O objetivo desta pesquisa é estabelecer uma comparação entre o modo como três setores distintos relacionados à área de ecoturismo - agências de turismo, entidades ambientalistas e órgãos governamentais - buscam propagar suas idéias, e como isso pode se refletir na forma como denominam suas atividades e nos conceitos com relação a essa área. Para que esse objetivo fosse atingido, foi compilado um corpus comparável em português e inglês com textos autênticos dos três setores mencionados a partir de sites brasileiros e neozelandeses. Os dados foram levantados com o uso de uma ferramenta computacional para análise lingüística, o WordSmith Tools. Este trabalho está embasado em três áreas - Lingüística de Corpus, Terminologia e Turismo - e possibilitou uma reflexão a respeito do processo de extração de termos utilizando-se a Lingüística de Corpus, demonstrando como esse procedimento pode auxiliar a tornar a pesquisa lingüística e a extração de termos mais precisa e confiável, oferecendo contribuições relevantes para o processo tradutório, o ensino de línguas para fins específicos e a produção de glossários e dicionários terminológicos. / The aim of this study is to establish a comparison between the way three distinct areas related to Ecotourism - travel agencies, environmental organizations and the government - try to spread their ideas, which is reflected in the way they name their activities and the concepts they adopt concerning ecotourism. In order to achieve our goals, a comparable Portuguese and English corpus was compiled with authentic texts from Brazilian and Newzeland sites in the three areas mentioned. The data was obtained with the use of a computational tool for linguistics analysis, the WordSmith Tools. This study is grounded in three areas: Corpus Linguistics, Terminology and Tourism and enabled a reflection about the process of term extraction with the help of Corpus Linguistics, showing how this procedure can help making linguistic research and term extraction more precise and reliable, and how, in turn, this can offer useful contributions to the translation process, the teaching of language for specific purposes and the production of glossaries and terminological dictionaries.

Tourism is an economic activity that is become an important vector of economic and social development worldwide. However, the growth of tourism, as well as other economic activities, requires planning and management to minimize negative impacts and, particularly, to maximize the positive. To counteract the negative impacts of tourism and enjoy the benefits of the activity, it is observed that in some localities from different countries through the mobilization and organization of civil society, several different initiatives based on local ways of life, emerged in that the dimensions of sustainability are prerequisites for structuring the supply of tourist activities. In this perspective, there are practices of community-based tourism. For this reason, and seeking to harness the potential of the Sierra de Itabaiana National Park, located in the state of Sergipe, this work studied the communities Serra, Bom Jardim and Rio das Pedras, located around the National Park Serra de Itabaiana in order to assess eligibility for Community Based Tourism tapping the potential of that park. To this end, this research is characterized as exploratory and descriptive, the interview sources, direct and participant observation were used. It was concluded that it is implementing a community-based tourism causes the enhancement of cultural identity of the people, generates employment and income, raising the level of economic and social communities, in addition to raising the environmental awareness of residents, considering that the community-based tourism has the main assumption environmental enhancement of the region. / O turismo é uma atividade econômica que está se consolidando como importante vetor de desenvolvimento econômico e social em todo o mundo. Entretanto, o crescimento da atividade turística, assim como de outras atividades econômicas, requer planejamento e ordenamento para minimizar os impactos negativos e, principalmente, potencializar os positivos. Para se contrapor aos impactos negativos do turismo e aproveitar os benefícios da atividade, observa-se que, em algumas localidades de diferentes países, por meio da mobilização e organização da sociedade civil, surgiram diversas iniciativas diferenciadas, baseadas nos modos de vida locais, em que as dimensões da sustentabilidade são pré-requisitos para a estruturação da oferta das atividades turísticas. Nesta perspectiva, surgem as práticas de turismo de base comunitária. Por este motivo, e buscando aproveitar as potencialidades do Parque Nacional da Serra de Itabaiana, localizada no estado de Sergipe, este trabalho buscou estudar as comunidades Serra, Bom Jardim e Rio das Pedras, localizadas no entorno do Parque Nacional Serra de Itabaiana, no sentido de avaliar a aptidão para o Turismo de Base Comunitária aproveitando o potencial do referido Parque. Para tanto, essa pesquisa é caracterizada como exploratória e descritiva, tendo sido utilizada as fontes entrevista, observação direta e participante. Concluiu-se que é a implantação de um o turismo de base comunitária provoca a valorização da identidade cultural das populações, gera emprego e renda, elevando o nível econômico e social das comunidades, além da elevação da consciência ambiental dos residentes, tendo em vista que o turismo de base comunitária tem como principal pressuposto a valorização ambiental da região.

