Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have been extensively employed as thermal protection in hot sections of gas turbines in aerospace and power generation applications. However, the fabrication of TBCs still needs to improve for better coating quality, such as achieving coating thickness' uniformity. However, several previous studies on the coating thickness prediction and a systematic understanding of the thickness evolution during the deposition process are still missing. This study aims to develop high-fidelity computational models to predict the coating thickness on complex-shaped components. In this work, two types of models, i.e., ray-tracing based and heat transfer based, are developed. For the ray-tracing model, assuming a line-of-sight coating process and considering the shadow effect, validation studies of coating thickness predictions on different shapes, including plate, disc, cylinder, and three-pin components. For the heat transfer model, a heat source following the Gaussian distribution is applied. It has the analogy of the governing equations of the ray-tracing method, thus generating a temperature distribution similar to the ray intensity distribution in the ray-tracing method, with the advantages of high computational efficiency. Then, using a calibrated conversion process, the ray intensity or the temperature profile are converted to the corresponding coating thickness. After validation studies, both models are applied to simulate the coating thickness in a rotary turbine blade. The results show that the simulated validation cases are in good agreement with either the experimental, analytical, or modeling results in the literature. The turbine blade case shows the coating thickness distributions based on rotating speed and deposition time. In summary, the models can simulate the coating thickness in rotary complex-shaped parts, which can be used to design and optimize the coating deposition process.

The E. B. Crocker Art Gallery of Sacramento is the oldest public art museum in the West. The author of this study, a Sacramentan, has long been interested in the history of this institution, how was the collection assembled? What is its value? How did it come to Sacramento? What is the nature of the California museum Association which is the custodian of the collection, This paper is an attempt to answer these questions. The answers are not as complete as the author might wish, but they are as complete as extant records and accounts allow. This study provides a more accurate history of the collection and the gallery than has sometimes been given in previous accounts. A review of past recommendations of authoritative persons acquainted with the institution is also given in order to present an idea of its future possibilities.

Este trabalho apresenta a percepção de Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho (QVT) dos empreendedores que estão vinculados ao Programa de Incubadoras Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo. A principal contribuição foi a identificação da satisfação dos empreendedores com a QVT, nas dimensões biopsicossocial e organizacional, e o mapeamento do Comportamento Alimentar (CA). Para os empreendedores, a iniciativa de abrir seu próprio negócio está relacionada à busca de prazer no trabalho. A opção por empreender faz que aumente sua carga horária de trabalho, diminua as atividades de lazer e passatempo com familiares, além de deixar a atividade física e os cuidados com saúde postergados para um futuro incerto. Esse ritmo de trabalho afeta constantemente o modo de vida dos trabalhadores, inclusive a pausa para refeições. Foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória descritiva pelos métodos quantitativo e qualitativo. Foram aplicados pessoalmente os questionários BPSO-96 para QVT e o Questionário de Hábitos Alimentares para CA. Os respondentes somam 72 empreendedores de Incubadoras de quatro municípios paulistas, uma amostra não-probabilística, sendo realizados três grupos focais. A maioria dos empreendedores da amostra são homens e estão com sobrepeso. Os resultados da Análise Fatorial não demonstram uma forte relação entre Comportamento Alimentar e QVT. Tanto os dados quantitativos quanto qualitativos mostram que os empreendedores percebem de forma positiva sua QVT. Percebem sua alimentação como saudável e estão satisfeitos com seu Comportamento Alimentar (CA). Pode-se, então, concluir que os empreendedores estão satisfeitos com sua QVT, principalmente, em sua dimensão organizacional e psicológica; atribuem à QVT um significado de realização pessoal, por estarem construindo sua empresa com sucesso. Foi identificada uma nova categoria habitabilidade como fator importante para a QVT. Não relacionam o Comportamento Alimentar à QVT. Possuem um padrão positivo de CA alinhado ao estilo de vida empresarial que possuem. Mesmo estando satisfeitos com sua alimentação, existe certa negligência com a dimensão biológica quando se trata da QV T, eles reconhecem uma não satisfação com relação às questões de promoção da saúde. Faz-se necessário investir em ações que promovam um desenvolvimento integrado das dimensões da QV T. / This work presents the perception of entrepreneurs\' Quality of Work at Life (QWL) who are linked to the Technological Incubators Program of São Paulo. The main contribution was the identification of entrepreneurs satisfaction with the QWL, in the biopsychosocial and organizational dimensions, and the mapping of Eating Behavior (EB). For the entrepreneurs, the initiative of opening their own business is related to the search of pleasure at work. The entrepreneurial option increases their workload, decreases their leisure activities and pastime with relatives postponing physical activity and health care to an uncertain future. This working pace constantly affects the workers way of life, including meal breaks. An exploratory and descriptive research was carried out through quantitative and qualitative methods. Questionnaires BPSO- 96 for QWL and the Eating Habits Questionnaire for EB were completed. Participants are 72 incubators from four cities in the state of São Paulo, a non-probabilistic sample, carried out in three focal groups. Most male entrepreneurs of the sample are overweight. The results of Factor Analysis do not reveal a strong relation between Food Behavior and QWL. Both quantitative and qualitative data show that the entrepreneurs notice their QWL in a positive way, and are satisfied with it. They believe their food is healthy and are satisfied with their Eating Behavior (EB). It can be concluded that the entrepreneurs are satisfied with their QWL, mainly in their organizational and psychological dimension; they regard QWL as self- fulfillment, as they are building their company successfully. It was identified a new category liveability as an important factor to QWL. The participants do not relate the Eating Behavior to the QWL. They have a positive pattern of EB adapted to their business lifestyle. Even being satisfied with their eating, there is a certain neglect with the biological dimension regarding QWL; they recognize a non-satisfaction concerning health issues promotion. It is necessary to an integrated development of the QWL dimensions.

