Ecotourism offers a non-consumptive form of economic activity globally. Human activity, however, might negatively affect the ecology of areas and their biota, likely varying with type and intensity of ecotourism. Wildlife, for example, might perceive ecotourists as predators, and adjust behaviour accordingly (i.e., human avoidance). Alternatively, wildlife might actually seek human activity if it protects them from greater risks (Human Shield Hypothesis). The Anthropause, a period of decreased human activity due to COVID-19, provided unparalleled opportunity to examine wildlife behaviour when perceived risks from humans were removed. In partnership with the Kitasoo Xai’xais First Nation (KX), we assessed if and how ecotourism, in the form of bear-viewing, might influence spatial and temporal activity of grizzly bears. We deployed remote cameras in the Khutze watershed in 2020 in the absence of human use. To provide increased inference when tourism resumed in 2021, KX implemented alternating spatial closure experiments within the watershed. Additionally, in 2021 we implemented a tourist group size experiment in a second watershed, Green River. In Khutze, we found that a closure of 25 days was required for bear detection rate to return to the 2020 (non-ecotourism) level. We did not observe an influence of the alternating within-watershed north-south closures on activity. The data also revealed complex relationships among bear detections, ecotourism activity, and salmon availability, varying by age and sex of bears. Specifically, we found a human shield effect for females with young when salmon levels were moderate to high, but this effect diminished in times of low salmon. An activity pattern analysis in Khutze did not show an effect of ecotourism. In Green, where inference was likely constrained by our short-term experiment, we found a positive influence of the number of days since people were present on detection rate. We additionally found temporal avoidance of within 100m of the viewing site on days when people were present. These patterns from both watersheds show the complex ways in which wildlife can respond to even seemingly benign human presence. Inference from this research has application to wildlife, land, and ecotour management by the KX, who are reasserting authority in governance. More broadly, this study contributes to literature on the dynamic landscape of fear induced by spatiotemporal variation in human activity. / Graduate / 2023-09-09

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第25470号 / 地環博第256号 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 柴田 昌三, 教授 西前 出, 准教授 真常 仁志 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第25474号 / 地環博第260号 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 柴田 昌三, 教授 西前 出, 准教授 落合 知帆 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

Despite rapid growth of avitourism globally, the international market potential of avitourism in South Africa, which has remarkable birdlife, is not fully utilised. This research aimed to profile international avitourists by investigating their behavioural involvement, motivations, preferences, agreement to ecotourism principles, and awareness of avitourism in South Africa. Primary data were gathered by distributing questionnaires at the British Birdwatching Fair and Dutch Vogelfestival. Exploratory factor analyses (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were applied. The results indicated that avitourists differ in terms of behavioural involvement, motivation and preferences for each fair and birder type (casual, active or committed), but agreed on ecotourism principles. A second-order CFA model for avitourist motivation revealed three new constructs – wellbeing, intellectual activity and engagement. Respondents indicated relatively low awareness but high interest in visiting South Africa as a birding destination. The results support the South African avitourism industry potential in product development and destination marketing. / Transport, Logistics & Tourism / M.Com. (Tourism Management)

The purpose with this study is to investigate and analyse how ecotourism is marketed to customers by two Indonesian small- and medium sized ecotourism resorts, focusing on marketing communication. Further, the aim is to clarify how these companies enhances their “eco brand”. This study was based on a qualitative research method with the purpose of creating a deeper understanding for our chosen topic and an inductive approach with deductive features was undertaken. The empirical data were collected through nine interviews with representatives and customers from the two studied companies. All of the interviews were conducted in Indonesia and done face-to face. The results of this research revealed that within marketing communication, digital media and word-of-mouth, have a greater importance for small and medium sized ecotourism resorts. It is also discovered that depending on how resorts operates ecotourism it will determinate how strong their “ecobrand” image. / The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-172).