O Turismo no Espaço Rural vem sendo associado a perspectivas de desenvolvimento econômico, social e cultural na área rural e, razão pela qual, muitas localidades estão investindo neste segmento turístico, como forma de agregar valor às propriedades rurais. A partir desse contexto, a presente pesquisa foi direcionada à área de roteirização turística no espaço rural e, buscou realizar um estudo longitudinal da Rota Colonial Baumschneis, com o objetivo de analisar a construção e desenvolvimento da Rota, nos seus quatorze anos de funcionamento, buscando descobrir os fatores que somaram para a atual situação do roteiro. Para tanto, foram identificados os aspectos da criação, organização e desenvolvimento da Rota, caracterizados os atrativos que fizeram e fazem parte do roteiro, elencando seus potenciais turísticos e a motivação e permanência na atividade turística, bem como, evidenciados os fatores que levaram ao estágio atual da Rota. A metodologia que norteou o processo de pesquisa caracterizou-se por um estudo de caso, com uma abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, desenvolvida através de uma pesquisa do tipo exploratório-descritiva. A Rota Colonial Baumschneis, localizada no município de Dois Irmãos, Rio Grande do Sul, foi criada em 1998, e implantada no ano 2000, com o intuito de oferecer alternativas socioeconômicas para a comunidade, transformando as potencialidades encontradas na área rural em atrativos turísticos, enaltecendo a cultura germânica presente no município, resultado do seu processo de colonização. O roteiro tem um percurso de sete quilômetros, abrangendo, atualmente, quinze atrativos turísticos, categorizados em naturais e culturais. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a Rota Colonial Baumschneis foi criada por incentivo do Governo Municipal e, na fase de concepção, houve a participação efetiva dos proprietários e da comunidade local. Durante os quatorze anos houveram alguns ingressos de novos atrativos, entretanto, também ocorreram o desligamento de outros. Observou-se que os fatores que levaram a Rota, a atual situação, estão vinculados à ausência de interesse dos familiares em continuar a atividade da família, a duplicidade de produtos e/ou atrações em alguns atrativos, diminuindo a lucratividade destes e, principalmente a falta de retorno econômico, de divulgação, e de gerenciamento, aspectos estes que geraram frustração, acomodação e desmobilização. Todavia, ao mesmo tempo, evidenciou-se que a Rota proporcionou uma melhora na autoestima dos proprietários dos empreendimentos turísticos, os quais, hoje, se sentem valorizados pelos seus costumes e tradições germânicas, bem como, parcela dos participantes, tem perspectivas de melhora do roteiro e, estão otimistas quanto ao aumento do fluxo turístico. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. / Tourism in rural environment is related to the prospects of economic, social and cultural development in rural areas and therefore, many localities are investing in this tourist segment as a way to add value in their farms. Starting this context, this research is directed to the area of tourism in rural space and routing, though a longitudinal study of Colonial Route Baumschneis, with the aim of analyzing the construction and development of this route, in his fourteen years in operation, and seeking to discover the factors that contributed to the current situation on the route. To do so, aspects of the creation, organization and development of the route, which featured the attractions that have made and have still part of the itinerary, listing its tourist potential and motivation and his retention in tourism were identified, as well as reporting the factors that led to the current stage of the Route. The methodology that guided the research process was characterized by a case study with a qualitative and quantitative approach, developed through a survey of exploratory- descriptive. The Colonial Route Baumschneis, located in the municipality of Dois Irmãos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was created in 1998 and implemented in 2000, aiming to provide economic-social alternatives for the community, turning the potential found in rural as tourist attractions, praising German culture in this city, a result of the process of colonization. The route has seven kilometers, covering currently fifteen tourist attractions, categorized into natural and cultural. The results show that the Colonial Route Baumschneis was created by incentive of the Local Government, and at the design stage, there was the effective participation of the owners and the local community. During the fourteen years there were some inflows of new attractions, however, also other shutdown occurred. It was observed that the factors that led the route to the current situation is linked to the lack of interest of the families to continue the family activity, duplication of products and/or attractions in some cases, reducing the profitability of these, and especially the lack of economic return, disclosure, and management aspects that have generated frustration, accommodation and demobilization. However, at the same time it became clear that the route provided an improvement in self-esteem of the owners of tourist developments , which today feel valued by their customs and Germanic traditions, as well as portion of the participants has improved prospects routes and are optimistic about the increased tourist flow.

