1990 - 2008 Fertility factors in the disctrict of Most in 2000-2010 period Abstract The objective of this study was to find causes of regional fertility differences and context with social and economic indicators. Then to find situation of district of Most in regional comparison and social and economic causes of fertility developement in this district in 2000-2010 period. In first descriptive part there was made the comparative analysis of age structure and fertility indicators in Czech republic, Ústí region and district of Most. The result is different values of the fertility indicators (intensity and timing) and also younger age structure. In the second part were found social and economic factors of regional fertility differences and factors in district of Most with multivariate statistical methods. The cluster analysis confirmed the differences of district of Most and border of North Bohemia too. For use factor analysis and canonical correlation analysis the conclusion was the important factor of regional differences is especially education, but also availability and quality of housing, economic level. Less importace of religion. In the district of Most are important factors of education and indicators of economic level. Key words: fertility factors, regional fertility differences, district of Most,...

CALLARI. R. Produção de óleo diesel limpo a partir do gás natural: estudo de viabilidade técnico-econômica para a instalação de uma planta gtl (gas-to-liquids) no Brasil. 2007. 84 p. Tese de Mestrado ? Programa Interunidades de Pós-Graduação em Energia. Universidade de São Paulo. A tecnologia de produção de combustíveis sintéticos iniciou seu desenvolvimento a partir de 1919, na Alemanha, tendo o carvão mineral como insumo para a gaseificação. Este processo conhecido como Gas-To-Liquids (GTL) é uma transformação química que gera produtos líquidos e estáveis à temperatura e pressão ambientes. Essa transformação pode ser realizada no próprio local de produção do gás, evitando investimentos e problemas ambientais na construção de gasodutos. No Brasil, o gás natural apresenta crescente incremento da sua produção, e forte aumento das suas reservas, tanto associado quanto não-associado ao petróleo. Dessa forma, como as estruturas de plataformas normalmente se localizam em áreas remotas, torna-se custoso o aproveitamento desse gás que é liberado pela produção do óleo, sendo o mesmo queimado ou ventado. Devido às restrições estabelecidas pela legislação ambiental, a queima do gás natural nas plataformas de produção passa a ser problemática e crítica. Este trabalho visa avaliar a economicidade da implantação de uma planta para a produção de GTL no Brasil, de modo a permitir a manutenção da produção de petróleo dentro das limitações das leis ambientais, e também gerar um melhor aproveitamento do gás natural, produzindo materiais com maior valor agregado. Assim, para desonerar a produção dos líquidos, a instalação de plantas de transformação de gás natural em GTL, centralizada em áreas de grande produção de gás associado, poderia ser a solução para a queima do gás liberado na produção do óleo. Da mesma forma, as plantas de transformação em GTL poderiam permitir a monetização do gás remoto, através da facilidade de transporte do GTL produzido. Palavras-Chave: gás natural, gas-to-liquids, avaliação econômica, diesel limpo, Fischer-Tropsch / CALLARI. R. Production of liquid hydrocarbons employing Natural Gas: a study of the technical and economical feasibility of a GTL plant in Brazil, 2007. 84 f. Work. Program of Post-Graduation in Energy, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2007. The development of the technology for the production of synthetic fuels from the gasification of coal started in 1919 in Germany. For a period of time the liquid hydrocarbons production increased and within the years, it was almost discontinued. The technology known as Gas-To-Liquids (GTL) refers to a chemical transformation that generates liquid products that are stable at room temperature and pressure. The transformation can be accomplished close to the natural gas production sites. In Brazil, the production and use natural gas has been growing because of the increase of the reserves of both, associated and non-associated gas. Natural gas is produced from oil explotation. The production of the liquid fractions requires processing steps. Since the offshore installations are located in distant areas, the use of the gas produced is expensive and in many cases, the gas is burned or exhausted. Due to environmental restraints the gas burning turns to be a critical issue. In order to cheapen the production of liquid products, the installation of plants to transform natural gas through the GTL technology, in associated oil and gas production installations could be the solution for the gas burning or exhaustion. The GTL plants could allow the monetization of the remote gas through the transportation of the GTL fuels produced. This work presents an evaluation of the economic costs for the implantation of a GTL plant in Brazil, in a way that allows the oil production to be kept within the environmental requirements and to generate a better use of natural gas.