從網際網路的興起，導至許多的相關發展應運而生，一種新型態的數位經濟儼然形成，繼而起之的就是當紅的EC與EB的快速發展。目前許多企業組織紛紛走向走一潮流，在此一時代的大環境之下，企業們紛紛朝向策略性的組織聯盟來發展，他們意識到，唯有以合作性的策略聯盟才能更掌握競爭優勢。而電子化的交易市集，正是它們眼中最佳的追求目標，因為它能夠幫助企業們達成上述一連串相關的理念與願景。 　縱使電子交易市集(e-marketplace)的前景一片看好，但目前大部分採行電子商務應用的公司，多著重在電子交易／採購部分，未能重視流程處理，並且仍然處於競爭仍然大於合作的狀態，再者，供應鏈管理上相關活動如訂單、存貨管理等等亦未能融入其中；因此，為能夠使企業有效連結產銷體系，完整建立起全球運籌管理模式，並精確掌握市場需求變化、迅速無誤地撮合買賣及完成交易，故就目前電子商務及產業電子化發展的情況來說，融入了供應鏈管理機制的電子交易市集應該就是一有效可行的解決方案。 　目前供應鏈管理之最新發展的模式為CPFR（Collaborative, Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment）模式；此為一流程處理模式，主要強調供應鏈上協同合作流程(collaborative processes)的概念，以促進供應鏈上流程的處理效率，同時藉由成員之間的訊息分享(information sharing) 及整合性企業流程(co-managed)來獲得供應鏈管理之最佳績效。 　因此，若能夠在B2B(Business To Business)電子交易市集平台機制中，將CPFR的流程及服務整合入市集平台中，則將會使得企業在這一波產業電子化的浪潮中，更能夠掌握住競爭優勢，故本研究首先根據文獻整理，建立起具有整合效益之電子交易市集之平台架構；進而以協同合作此一運作機制，將CPFR 處理流程之解決方案整合至此交易平台內，以建構出一具有CPFR協同合作的交易平台模式，來描述整個產業電子化在整合供應鏈及交易市集策略運作方式與流程；最後，再針對建構模式中，進行模式各個構面及服務的定義，讓企業清楚的了解合作流程的真正效益及優勢。

Post-occupancy evaluations represent an important missed opportunity. While POEs are often used to inform design guides, and to support facility management, they are seldom used to support design decision-making. While there are several technical, methodological, and cultural impediments to the ongoing use of POE results in design, characteristics of POE data and data structure is an important, and often overlooked, impediment. Some evaluators have attempted to resolve this problem by involving actively as consultants in design teams or involving users, such as Placemaking or Process Architecture. Recent advances in conceptual data modeling provide another strategy to interface POE findings and design decision-making. This thesis uses EXPRESS modeling language to develop a conceptual data structure for POE data, and integrate POE data with as-built building descriptions. While this effort has the potential to develop an improved way to structure POE data and make it more useful, it is also an extension of ISO-STEP. This study develops a data structure based on post-occupancy evaluations of state and federal trial courtrooms conducted by the researcher. Thirty-one courtrooms were evaluated, resulting in usable data from 93 courtroom users in 26 courtrooms. An EXPRESS-G schema was developed and was translated into a relational database for holding data and running queries. The investigator illustrated a range of query-generated outcomes to support decision-making during design and design review. Such outcomes include exploring existing courtrooms, comprehending the types of design decisions implemented across federal and state courtrooms, identifying design decisions that have been rated favorably or otherwise by courtroom users, rating design decisions based on evaluation data from existing courtrooms, and predicting a designed environments supportiveness to task performance. Further, multivariate analysis of the POE data provides the first scientific investigation of courtrooms as work settings. Finally, eight key performance indicators of courtrooms were developed based on the POE data.

