätverk för att övervaka radongaskoncentrationen i grundvatten nära förkastningslinjer. Denna uppsats fokuserar på att stödja projektet genom att utveckla programvarugränssnittet för överföring av data från en gateway-controller till molngränssnittet samt upplyser viktiga funktioner. Målet är att etablera tvåvägskommunikation mellan gateway-controllern och molnet med hjälp av MQTT-SN-protokollet. Dessutom utforskas och implementeras även andra funktioner, såsom datalagring och detektering av avvikelser i sensordata. Denna forskning använder en tillämpad forskningsmetod som består av litteraturstudier, utveckling och utvärderingsfaser. Utvecklingsfasen innefattar design och implementering av funktioner för minneslagring, datagenerering och tvåvägskommunikation som överensstämmer med projektets mål. Utvärderingen av programvaruutvecklingsprocessen uppnås genom omfattande funktionella och slutanvändartester. Dessa tester granskar de olika programvarukomponenternas komplexiteter och utvärderas noggrant mot alla testkriterier och projektets krav. Utvärderingsprocessen avslutades med ett gynnsamt resultat, vilket indikerar att alla tester var framgångsrika. Dessutom gjordes en detaljerad utvärdering av minneskapaciteten för att förstå systemets datalagringsförmåga, tillsammans med en analys av genomströmning och latens. Minnesutvärderingen visade på effektiv allokering i processorns minne och erbjöd 2,7 dagars datalagring med specifika intervall. Genomströmningsanalys avslöjade en positiv korrelation mellan större datapaket och ökade överföringshastigheter, och latensen ökade med större paket, möjligen på grund av nätverksstockning och bearbetningsförseningar. Det är dock viktigt att erkänna att det finns flera begränsningar i forskningen, inklusive begränsade tvåvägskommunikationsmöjligheter, begränsningar i rapportstorlek och lagringskapacitet, och ett saknande av seriellt gränssnitt med sensorer. Dessa faktorer är viktiga för förståelsen av omfattningen och förmågorna hos vårt projekt. Sammanfattningsvis stöder denna forskning Project artEmis genom att utveckla en avgörande programvarugränssnitt för IoT-nätverket. Den framgångsrika utvärderingen av programvaran genom omfattande tester har lett till ett betydande steg framåt inom jordbävningsövervakning. Trots vissa begränsningar bidrar detta arbete till att förbättra vår förståelse och förmåga att reagera på seismiska händelser.

台灣位處環太平洋地震帶，為全球地震風險潛勢較高的地區之一；因台灣高科技產業蓬勃發展，地震保險需求殷切，再加上開放保險費率自由化的政策及金控效應，趨使保險業間競爭白熱化，惡性價格競爭及保險經紀人的推波助瀾，保險公司的清償能力面臨重大考驗。 台灣在保險監理方面如同日本、美國採行風險基礎資本額（RBC）制度，惟國際間位處高度地震風險潛勢之國家大都另建立一套地震保險監理機制，以確保保險公司的巨災準備金足以支付回歸期地震所造成的損失，其中以美國加州及加拿大政府均採用地震保險PML申報制度作為地震保險監理之依據最值得台灣學習。 地震保險PML評估可採用CRESTA Zone平均損失幅度表計算或採用認許的地震風險評估電腦軟體推估獲得，實施的關鍵為主管機關應建立具有公信力的CRESTA Zone平均損失幅度表。本文特就二種評估方式的利弊做深入的比較分析，並藉由地震風險評估軟體的架構說明影響地震保險PML的因素與權重，作為保險公司落實地震風險管理之依據。 本研究參考Solvency II的三大支柱提出建立地震保險監理機制之結論與建議如下： 1.鼓勵建立保險公司的地震風險管理機制。 2.公佈CRESTA Zone平均損失幅度表，作為保險公司地震保險PML申報依據，以落實產物保險業之地震保險監理機制。 3.依據保險公司申報資料，提供保險主管機關實施差異化管理之依據。 4.主動揭露經營績效、強化保險市場紀律，建立公平合理的經營環境。 期待藉由建立適當的地震保險監理機制，減輕或消弭產物保險市場面臨自由化的惡性價格競爭與保險經營面的不合理現象，進而達到健全保險經營環境、促進保險業長期穩定發展，並確保社會大眾之保險權益的目標。 關鍵詞：地震保險監理機制、地震保險PML、巨災準備金、風險基礎資本額、地震風險評估軟體 / Located at the Pacific Rim earthquake zone, Taiwan has been recognized as one of the severe seismic hazard areas in the world. With the bloom of high tech industry in the past two decades, the demand of earthquake insurance has been considerably increasing. However, along with the liberalization of insurance market, the new business model of financial holdings and the expanding influence from international brokers, insurance companies’ solvency capacity has been significantly challenged. Taiwanese Government, same as Japan and U.S., adopts Risk-Based Capital (RBC) method in insurance supervision, while most countries with high earthquake potential have set up independent earthquake insurance supervision systems to ensure insurers’ earthquake reserves capable to compensate the huge earthquake losses. Among all the measures, the PML reporting system adopted by Canada and the State of California to regulate and trace insurance companies’ financial statuses could be an adequate paradigm for Taiwan. The PML estimation could be obtained either using computer models or following default mean damage ratio table. This research compares the strength and weakness between these two methods, and presents the importance of parameters and key points in earthquake insurance management. Based on the three pillars of Solvency II, the conclusions and recommendations of this paper are: (1)Encourage insurance companies to build up the earthquake risk management mechanism; (2)Establish the official default mean damage ratio table for PML reporting system; (3)Adopt differential supervision practice to different level insurance companies; (4)Promote the self-disclosure of key business information and enhance market discipline. Establishing a sound earthquake insurance supervision system would not only ease the immoderate low-price competition but the whole insurance environment could also be stabilized and improved. It will ultimately achieve the objective to insure society liability and benefit the public as well. Keywords: Earthquake Insurance, Earthquake Model, Catastrophic Risk Management, Insurance Supervision, Risk-Based Capital, CRESTA Zone, PML