CALLARI. R. Produção de óleo diesel limpo a partir do gás natural: estudo de viabilidade técnico-econômica para a instalação de uma planta gtl (gas-to-liquids) no Brasil. 2007. 84 p. Tese de Mestrado ? Programa Interunidades de Pós-Graduação em Energia. Universidade de São Paulo. A tecnologia de produção de combustíveis sintéticos iniciou seu desenvolvimento a partir de 1919, na Alemanha, tendo o carvão mineral como insumo para a gaseificação. Este processo conhecido como Gas-To-Liquids (GTL) é uma transformação química que gera produtos líquidos e estáveis à temperatura e pressão ambientes. Essa transformação pode ser realizada no próprio local de produção do gás, evitando investimentos e problemas ambientais na construção de gasodutos. No Brasil, o gás natural apresenta crescente incremento da sua produção, e forte aumento das suas reservas, tanto associado quanto não-associado ao petróleo. Dessa forma, como as estruturas de plataformas normalmente se localizam em áreas remotas, torna-se custoso o aproveitamento desse gás que é liberado pela produção do óleo, sendo o mesmo queimado ou ventado. Devido às restrições estabelecidas pela legislação ambiental, a queima do gás natural nas plataformas de produção passa a ser problemática e crítica. Este trabalho visa avaliar a economicidade da implantação de uma planta para a produção de GTL no Brasil, de modo a permitir a manutenção da produção de petróleo dentro das limitações das leis ambientais, e também gerar um melhor aproveitamento do gás natural, produzindo materiais com maior valor agregado. Assim, para desonerar a produção dos líquidos, a instalação de plantas de transformação de gás natural em GTL, centralizada em áreas de grande produção de gás associado, poderia ser a solução para a queima do gás liberado na produção do óleo. Da mesma forma, as plantas de transformação em GTL poderiam permitir a monetização do gás remoto, através da facilidade de transporte do GTL produzido. Palavras-Chave: gás natural, gas-to-liquids, avaliação econômica, diesel limpo, Fischer-Tropsch / CALLARI. R. Production of liquid hydrocarbons employing Natural Gas: a study of the technical and economical feasibility of a GTL plant in Brazil, 2007. 84 f. Work. Program of Post-Graduation in Energy, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2007. The development of the technology for the production of synthetic fuels from the gasification of coal started in 1919 in Germany. For a period of time the liquid hydrocarbons production increased and within the years, it was almost discontinued. The technology known as Gas-To-Liquids (GTL) refers to a chemical transformation that generates liquid products that are stable at room temperature and pressure. The transformation can be accomplished close to the natural gas production sites. In Brazil, the production and use natural gas has been growing because of the increase of the reserves of both, associated and non-associated gas. Natural gas is produced from oil explotation. The production of the liquid fractions requires processing steps. Since the offshore installations are located in distant areas, the use of the gas produced is expensive and in many cases, the gas is burned or exhausted. Due to environmental restraints the gas burning turns to be a critical issue. In order to cheapen the production of liquid products, the installation of plants to transform natural gas through the GTL technology, in associated oil and gas production installations could be the solution for the gas burning or exhaustion. The GTL plants could allow the monetization of the remote gas through the transportation of the GTL fuels produced. This work presents an evaluation of the economic costs for the implantation of a GTL plant in Brazil, in a way that allows the oil production to be kept within the environmental requirements and to generate a better use of natural gas.

高等教育與經濟發展具有密切的關係，高等教育提供經濟建設的人才，而經濟發展則常為高等教育改革的重要參考指標。中國大陸高等教育與經濟發展，主要是從文革結束後，才產生緊密的關係。市場經濟的實行，使得中國大陸高等教育各方面都受到衝擊與變化，這至少包括教育思想與理論、高校中人才的建設、科系結構的調整等等。換句話說，在市場經濟的影響下，高等教育已很難擺脫經濟發展的衝擊。另一方面，經濟持續地成長使得社會急需受過高等教育的人才，而生活的日益改善，人們也對高等教育表達需求的願望。不過，大陸高等教育卻嚴重存在著需求大於供給的情形，大部份的人仍是無法進入大學就讀。而影響著大陸高等教育供給與需求的因素，在本文中至少探討了以下幾項變數，工資、待業率、人均收入、高中畢業生數、師生比、大學生單位成本、高等學校平均規模等等，經過分析研究顯示，這些影響高等教育的供需因素，仍與大陸經濟發展具有密切關係。高等教育與經濟發展的同時，高等教育入學的機會是否均等受著人們的關注。文革以前，高等教育的入學資格常取決於學生的政治成份與家庭背景，而造成入學的機會不公。文革結束後，在「一部份人先富起來」的政策下，有錢的人無疑地將較容易進入大學就讀，亦會形成不公，因此如何平衡經濟效律與社教育公平也是一項重大的課題。