Despite rapid growth of avitourism globally, the international market potential of avitourism in South Africa, which has remarkable birdlife, is not fully utilised. This research aimed to profile international avitourists by investigating their behavioural involvement, motivations, preferences, agreement to ecotourism principles, and awareness of avitourism in South Africa. Primary data were gathered by distributing questionnaires at the British Birdwatching Fair and Dutch Vogelfestival. Exploratory factor analyses (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were applied. The results indicated that avitourists differ in terms of behavioural involvement, motivation and preferences for each fair and birder type (casual, active or committed), but agreed on ecotourism principles. A second-order CFA model for avitourist motivation revealed three new constructs – wellbeing, intellectual activity and engagement. Respondents indicated relatively low awareness but high interest in visiting South Africa as a birding destination. The results support the South African avitourism industry potential in product development and destination marketing. / Transport, Logistics and Tourism / M.Com. (Tourism Management)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:54:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Francisca Rosivana.pdf: 26157451 bytes, checksum: 07c13b7b7336fa5d9865b5327429d00f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Ecotourism as expressive activity in development policies for rural communities, currently is an alternative social and cultural environment facing various problems such as the urban stress, the constant pressure of invasions, the thermal discomfort, destruction of green areas and pollution the sources of springs and streams, making it more and more citizens of our cities from different social classes seek forms of physical and mental recovery in rural and wild environments. Ecotourism can be completely feasible in the Amazon, can serve as an instrument of environmental awareness of the farmers and agents for the dissemination of technology, creating economic alternatives for rural communities, and contribute to the preservation of endangered species. In order to investigate the Ecotourism in the state of Amazonas, research, raised the legal situation and the environmental licensing of ecotourism ventures in the city Autazes of Careiro, also known as Careiro Brown, of the ventures were set Juma Lodge, Inn Mamoré Recanto and Fisheries were chosen for excellent environmental characteristics, environment and tourist attraction to be located close to indigenous communities and caboclos. The research was descriptive, qualitative and quantitative approach to the infrastructure and the services offered by businesses. The quantitative approach was in relation to the physical nature of the area covered with the project development and implementation of structured questionnaires, using statistical techniques that allowed the implementation of aspects in the exploration of quantitative analysis in the form of graphs to better interpretation of results. In the qualitative approach, the questions used were based on the instruments for environmental management of enterprises, through technical survey (script of interviews and observation forms) in the community, ecotourists and managers of the enterprise, and assess, through the technique of survey questionnaires with application of environmental perception of the community involvement in protecting these areas. The results show that the enterprises surveyed fall under the state requirements, but it is necessary qualification, improve the structure of the Budget, the community and educational guidance to visitors. Shows the need for more investment in tourism marketing, making clear what is offered by the Inn. The study revealed that ecotourism is a position of experience and integration are not at a time or in space, it must be experienced as a constant experience, powered by the interpretation by the light of discovery and the internalization of what is discovered in a tireless search. / O Ecoturismo como atividade expressiva nas políticas de desenvolvimento de comunidades rurais, atualmente constituise numa alternativa sócio ambiental e cultural frente a diversos problemas como: o stress urbano, as constantes pressões de invasões, o desconforto térmico, a destruição das áreas verdes e a poluição das nascentes de mananciais e igarapés, fazendo que cada vez mais, os cidadãos de nossas cidades, das mais variadas classes sociais, procurem formas de recomposição física e mental em ambientes rurais e silvestres. O ecoturismo pode ser completamente viável na Amazônia, podendo servir como instrumento de conscientização ambiental dos próprios agricultores e agentes de difusão de tecnologias, gerando alternativas econômicas para as comunidades rurais, além de contribuir na preservação de espécies ameaçadas de extinção. No intuito de investigar o ecoturismo no Estado do Amazonas, este trabalho levantou a situação legal e o licenciamento ambiental dos empreendimentos ecoturísticos no município de Autazes e do Careiro, também conhecido como Careiro Castanho. Foram definidos os empreendimentos de Juma Lodge, Pousada Mamori e Recanto da Pesca, por apresentar excelentes características ambientais, atração turística favorável e por estarem localizados próximos a comunidades indígenas e caboclas. O trabalho foi descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa da infraestrutura e dos serviços oferecidos pelos empreendimentos. A abordagem quantitativa deuse em relação aos aspectos de natureza física da área de abrangência do projeto com a elaboração e aplicação de questionários estruturados, usando as técnicas estatísticas que permitiram a aplicação desses aspectos na prospecção quantitativa da análise, sob a forma de gráficos e tabelas para uma melhor interpretação dos resultados. Na abordagem qualitativa, os aspectos utilizados tiveram como base os instrumentos de gestão ambiental dos empreendimentos, através de técnicas de sondagem (roteiro de entrevistas e formulários de observação) junto a comunidade, ecoturistas e gestores do empreendimento, além de avaliar, com aplicação de questionários de percepção ambiental o comprometimento comunitário na proteção dessas áreas. Os resultados indicam que os empreendimentos pesquisados enquadramse nos requisitos do Estado, porem fazse necessária qualificação profissional, melhoria da estrutura das pousadas, orientação educacional a comunidade e aos visitantes. Revelou ainda a necessidade de mais investimento no produto turístico, deixando claro o que é oferecido pela pousada. O estudo revelou que o ecoturismo é uma postura de vivência e de inserção que não se enquadrada num tempo ou num espaço; precisa ser vivenciado constantemente como uma experiência, alimentada pela interpretação, pela iluminação da descoberta e da internalização do que se descobre, numa incansável busca.