Com as grandes mudanças ocorridas no meio rural, fez-se necessário a inclusão das atividades não-agrícolas para o incremento da renda familiar rural. Como atividade paralela, o turismo no espaço rural vem auxiliando as famílias rurais a aumentar seus rendimentos e diversificar as suas atividades. Partindo dessa premissa, foi realizado um estudo comparado do turismo no espaço rural nos Conselhos Regionais de Desenvolvimento (COREDEs) Campos de Cima da Serra e Fronteira Oeste, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas fases, sendo a primeira, de caráter exploratório, onde se realizou o levantamento do número das propriedades rurais ativas, que recebiam turistas. No segundo momento, todas as propriedades foram visitadas, para aplicação de um questionário, com perguntas abertas e fechadas. Foram coletados dados em 20 propriedades rurais, em dezembro de 2013 e janeiro de 2014. Coube a esse estudo identificar e comparar as potencialidades das propriedades rurais, para o desenvolvimento do turismo no espaço rural como alternativa econômica, diferenciar as propriedades rurais que praticam agroturismo das que praticam o turismo rural em ambas as regiões, e estabelecer o perfil da geração de emprego e renda nos setores primário e terciário. Entre os resultados apresentados, foi identificado que 95% dos proprietários iniciaram a atividade turística para aumentar os rendimentos familiares. O agroturismo é o mais praticado nas duas regiões, com 55% das propriedades. Os empregos gerados pelo turismo em sua maioria são empregos temporários. / With the major changes that have occurred in rural areas, it was necessary to develop new non-agricultural activities to increase rural household incomes. As a parallel activity, tourism in rural areas has been helping rural families in increasing their income and diversifying their activities. Starting from this premise, we conducted a comparative study of tourism in the rural regional development councils (COREDEs) of Campos de Cima da Serra and Fronteira Oeste, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The survey was divided into two stages. The first was exploratory, assessing the number of active farms which received tourists. On the second stage, all these properties were visited for the application of a questionnaire with open and closed questions. Data were collected in 20 rural properties in December 2013 and January 2014. Te aim of this study was to identify and compare the potential of rural properties to the development of tourism in rural space as a cost-effective alternative, differentiate the farms practising agritourism from those practicing rural tourism in both regions, and establish the profile of the generation of employment and income in primary and tertiary sectors. Among the findings, it was identified that 95% of the owners started the tourist activity to increase family incomes. Agritourism is the most practiced in both regions, with 55 of the properties. Tourism-generated jobs are mostly temporary jobs.

O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar o turismo e seus serviços em parques. A necessidade de manutenção dos parques, a precariedade na conservação e a falta de recursos para a instalação de infra-estrutura, deixam os parques em estado de abandono. O turismo, como atividade econômica compatível com a idéia de parque, seja talvez uma das poucas atividades rentáveis para a sustentação destas unidades de conservação, no entanto os parques brasileiros são pouco visitados ou acabam não recebendo parte da receita gerada pela sua existência. Pensando nestes problemas, a pesquisa tem como interesse analisar quais os fatores necessários para uma abertura e exploração turística dos parques, tendo como objeto de investigação o Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão (PECJ). O PECJ foi escolhido por ser o mais visitado do Estado de São Paulo fora da mancha urbana da capital. Entretanto, o trabalho detectou que o parque tem deficiências de caráter físico relativo aos equipamentos de infra-estrutura que acabam por comprometer a sua visitação. A pesquisa concluiu que uma abertura turística aliada a uma alta qualidade de infra-estrutura pode resultar em uma saída para a conservação dos parques. / The purpose of the present study was to analyze tourism and tourism services in parks. The need to maintain the parks, poor conservation and lack of resources to implement infrastruture have led parks to a status of abandonment. Tourism, as an economic activity compatible with parks, is probably one of the few profitable activities to support these conservation units. However, Brazilian parks are not highly visited and tend to receive a small share of the income generated by their existence. Considering such issues, this study intended to analyze which factors are necessary to open and explore the tourism portion of parks, focusing the investigation on State Park of Campos do Jordão (Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão - PECJ). PECJ was chosen because it is the most widely visited park in the State of São Paulo located outside the capital city urban area. However, our study detected that the park has a number of a physical deficits considering infrastructure equipment that may hinder visitation. The study concluded that tourism opening combined with high quality infrastructure may lead to an alternative to park conservation.