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) constitute a major problem in society and in drug therapy. They are a common cause of short-term hospitalization, prolonged hospitalization and death. Spontaneous reporting of ADRs remains one the most effective methods for detecting new and serious drug reactions. In Sweden physicians are legally required to report fatal and serious ADRs. We know from previous studies that there is a substantial degree of under-reporting of ADRs also in Sweden. Attitudes towards reporting of ADRs among physicians in the northern region of Sweden were investigated using a questionnaire. The most important factor for not reporting ADRs among physicians and general practioners in our region was that the reaction was considered to be well known. However, their attitudes could also allow for a considerable rate of under-reporting. The effect on the reporting rate when nurses received instruction and were encouraged to report ADRs was studied. During a 12-month study period, 18 ADR reports with a total number of 22 ADRs were sent in by the nurses participating in the study to test nurses as reporters of ADRs. Using the Swedish ADR database, we calculated the risk of agranulocytosis associated with the use of metamizole by using consumption data from the case records of scrutinized patients’ and stored prescriptions. Over the period from 1996 to 1999, ten cases of agranulocytosis during treatment with metamizole were reported to SADRAC. Metamizole was prescribed to 666 (19%) inpatients during the 3-month study period and 112 prescriptions were identified at the participating pharmacies. Thirty-eight percent of them indicated treatment for more than 15 days. Making certain assumptions, the calculated risk of agranulocytosis was one out of every 31 000 inpatients and one out of every 1400 outpatients. The degree of under-reporting of serious ADRs was studied in five hospitals. More than 1300 case records were scrutinized and among these we found 107 cases that according to current rules for ADR reporting, should have been reported. Only fifteen of these were found in the SADRAC database, indicating a under-reporting rate of 86%.The effect on the reporting rate of ADRs was studied in an intervention study in which a small economical inducement was given to those who reported ADRs. The effect of a small economical stimulation to increase the reporting rate was studied. From the intervention area we received 62 suspected ADRs compared with 50 from the control area. The increase in the number of reports was 59% compared with an unchanged reporting rate from the control area. The physicians in northern Sweden have a relatively good knowledge of the existing rules for ADR reporting. Nurses could play an important role in detecting and reporting suspected ADRs. The risk of developing an metamizole induced agranulocytosis is considerably increased if metamizole is given to patients for a longer time than recommended. The rate of reported ADRs is very low, also for serious and fatal reactions. An increase in the reporting rate of suspected ADRs was observed during study period.

När en kommersiell hamn byggs ut fordras omfattande muddringsarbete för att säkerställa ett brukligt djup för sjöfart. Då stora delar av muddermassorna ofta är förorenade av tungmetaller och miljögifter krävs särskilt omhändertagande av dessa. Traditionella omhändertagningsalternativ består av att deponera massorna på särskild avsedd plats på land eller tippa till havs, något som inte tillåts för förorenade sediment. En relativt ny metod är stabilisering/solidifiering (S/S) som innebär att muddermassorna behandlas med ett bindemedel för att sedan kunna användas som fyllnadsmaterial i exempelvis kajkonstruktioner. Dessa alternativ behöver noga vägas mot varandra med hänsyn till ekonomiska och miljömässiga aspekter. Föreliggande studie undersöker  ventuella brister i de ekonomiska värderingar som genomförts inför  utbyggandet av Oxelösunds hamn. Vidare genomförs en begränsad cost-benefit analys (CBA) för att värdera alternativen utifrån emissionsnivåer till luft och vatten. Resultatet visar att S/S innan nyttiggörande är det samhällsekonomiskt mest attraktiva alternativet. / When a commercial port is expanding its activities there is need for dredging to secure a safe depth for water borne traffic. The sediments are to a large extent contaminated by metals and toxins which calls for certain treatment. Traditionally sediments have either been disposed of at a specific location on land or dumped at sea; the latter is however not permitted by law. A relatively new method is stabilization/solidification (S/S) which means that the sediments are treated using a solidifying agent after which it is possible to use the dredged materials as filling in construction of jetties. These alternatives need to be carefully compared with respect to economical and environmental aspects. This thesis investigates the potential shortcomings of conducted economical evaluations prior to the expansion of Oxelösund port. Further, a limited cost-benefit analysis is conducted to evaluate the alternatives with respect to emissions of contaminants to air and water. The results show that S/S before utilization of the dredged materials is the most attractive alternative from an economical point of view. / STABCON