Water distribution systems, electrical power transmission systems, and other civil infrastructure systems are essential to the smooth and stable operation of regional economies. Since the functions of such infrastructure systems often are inter-dependent, the systems sometimes suffer unforeseen functional disruptions. For example, the widespread power outage due to the malfunction of an electric power substation, which occurred in the northeastern United States and parts of Canada in August 2003, interrupted the supply of water to several communities, leading to inconvenience and economic losses. The sequence of such failures leading to widespread outages is referred to as a cascading failure. Assessing the vulnerability of communities to natural and man-made hazards should take the possibility of such failures into account. In seismic risk assessment, the risk to a facility or a building is generally specified by one of two basic approaches: through a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) and a stipulated scenario earthquake (SE). A PSHA has been widely accepted as a basis for design and evaluation of individual buildings, bridges and other facilities. However, the vulnerability assessment of distributed infrastructure facilities requires a model of spatial intensity of earthquake ground motion. Since the ground motions from a PSHA represent an aggregation of earthquakes, they cannot model the spatial variation in intensity. On the other hand, when a SE-based analysis is used, the spatial correlation of seismic intensities must be properly evaluated. This study presents a new methodology for evaluating the functionality of an infrastructure system situated in a region of moderate seismicity considering functional interactions among the systems in the network, cascading failure, and spatial correlation of ground motion. The functional interactions among facilities in the systems are modeled by fault trees, and the impact of cascading failures on serviceability of a networked system is computed by a procedure from the field of operations research known as a shortest path algorithm. The upper and lower bound solutions to spatial correlation of seismic intensities over a region are obtained.

The purpose of this study is to critically examine whether hospitals located in high seismic risk areas such as Vancouver can respond as post-disaster facilities in the aftermath of a major earthquake. Earthquake experience in California during the 1971 San Fernando and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquakes in particular demonstrate that hospitals may be vulnerable and rendered unable to fully respond to their communities needs. In the case of earthquakes, risk management methods are limited to two strategies: pre-event mitigation to reduce the effects of the earthquake on life safety and loss of property; and providing recovery services after the event. In the case of post-disaster hospitals, experience shows that mitigation strategies ensure the functionality of the facility. Therefore, mitigation strategies must not only include structural mitigation to protect the life safety of its occupants, they must also include strategies which ensure the functionality of both the building operations as well as that of therapeutic and diagnostic medical equipment in the aftermath of an earthquake. Vancouver General Hospital is used as a case study to critically examine seismic pre-event mitigation strategies which include: the structures; building operation and medical equipment which are dependent on the supply of potable water and power. Findings of this study indicate that the current supply of potable water is not reliable and that some of VGH's essential building operations and medical equipment will not be functional due to losses in water pressures and disruptions in service. This study recommends that VGH should consider mitigation strategies which make the hospital independent of outside sources of both water and power supply in order to meet its emergency role as a post-disaster facility following an earthquake. The functionality of VGH in the aftermath of a major earthquake will be seriously curtailed unless there is adequate storage of potable water on site to meet the emergency needs of this hospital.