Pagrindinė kliūtis taikyti valstybei civilinę atsakomybę ilgą laiką buvo valstybės imuniteto (arba suvereno imuniteto, arba įstatymų leidėjo imuniteto) doktrina, kuri neleidžia taikyti valstybei deliktinės atsakomybės už viešojoje srityje atliktus veiksmus. Šis principas kildinamas iš anglų karalių teisės. Šiandien imuniteto egzistavimą bandoma teisinti valstybės turto apsaugos svarba, siekiu užtikrinti valdžių padalijimo principo veikimą, institucijos, turinčios kompetenciją nagrinėti bylas prieš valstybę (ar įstatymų leidėją), nebuvimu, adekvačių teisių gynimo būdų egzistavimu, išrinktų valdžios atstovų pozicijos stiprinimu bei tradicija. Viduramžiška imuniteto doktrina yra nesuderinama demokratinių valstybių principais, tad turi būti visiškai pašalinta. Lietuvos Teismų praktika šios doktrinos egzistavimo Lietuvoje nepripažįsta. Įstatymų leidėju paprastai laikomas subjektas, kuriam suteikta galia pareikšti galutinę ir neginčijamą valią dėl įstatymo priėmimo. Lietuvoje įstatymų leidėju laikomas Parlamentas bei Tauta. Įstatymų leidėjo kompetenciją ir diskreciją riboja Konstitucijoje nustatyti bei prisiimti tarptautiniai įsipareigojimai. Tarptautinių sutarčių pagrindu, pavyzdžiui, EŽTK, Lietuva yra įsipareigojusi užtikrinti pagrindines teises asmenims, esantiems jos jurisdikcijoje. Įstatymas, pažeidžiantis tokią tarptautinę sutartį, laikytinas neteisėtu, tačiau nacionalinė teisė jokiai institucijai nėra suteikusi kompetencijos tikrinti įstatymų atitikimą tarptautinėms... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / A main let to apply tort liability to the state is the principle of sovereign immunity (or state immunity; or legislator immunity), derived from Medieval English law, which says that government is immune from tort liability. Today remains of sovereign immunity doctrine usually is justified by: the importance of protecting government treasuries; separation of powers; the absence of authority for suits against the government; the existence of adequate alternative remedies; strengthening the position of elected politicians; and tradition. The doctrine of immunity is inconsistent with the main principles, recognized by democratic countries, so has no place in democracy and should be repealed entirely. The legislator is a subject, who has a right to make a final and unchallenged decision in the law making process. In Lithuania there are two legislators: the Parliament (Seimas) and the Nation. Competence and discretionary powers of legislature are limited by the Constitution and obligations of the state under the international and European Community law. By international contracts, such as European Convention of Human rights, Lithuania is obliged to confer the main rights to individuals in its jurisdiction. The national law that violates such provisions must be held unlawful, but there are no national institutions that have a competence to state that violation. Individuals may get remedy only if the European Court of Human Rights states the violation; in the same judgment the Court... [to full text]