Rapporten utreder om distributionstransformatorer med märkeffekten 50 kVA i Vattenfall Eldistribution AB:s elnät kan avskaffas till förmån för märkeffekten 100 kVA. Transformatorer med märkeffekten 50 kVA förekommer vid nedtransformering av spänningen från 22 kV och 11 kV till hushållens huvudspänning 0,4 kV. 50 kVA-transformatorer skiljer inte särskilt mycket från transformatorer med den högre märkeffekten i fråga om storlek och pris, och de bedöms kunna bytas ut utan större praktiska svårigheter. Fördelen med 100 kVA är att de elektriska belastningsförlusterna blir lägre i och med den högre märkeffekten. Dessutom innebär ett byte vissa elkvalitetsförbättringar. Nackdelarna med 100 kVA är att de elektriska tomgångsförlusterna är högre och att inköpspriset är högre än för 50 kVA. I övrigt kan kostnaderna likställas för de två alternativen. Endast kostnader för aktiva effektförluster berördes i rapporten då de ekonomiska kostnaderna för reaktiva effektförluster kunde försummas för de aktuella transformatorerna. För att nå ett svar på frågan om det kan vara lönsamt att avskaffa 50 kVA-transformatorerna studerades fem verkliga fall i Vattenfalls svenska elnät. Dessutom studerades eventuella elkvalitetsvinster med ett byte. Svaret blev att inte för något av de fem studerade fallen var det lönsamt med ett byte till 100 kVA-transformator. Rörande elkvalitetsaspekten blev svaret att ett byte visserligen innebär en skillnad men att andra faktorer oftast har större betydelse. Rapportens rekommendation blev att behålla 50 kVA-transformatorn i distributionsnätet.

The aim of this study was to examine and compare job demand and resource perception of hospital employees in Iceland and Sweden as well as their self-efficacy and intention to quit. These variables have high predictability for attitudes and behavior. Since the two countries were impacted differently by the global financial crisis of 2008, it is interesting to investigate whether these factors differ between them. A cross-sectional data was collected in public hospitals among specialized and unspecialized healthcare employees who responded to a self-administrated questionnaire. Quantitative methodology was used to analyze the differences between the groups. A MANOVA revealed no significant differences in resource perception, self-efficacy and intention to quit. However, unexpectedly, perception of job demands was significantly higher in Sweden. The literature behind this comparison sheds a light on how work conditions and employee well-being can be improved by managing resources and demands. It yields insight into how improvements can be wrought in such a complex system as healthcare in times of financial restrictions. On a practical level, this study emphasizes the importance of fair demands and good resources as a key to well-being because balanced levels of these factors enable employees to respond effectively to their work environment, be more satisfied, motivated, have high self-efficacy and be less likely to quit their jobs. Finally, areas were identified where future research is needed.