Human interaction greatly influences the behavior and distribution of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). This project focuses on the distribution and behavior of bottlenose dolphins in the Drowned Cayes, Belize. Prior to the 2000s, the area was relatively undeveloped and undisturbed and had minimal human activity. Since the turn of the millennium, development and ecotourism activity has flourished in the area, increasing by more than 800,000 visitors from 1998-2006. Boat-based surveys were conducted in 2015 and were combined with previous survey data collected from 2005-2012 and compared to behavioral survey results from 1999-2000. Total dolphin observation time as a percent of total survey time and average number of dolphins per sighting were 17.2% and 2.7 in 1999-2000 and 10.8% and 1.6 for 2005-2015. The low number of dolphins and the low observation times suggest that the dolphin population in the Drowned Cayes have decreased since the 1990s. Eighty-nine percent of the total observation time for 2015 occurred on days in which there were zero cruise ships in the area suggesting that this decline may be in relation to increased human activity. Furthermore, foraging was the main behavior observed for both 1999-2000 and 2005-2015 data sets, suggesting that the Drowned Cayes area is used as a foraging ground. However, in 1999-2000 the foraging percentage was significantly higher than the 2005-2015 data set, dropping 28.9% and there was a 23.6% increase in traveling behavior between the two data sets. This could be a result of increased human activity. Additionally, survey photographs and results were used in the creation of the first dolphin photo identification database for the country. The guidelines used for photo analysis for photo quality and fin distinctiveness were tested to determine if they are easy to use and give consistent and reliable results regardless of judge. An intraclass correlation model calculated substantial agreement (ICC = 0.7) between judges’ scores, demonstrating consistent results, regardless of experience level. Therefore, the guideline can be used as a standard among multiple researchers.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Management Sciences: Hospitality and Tourism Management, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / The study addressed four questions using secondary annual time series data: (1) How is event spend related to economic development? (2) How are the physical attributes of the region (natural capital) related to economic development?(3) How is social cohesion related to economic development? (4) How does human capital influence economic development? The study period starts in 1994 and ends in 2016, accordingly 100 data points were pulled from the time series. Error Correction Model and Ordinary Least Squares were used as analytical tools to test the regression model developed for the study. Economic development is the dependent variable and is represented by tourism employment data sourced from Statistics South Africa. The independent variables are event spend represented by expenditure figures for culture, sports and recreation published by Statistics SA; human capital was measured using gross educational ratio for secondary education accessed from the World Bank database; natural capital was measured using the gross domestic product attained from Statistics South Africa; and social cohesion was measured using social expenditure data acquired from the South African Reserve Bank. The theoretical framework that underpins the study is the geography political theory as espoused by different authors including Collier (2007) and Kollosov (2001). On the basis of this theoretical framework the study seeks to look at the effect of event spend, natural capital, human capital and social cohesion on economic development. The findings of the study show that there is no relationship between economic development, event spend and human capital. However a relationship was established between natural capital and social cohesion. The results of the study will inform policymakers in the allocation of budgets towards major events. It will also contribute to the equitable distribution of resources to promote social cohesion in communities. / M

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Technology: Tourism and Hospitality, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / The past decades indicate enormous interest in tourism as a tool for regional economic development. However, it is not always clear if tourism creates a significant contribution to local destination communities, as, in most cases, benefits from tourism emerge slowly and usually accrue to certain groups within the community. This study is driven by the researcher’s desire in determining tourism’s contribution to local community development, and to seek ways in which the local indigenous community can enhance their standard of living through tourism. Hence, increased understanding of tourism’s contribution to community development is necessary to establish strategies to ensure that employees and community receive equal benefits from tourism. Therefore, the study sought to investigate ‘the contribution of tourism to local community development, using Shakaland Zulu Cultural Village (SZCV) as a case. A qualitative and quantitative approach was employed. However, more emphasis was placed on the qualitative approach. The study sample compromised of 84 purposely selected employees of SZCV. The data collected were coded and organised according to the interview questions and were analysed and interpreted according to five analytic categories that were based on the objectives of the study. The findings of the study indicated that: SZCV contributes to local community development; and SZCV has different tourism employment categories that improve the community’s livelihoods in Eshowe, including cultural dancers, cultural chief, traditional herbalist, sangoma, arts and craft workers, chefs, receptionist, reservationist, spaza shop retailer, food and beverage manager, front office manager, maintenance manager as well as cultural manager. The study further revealed that a few respondents received training for their positions; and that the majority of employees are involved in the decision-making process within the SZCV; however, this involvement was not at a strategic level. Furthermore, the study recomended that local community development in Eshowe needs to be improved especially through the diversification of the cultural village. This is attainable by forming a partnership with other tourism business in close proximity to the SZCV that attract a high volume of tourist, to increase the possible benefits to communities that are residing along SZCV. / M