2004 m. balandžio 29 d. Europos Parlamento ir Tarybos direktyva 2004/48/EB dėl intelektinės nuosavybės teisių gynimo yra pirmasis teisės aktas Europos Bendrijoje, skirtas pašalinti esminius valstybių narių nacionalinių įstatymų reguliavimo skirtumus intelektinės nuosavybės teisės gynimo srityje. Šiame darbe analizuojamos Direktyvos 2004/48/EB nuostatos, susijusios su intelektinės nuosavybės teisės gynimo būdais, priemonėmis ir procedūromis, bei vertinamas šių nuostatų įgyvendinimas ES valstybių narių nacionalinėje teisėje. Analizei pasirinkta Lietuva ir ES valstybės narės, turinčios didžiausias šios srities tradicijas ir esminius egzistavimo skirtumus: apsiribota Jungtine Karalyste, Vokietija bei Prancūzija. Darbe nesiekiama nagrinėti visų teisinių gynimo būdų ar išsamiai gvildenti teisių gynimo nuostatas ir jų taikymo praktiką analizuojamose valstybėse: pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas atskirų teisių gynimo būdų ir priemonių esmei atskleisti bei atskirų Direktyvos nuostatų įgyvendinimo vertinimui minėtų valstybių teisėje. Darbe remtasi tarptautiniais ir regioniniais teisės aktais, nagrinėjamų valstybių įstatymais, teismų praktika, teisės doktrina, Direktyvos ir įstatymų parengiamaisiais darbais; daug dėmesio skirta monografijoms, Lietuvos ir užsienio leidiniuose išspausdintiems moksliniams straipsniams. / The Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights is the very first EU legislation aiming to approximate the legislative systems and to assimilate disparities in the field of intellectual property rights enforcement. In this paper we analyze the provisions of Directive 2004/48/EC related to the measures, procedures and remedies of intellectual property rights enforcement. Also, we evaluate the implementations of these provisions into the national legislatures of the EU Member states. The analysis focuses on Lithuania and some of the EU member states that have old traditions and essential differences on the matter: the United Kingdom, Germany and France. We do not attempt to examine all the civil remedies nor to describe thoroughly the practices of application of the civil remedies in the Member States in question; instead, the main attention in this paper is focused on the revelation of the legal nature of corresponding measures, procedures and remedies, and evaluation of appropriate implementations of Directive’s provisions into the selected legislature systems. The paper references various international, regional and national legislations of the four states, judiciary practices, travaux préparatoires, jurisprudence; as well as various studies, papers and publications of Lithuanian and foreign authors.

Šis magistrinis darbas yra skirtas itin aktualiai EB konkurencijos teisės sričiai: piktnaudžiavimo dominuojančia padėtimi būdų pagal EB Sutarties 82 straipsnį naujųjų aspektų analizei. Pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas „išstūmimo iš rinkos“ piktnaudžiavimams, kurie yra patys sudėtingiausi ir dažniausiai pasitaikantys. Darbe taip pat apžvelgiami reikšmingiausi Lietuvos konkurencijos tarybos ir teismų sprendimai taikant piktnaudžiavimą dominuojančia padėtimi. Trumpai apžvelgus priežastis, lėmusias temos pasirinkimą, temos aktualumą bei originalumą, pagrindinėje darbo dalyje yra analizuojama „išstūmimo iš rinkos“ piktnaudžiavimas bei pagrindiniai piknaudžiavimo dominuojančia padėtimi būdai. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje yra analizuojamas „išstūmimo iš rinkos“ piktnaudžiavimas pagal EB Sutarties 82 straipsnį. Komisija ir Europos Teisingumo Teismas yra pateikę ne vieną „išstūmimo iš rinkos“ piktnaudžiavimo sampratą, tačiau jos yra pakankamai neapibrėžtos ir stokoja teisinio tikrumo. Tiksliausia „išstūmimo iš rinkos“ piktnaudžiavimo samprata yra nurodyta EB Sutarties 82 straipsnio b punkte: „gamybos ribojimas pažeidžiant vartotojų interesus“. Ši samprata padeda atskirti teisėtą konkurenciją nuo konkurencijai prieštaraujančių veiksmų. Antroje dalyje yra nagrinėjami piktnaudžiavimo dominuojančia padėtimi būdai: grobuoniškos kainos, diskriminacija kainomis, atsisakymas prekiauti, susaistymas sąlygomis, nuolaidos ir kiti. Pirmiausiai yra apžvelgiama kaip kiekvienas piktnaudžiavimo dominuojančia... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The thesis is devoted to the challenging object of discussions under EC Competition Law- the methods of abuse of dominant position under EC competition law: new challenges. The thesis concentrates mainly on exclusionary abuses which is the most frequent and important category of abuses. Parallel to the EC law both – the case-law of the Lithuanian Competition Council and relevant national regulation – are considered throughout the paper. After a brief statement of grounds of choosing this topic, its actuality and novelty in EC and Lithuanian competition law in the introduction, the main part of the paper gives analysis of the concept of an exclusionary abuse under Article 82 EC, also certain metods of abuse and there development is analised. The first chapter deals with the exclusionary abuse under Article 82 EC. The Commission and European Court of Justice has provided some examples of the concept of an exclusionary abuse, however these concepts are vague and lacks legal certainty. The most precise concept of an exclusionary abuse is stipulated in the Article 82 (b) EC Treaty: limiting production to the prejudice of consumers. It offers a comprehensive test of all exclusionary abuses, distinguishing between legitimate competition and unlawful conduct. The second chapter concentrates on certain methods of abuse: predatory pricing, price discrimination, refusal to supply, rebates and tying. First, the general practice of Commission and the Court applying each method of abuse is... [to full text]