Tyrimo objektas - Lietuvos kaimiškosios savivaldybės. Tyrimo dalykas – kaimiškų savivaldybių socialinis - ekonominis vystymasis. Darbo tikslas – suformuoti periferinių regionų struktūrinių pokyčių valdymo principus. Uždaviniai: 1. Išanalizuoti vietovių vystymosi specifiką ir periferiškumo problemas teoriniu aspektu. 2. Parengti periferiškumo vertinimo metodiką pritaikant ją praktiškai. 3. Ištirti Lietuvos struktūrinius pokyčius ir jų valdymo specifiką. 4. Parengti periferinių savivaldybių struktūrinių pokyčių valdymo modelį. Tyrimo metodai: lyginamosios analizės, loginės analizės ir sintezės, duomenų sisteminimo ir statistinių duomenų analizės, palyginamosios analizės, grafinio vaizdavimo ir modeliavimo metodai, taip pat kiekybinių rodiklių analizei taikomas koreliacijos metodas. Lietuvos savivaldybių pasiskirstymas pagal periferiškumo lygį pateiktas naudojant GIS kompiuterinę programą. / Research object - rural municipalities of Lithuania. Research subject - social – economical development of rural municipalities. Research aim - to compose the possibilities for peripheral areas structural changes management. Objectives: 1. To analyze specific of areas development and periphery in the theoretical aspects. 2. To compose methodic of peripherality evaluation and adapt it in practice. 3. To analyze specific of Lithuanian structural changes and their management. 4. To compose a structural changes management model of peripheral municipalities. Research methods: comparative, logical analysis and synthesis, analysis of both: data systematizing and statistical data, graphical depiction and modeling, correlation.

Šis magistrinis darbas yra tarptautinio tiriamojo projekto, atlikto Latvijoje, Lietuvoje ir Lenkijoje, dalis. Paminėto projekto tikslas buvo ištirti politikos varomąsias jėgas, lemiančias miško naudojimą išvardintose šalyse. Šio magistrinio darbo tyrimų objektas - Lietuva, tačiau taip pat buvo atlikta palyginamoji analizė, dėl galimų miško naudojimo pokyčių per sekančius dešimt – dvidešimt metų, Latvijoje, Lietuvoje ir Lenkijoje. Vertinant miško naudojimą lemiančius faktorius, pirmiausia, būtina išanalizuoti ir socialinės sistemos ir pačius socialinius pasikeitimus kurie daro didelę įtaką ir miškų sektoriui (Shanz 1999), taip pat tiesiogiai nulemia miško naudojimo lygį šalyje, ypač kai visuomenė pereina nuo socialistinės prie kapitalistinės sistemos. Pasirinkta socialinė santvarka apibrėžia politikos tikslus, ir nustato veikimo ribas tiek patiems politikams tiek ir suinteresuotoms grupėms (Springate – Baginski, Soussan 2004). Toliau priimami politiniai sprendimai yra įtakojami įvairių suinteresuotų interesų grupių įvairiose politinių sprendimų priėmimo stadijose tiek kalbant apie bendrąją politiką, tiek ir politiką susijusią su miškų ūkiu. Būtina pabrėžti, kad vienas iš svarbiausių miškų ūkio politikos tikslų – miško naudojimo lygio nustatymas. Toliau, suinteresuotų grupių veikimo pagrindas yra vieni ar kiti interesai, kuriuos jos atstovauja, suformuoti ekonominių, ekologinių, ar socialinių faktorių (Krott 2005). Minėti faktoriai galėtų būti apibūdinami vienu žodžiu – žinios... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This work is a part of international research that was carried out in Latvia, Lithuania and Poland in order to investigate policy drivers behind the harvesting level in these countries. This thesis was focused on Lithuania. However, a comparative analysis of future tendencies for possible harvesting levels in Latvia, Lithuania and Poland was done as well. First of all, it is necessary to point out the importance of a social system and social changes that are of great importance to forestry (Shanz 1999) and have a decisive impact on a harvesting level, especially when a society moves from socialist planning system to market economy. Further, the harvesting level is influenced by interests of stakeholders and their games of power in the decision making process. The interests of stakeholders are formed by ecological, economical and social factors (Krott 2005). These factors form the basis of stakeholders’ knowledge that gives directions for further actions (Krott 2005). The understanding of policy drivers for the harvesting level in Lithuania is not possible without the understanding of Lithuanian stakeholders’ interests and their power in the national decision-making process. For defining policy drivers in Lithuania, methodological triangulation (Denscombe 1998), combining literature and inventory data analysis with questionnaire and expert interview methods, was used. The questionnaire and expert interview methods were based on a qualitative research approach, and in total... [to full text]