Water is life, and without it nothing can survive. All plants and animals need water to survive, whether it is fresh or salty. Climate change and pollution contribute greatly to the decline of freshwater supply and quality (National Geographic, 2015). According to the United Nations, 10% of the global population does not have access to clean water (UN Water, 2016) while World Health Organisation (WHO, 2009) stated that 3,4 million people die annually from water related diseases. The tourism industry across the world requires water for basic human consumption, irrigation of gardens and golf courses, preparation of food and drinks, making snow for winter sports and general water activities such as swimming or motorised water sports (Gössling et al., 2012). Many tourism lodges in the wildlife lodge industry in South Africa, Namibia and Botswana are in remote areas where little or no infrastructure exist. These lodges are dependent on natural water sources such as rivers, dams and boreholes to supply their water demand. The main objectives of the study were to determine water quality and quantity management in lodges from South Africa, Namibia and Botswana. The objectives were divided into sub-categories such as frequency and comprehensiveness of water quality analysis, the current quality of water at each lodge, water consumption per capita, establish benchmarks for the lodges and investigated other management components such as stakeholder involvement, financial implications and the monitoring of water management systems Across all three countries, 29% of the lodges have tested the water quality of their source, 61% tested water quality on their taps and 19% tested water quality of their wastewater discharge. From the 61% that did water quality tests on their tap, only 11% tested more than 37% of the required parameters as stated in the countries relevant standards and guidelines. The results indicated that the average water consumption across all three countries were 2073 l/g/n or 503 l/b/n when staff is included. Strong correlations were established between water consumption, the guest to staff ratio and rate in US $ when all three countries were considered. The water quality results indicated that several lodges had issues with Iron, Sulphate and Chloride levels. The author concluded that the current water management systems can be improved to ensure that water quality is managed more sustainably in the wildlife industry. The biggest concern relates to wastewater discharge, where very few water quality analysis are done. This has the potential to cause pollution and degrade ecosystems. It was recommended that more frequent and more comprehensive water quality analysis must be carried out on wastewater discharge as well as tap water to ensure water is safe for consumption. Lodge managers can appoint designated personnel to ensure that water meter readings are taken monthly and that they are probably recorded. The use of modern equipment such as pulse meters will prevent meters from seizing. Smart meters can be used to upload data to a cloud where WIFI is available. / Department of Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Wong Kwan Kit. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 276-315). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.II / ABSTRACT --- p.III / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.VIII / APPENDICES (IN CD) --- p.XIII / LIST OF TABLES --- p.XV / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.XIX / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- lNTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Ecotourism Opportunity in Hong Kong and Ecotourism Planning --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Habitat Mapping and Conservation Areas Selection --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Lantau Island and the Concept Plan --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- SCOPE OF THE STUDY --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5 --- ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS --- p.11 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1 --- WILDLIFE HABITAT MAPPING --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Habitat Requirements and Factors Influencing Wildlife Distribution --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Habitat Mapping: Past and Present --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- "Remote Sensing, GIS and Habitat Mapping" --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Multivariate Statistical Habitat Modeling Approaches --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2 --- BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- "Biological Diversity, Species Richness and Conservation Planning" --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Gap Analysis Program (GAP) and Conservation Planning --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3 --- ECOTOURISM PLANNING AND MULTIPLE CRITERIA ANALYSIS (MCA) --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- ECOTOURISM AND PLANNING MODEL --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- GIS and Multiple Criteria Analysis as decision support tools --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4 --- SUMMARY --- p.49 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1 --- lNTRODUCTION --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2 --- STUDY SITE DESCRIPTION --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3 --- METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4 --- GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) DATABASE --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Hong Kong Biodiversity Survey --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Land Cover Classification of Hong Kong --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Acquisition and Pre-processing of Remotely-Sensed Data --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Land Cover Classification and Post Classification --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- GIS Database --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- Acquisition of GIS Data --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.3.2 --- GIS Operations --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.3.3 --- Criteria for Multiple Criteria Analysis (MCA) --- p.80 / Chapter 3.5 --- WILDLIFE HABITAT MAPPING --- p.81 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) --- p.83 / Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- Generation of Pseudo-absence Data-point --- p.87 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Binary Logistic Regression Model (BLRM) --- p.88 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Generalized Additive Model (GAM) --- p.95 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Model Comparison and Selection --- p.100 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Identification of Biodiversity Hotspots --- p.101 / Chapter 3.5.6 --- Overlap Analysis of Taxonomic Groups --- p.102 / Chapter 3.5.7 --- Gap Analysis --- p.102 / Chapter 3.6 --- SITE SELECTION FOR COMPATIBLE TOURISM ACTIVITIES THROUGH MCA --- p.103 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Establishment of Evaluation Criteria: Constraints and Factors --- p.103 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Standardization of Factors --- p.104 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Weights Assignment and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) --- p.106 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Decision Rule: The Simple Additive Weighting method (SAW) --- p.111 / Chapter 3.7 --- FORMULATION OF ZONING PLAN THROUGH MOLA --- p.112 / Chapter 3.8 --- EVALUATION OF THE CONCEPT PLAN FOR LANTAU --- p.119 / Chapter 3.9 --- SUMMARY --- p.121 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (l) 一 MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL WILDLIFE HABITAT MAPPING AND BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS IDENTIFICATION --- p.125 / Chapter 4.1 --- lNTRODUCTION --- p.125 / Chapter 4.2 --- DATA EXPLORATION --- p.126 / Chapter 4.3 --- IDENTIFICATION OF HABITAT FOR AMPHIBIAN SPECIES --- p.126 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) --- p.127 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Binary Logistic Regression Model (BLRM) --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Generalized Additive Model (GAM) --- p.135 / Chapter 4.4 --- IDENTIFICATION OF HABITAT FOR BIRD SPECIES --- p.139 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) --- p.141 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Binary Logistic Regression Model (BLRM) --- p.144 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Generalized Additive Model (GAM) --- p.149 / Chapter 4.5 --- IDENTIFICATION OF HABITAT FOR BUTTERFLY SPECIES --- p.153 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) --- p.154 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Binary Logistic Regression Model (BLRM) --- p.158 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Generalized Additive Model (GAM) --- p.163 / Chapter 4.6 --- IDENTIFICATION OF HABITAT FOR DRAGONFLY SPECIES --- p.168 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) --- p.169 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Binary Logistic Regression Model (BLRM) --- p.173 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Generalized Additive Model (GAM) --- p.178 / Chapter 4.7 --- IDENTIFICATION OF HABITAT FOR MAMMAL SPECIES --- p.183 / Chapter 4.7.1 --- Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) --- p.183 / Chapter 4.7.2 --- Binary Logistic Regression Model (BLRM) --- p.186 / Chapter 4.7.3 --- Generalized Additive Model (GAM) --- p.189 / Chapter 4.8 --- MODEL SELECTION --- p.192 / Chapter 4.9 --- IDENTIFICATION OF BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS --- p.194 / Chapter 4.10 --- CORRELATIONS BETWEEN TAXONOMIC GROUPS --- p.196 / Chapter 4.11 --- GAP ANALYSIS --- p.197 / Chapter 4.12 --- SUMMARY --- p.203 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (II) 一 TOURISM PLANNING AND ZONE ALLOCATION --- p.205 / Chapter 5.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.205 / Chapter 5.2 --- SITE SELECTION FOR COMPATIBLE TOURISM ACTIVITIES lN LANTAU ISLAND --- p.206 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Potential Campsite selection --- p.206 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Evaluation factors --- p.207 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Factor weights from the AHP --- p.208 / Chapter 5.2.1.3 --- Results --- p.209 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Potential Hiking Route Selection --- p.213 / Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- Evaluation factors --- p.214 / Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- Factor weights from the AHP --- p.215 / Chapter 5.2.2.3 --- Results --- p.217 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Potential Cycling and Picnic Site Selection --- p.225 / Chapter 5.2.3.1 --- Evaluation factors --- p.225 / Chapter 5.2.3.2 --- Factor weights from the AHP --- p.227 / Chapter 5.2.3.3 --- Results --- p.228 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Potential Tourism Development Site Selection --- p.234 / Chapter 5.2.4.1 --- Evaluation factors --- p.234 / Chapter 5.2.4.2 --- Factor weights from the AHP --- p.235 / Chapter 5.2.4.3 --- Results --- p.236 / Chapter 5.3 --- ZONE ALLOCATION AND ZONING PLANS --- p.240 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Potential Conflicting Sites --- p.240 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Scenario 1: Conservation-oriented --- p.242 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Scenario 2: Equal-preference --- p.246 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Scenario 3: Recreation-and-tourism-development-oriented --- p.249 / Chapter 5.4 --- EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR THE CONCEPT PLAN --- p.252 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Exploring Additional Conservation Needs --- p.252 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Maximizing Recreational Opportunities --- p.257 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Tourism Development --- p.258 / Chapter 5.5 --- SUMMARY --- p.262 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.264 / Chapter 6.1 --- SUMMARY OF THE STUDY --- p.264 / Chapter 6.2 --- LIMITATION OF THE STUDY --- p.267 / Chapter 6.3 --- RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.271 / REFERENCES --- p.276