Magistro baigiamajame darbe aptariama bendra ES energetikos politika, Energijos bendrijos santykis su AEI skatinimu ES, jos įtaka bendrų ES valstybių narių ir trečiųjų šalių projektų (pagal AEI skatinimo direktyvoje numatytas bendradarbiavimo priemones) patrauklumui. Taip pat aptariama naujoji ES atsinaujinančios energetikos politika. Analizuojamas AEI skatinimo santykis su ES aplinkos teise. Šio santykio analizė svarbi siekiant išsiaiškinti, koks yra AEI skatinimo teisinis pagrindas ES teisėje. Pažymėtina, kad iki Lisabonos sutarties AEI skatinimas vyko būtent aplinkos teisės nuostatų pagrindu. Darbe taip pat aptariama ir AEI bei aplinkos politikos tikslų kolizija, nagrinėjama ESTT praktika. Taip pat aptariama AEI skatinimo direktyva 2009/28/EB, joje numatytos pavyzdinės skatinimo priemonės bei detali jų analizė. Detaliai aptariamos pagrindinės direktyvoje numatytos priemonės – paramos schemos, statistiniai perdavimai, bendri valstybių narių projektai ir projektai su trečiosiomis šalimis, bendros paramos schemos, informavimas ir mokymas. Be kita ko, aptariamas ir valstybės pagalbos AEI skatinimo atžvilgiu klausimas. Nagrinėjant šią problemą buvo remiamasi labai svarbia šiai sričiai PreussenElektra byla. Taip pat aptarti ir direktyvos trūkumai tokie kaip, sankcijų skyrimo mechanizmo nebuvimas. Tai sąlygoja galimybes valstybėms narėms aplaidžiai vykdyti savo įsipareigojimus, kadangi jokia reali bauda ar sankcija už tai negresia. Čia reikėtų atkreipti dėmesį, kad ES visgi gali... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Renewable energy sources are one of the oldest energy sources known to mankind. It has been widely used until the industrial revolution. Despite all the advantages the use of fossil-fuel has brought to economic and industrial progress, but at the same time it caused massive impact on climate change, energy efficiency. It was the main reason for EU to change its energy policy and return to renewable energy. To promote renewable energy in EU a directive 2009/28/EC was adopted. Directive recommends member states to use these incentives: support schemes, joint projects, joint support schemes, statistical transfers. This thesis analyses these incentives presented in directive, their advantages and disadvantages, legal issues, loopholes. This thesis also analyses Lithuanian RES draft law’s compliance with EU law.

Šiame darbe autorius analizuoja problemas, susijusias su teisinės atsakomybės taikymu Europos Sąjungai, ypatingą dėmesį skirdamas Jungtinių Tautų Tarptautinės Teisės Komisijos rengiamam tarptautinių organizacijų atsakomybės rėžimui. Išanalizavęs Sąjungos konstitucinių dokumentų nuostatas, Sąjungos tarptautinių santykių praktiką, teisės mokslininkų nuomones, autorius padaro išvadą, jog šiandien Europos Sąjunga turi tarptautinį teisinį subjektiškumą. Taip pat po terminu „Europos Sąjunga“ tarptautiniuose santykiuose veikia dvi organizacijos: Europos Sąjunga ir Europos Bendrijos, ir kiekviena jų savarankiškai atsakys už savo padarytus pažeidimus. Išanalizavęs rengiamą organizacijų atsakomybės rėžimą bei Europos Sąjungos komentarus bei pastebėjimus jo atžvilgiu, autorius padaro išvadas, jog tiek Europos Bendrijų, tiek Europos Sąjungos atveju pastarasis rėžimas gali būti taikomas. Siekiant išvengti galimų taikymo sunkumų, būtina pakoreguoti tiek Europos Sąjungos, tiek ir Europos Bendrijų sudaromų tarptautinių susitarimų nuostatas. / In the present work author analyses problems of responsibility of European Union, especially of application of UN ILC Draft Articles on responsibility of international organizations. After analysis of European Union’s constituent documents and practice in external relations and opinions of scholars, author makes a conclusion that contemporary European Union has international legal personality. Furthermore, European Union and European Communities in external relations acts separately and must be held responsible separately. After analysis of Draft Articles on responsibility of international organizations and comments and observations of European Union, author makes conclusions that latter Draft Articles can be applicable in a case both of European Union and European Communities. But some provisions of European Union’s and Communities’ agreements must be corrected in order to avoid possible application difficulties.