M.Sc. / KwaNibela Peninsula is situated directly adjacent to the World Heritage Site of Lake St. Lucia, and lies between the northern parts of False Bay and Lake St. Lucia. The community of KwaNibela is not unlike many other rural communities in Africa, found in pristine areas with very little development having taken place over the years. However the pristine environment of KwaNibela is under threat from the community themselves, through excessive hunting, slash and burn bush clearing, the encroachment of alien plant species, and various uncontrolled forms of harvesting from the bush. Around the world eco-tourism has been seen as a way to sustainably fund conservation and benefit the local communities. For the conservation of the sand forests and surrounding wetland areas of KwaNibela it is necessary for the local people to see the benefit of conserving the area in their everyday life. Ecotourism has been investigated as the solution to conservation problems at KwaNibela. However it should not be neglected that for hundreds of years the people of KwaNibela have been harvesting from the bush and it is a part of their everyday life, so sustainable ways of using the natural resources in the surrounding area are also being looked at. A plan to demarcate a conservancy area is put forward and to allow limited harvesting and promote and develop tourism in that area. The education of the local community is also of paramount importance to the progression of the project, right from primary school level to the adult community members. The tourism potential of the area is immense; but depends on the development of the right infrastructure and skills to make it a success.

The primary aim of this research study was to determine the current state of practice of corporate social responsibility (CSR) within the ecotourism based private game reserve (PGR) industry in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. According to Carroll (1991) four kind of responsibilities constitute total CSR, namely economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. Given the context of this research a fifth responsibility concerning environmental responsibilities was added to Carroll 's (1991) pyramid ofCSR. A descriptive and illustrative case study approach, within the phenomenological research paradigm, was used for the purpose of this research. The unit of analysis is the Indalo group, the Association of Eastern Cape Private Game Reserves, made up of 12 ecotourism based PORs. As the current research focused on eight of the twelve PGRs a mUltiple case study was employed. To give effect to the aim a number of research objectives were identified. Firstly to desclibe and assess the current practice in implementing CSR within the ecotourism based PGR industry in the Eastern Cape Province. Secondly, to assess and evaluate the involvement of ecotourism based PGRs in the Eastern Cape Province in each of the five responsibilities comprising CSR. Thirdly, to identify the challenges faced by ecotourism based PGRs in the Eastern Cape Province with regard to the implementation of CSR initiatives. Lastly to provide pertinent conclusions and recommendations with regard to CSR strategies within the ecotourism based PGR industry in the Eastern Cape Province. Data were collected by means of in-depth interviews with the managers of each reserve. In addition the researcher conducted focus interviews with administrative employees at each of the member reserves of the Indalo group. Additionally the managers of each reserve were requested to respond to a structured five point Likert scale questionnaire based on the research by Aupperle, Carroll and Hatfield (1985). This research study found that the current practice at the Indalo group is towards a strategic, long term approach to CSR that aids in the development of a 'sustainable organisation.' The aspect of ' empowerment' emerged as the essence of the current practice ofCSR of the Indalo group. Based on the current practice it was concluded that the Indalo group is actively involved in the specific components of CSR namely, environmental, economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities. With regard to the environmental responsibilities it was concluded that the environment is the foundation upon which all other components of CSR rest. In addition it was concluded that the economic responsibilities, if managed well, are key to unlocking the CSR potential of a reserve as well as ensuring widespread economic development. In terms of the legal and ethical responsibilities it was concluded that tourism policies both at the national and international level have not aided in the development of a CSR agenda of the Indalo group. Furthermore managers of the reserves have been instrumental in cultivating their own legal culture of CSR based on their experience in the tourism industry and their ethical stances. In terms of the philanthropic responsibilities it can be concluded that charitable activities that are long term and strategic in nature allow for direct and indirect benefits to all parties involved. Overall, it can further be concluded that despite Hudson and Miller's (2005:5) view that the "tourism industry is well hehind other industries in terms of CSR" the Indalo group is moving forward in terms of rooting CSR into their everyday operations.