Submitted by Heloisa Silva (heloisa.silva@utp.br) on 2018-05-08T14:44:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 A POLÍTICA DE FECHAMENTO.pdf: 4222953 bytes, checksum: 2331571bf09c707d25359b6246cafa88 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-08T14:44:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 A POLÍTICA DE FECHAMENTO.pdf: 4222953 bytes, checksum: 2331571bf09c707d25359b6246cafa88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research problematizes the schools closing in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba (Parana State, Brazil). It aims to analyze the policy of closing public schools located in the countryside in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba and understand which the motivations for this policy are. This research is based on historical-dialectical materialism using the method of quantitative-qualitative approach, with the following procedures: 1) collection of documentary data of the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba 2) documentary analysis of the documents that register the closing of rural schools, and the Guidelines of countryside Education, 3) bibliographical review, 4) theoretical discussion considering reference authors. The fundamental category of analysis is contradiction. It was observed that the closure of schools located in the metropolitan region is an expression of the concept of Rural Education, since it is carried out from the governmental sphere. It was observed the existence of educational policies that leads to the closing of schools and can be highlighted: the policy to consolidate isolated schools until the decade of 1985, the policy of school centralization and children transport to school. This situation is due to the existing field project, closely linked to the capitalist production structure. In this sense the closing of schools is the result of a field option, taking into consideration the concentration of land and wealth generates inequalities and express negative consequences to peasants. It can be seen that the policy of closing schools in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba is marked by several motivations: political, social and economic. These include: the advance of capitalist agriculture, the promotion of children transport to school policy, the denial of peasant social practices, the lack of attention from the governmental sphere, the similarity with urban-centric pedagogical practices that deny the potential of a work focused on human formation, demobilization of community about school issues. We believe that in order to modify such relationships it is necessary to mobilize the subjects of the field. It is necessary to act from the context and reflect on it by democratically incorporating the social function of the school in dialogue, regarding the principles of countryside Education. / Esta pesquisa problematiza o fechamento de escolas na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba. Objetiva analisar a política de fechamento de escolas públicas localizadas no campo na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba e compreender como os determinantes dessa política se expressam. A pesquisa ancora-se no método do materialismo histórico-dialético com a abordagem metodológica quantitativa-qualitativa, com os seguintes procedimentos: 1) levantamento de dados documentais da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba 2) análise documental dos documentos de fechamento de escolas rurais, das Diretrizes da Educação do Campo, 3) estudo bibliográfico, 4) discussão teórica com autores que sustentam a construção teórica da investigação. A categoria fundamental de análise é a contradição. Constata-se que o fechamento de escolas localizadas no campo é uma expressão da concepção da Educação Rural uma vez que é realizada desde a esfera governamental. Coexistem políticas educacionais que forjam o fechamento de escolas, com maior expressividade a política de consolidação de escolas isoladas até a década de 1985, a política de nucleação de escolas e a política de transporte escolar. Esta realidade se efetiva mediante ao projeto de campo existente, intimamente ligado ao modo de produção capitalista. Nesta lógica o fechamento de escolas é o resultado de uma opção de campo, no sentido que a concentração de terra e de riqueza gera desigualdades e expressa consequências negativas aos camponeses. Constata-se que a política de fechamento de escolas na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba é marcada por diversos determinantes: políticos, sociais e econômicos. Destacam-se: o avanço da agricultura capitalista, o impulso à política de transporte escolar, a negação das práticas sociais dos camponeses, a falta de atenção da esfera governamental, a vinculação à práticas pedagógicas urbanocêntricas que nega a potencialidade de um trabalho voltado à formação humana, distanciamento da comunidade escolar. Acreditamos que para modificar tais relações torna-se necessária a mobilização dos sujeitos do campo. É preciso atuar desde a realidade e refletir sobre ela incorporando democraticamente a função social da escola em diálogo aos princípios da Educação do Campo.

A partir do referencial teórico da Saúde do Trabalhador e de autores da psicologia escolar/ institucional o presente trabalho objetivou analisar como se dá a articulação entre saúde/ doença, o afetar-se com o trabalho e as ações decorrentes da luta busca do bem-estar. Este estudo classifica-se como uma pesquisa qualitativa. Os sujeitos são professores de faculdades de Humanidades e da Saúde da USP. As entrevistas iniciais e os depoimentos subjacentes foram realizados a partir de um tema norteador e complementado com perguntas decorrentes, centrado na história do professor. As entrevistas foram gravadas em áudio, transcritas e as utilizadas para a pesquisa, posteriormente foram devolvidas aos entrevistados para que os participantes autorizassem o seu uso. Os depoimentos não serão identificados nem publicizados na íntegra intentando a preservação da identificação dos sujeitos. Os objetivos da pesquisa se oferecem como linhas interpretativas que nortearam o material analisado. Atentamos, também, para outros temas que foram apresentados pelos sujeitos no decorrer das entrevistas, observações e participações em outros ambientes junto aos docentes. Analisamos os depoimentos a partir das interferências institucionais das relações de poder e inserida num contexto político social no ensino superior e de discussões realizadas na área da Saúde Coletiva no que diz respeito à afetação da saúde por aspectos emocionais e psicológicos. Após a transcrição dos depoimentos dos docentes, os temas foram levantados e agrupados em subtemas relacionados com as linhas de análise. Foram feitas análises acerca dos sentidos criados pelos docentes no que se refere ao ensino, pesquisa e extensão universitárias, relações com os alunos e pares, sofrimento e prazer causados pelo trabalho, tempo livre e possíveis implicações desses aspectos em sua forma de lidar com o trabalho docente / Beginning with the theoretical framework of Occupational Health and from authors of scholastic/institutional psychology, the purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between health and disease and their impact on the work and actions arising from the \"struggle\" in the search for well-being. This study is classified as qualitative research. The subjects are college professors of Humanities and Health at the University of São Paulo. The initial interviews and secondary testimonies were held starting from a guiding theme and supplemented with questions arising that centered on the professor\'s history. The research objectives are offered as interpretive platforms that guide the material analyzed. We also considered other issues that were presented by the subjects during the interviews, observations and participation in other environments with the teachers. We analyzed the testimonies starting from the institutional interference of power relations that are embedded in a social policy context in higher education, and from discussions in the field of Public Health with regard to the effects on health of emotional and psychological factors. An analysis was made of the meanings created by teachers with regard to teaching, research and university extension programs, relationships with students and peers, suffering and pleasure caused by work, free time and the possible implications of these factors in their way of dealing with the teaching work

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal entender como as migrações são apresentadas e desenvolvidas nas apostilas de professores e alunos da rede estadual de São Paulo, desde a introdução de currículo e material unificado em 2008. As mudanças que a escola paulista sofreu desde essa data fazem parte de uma política educacional neoliberal adotada pelo governo estadual de São Paulo que sofre influências de instituições financeiras internacionais, como o Banco Mundial, que relaciona desenvolvimento econômico ao ensino. Para tanto, avaliamos tais materiais conforme nossas considerações e experiências vivenciadas dentro da sala de aula e também pelos critérios de avaliação de livros didáticos do Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD). Além das avaliações das migrações nos materiais didáticos unificados, serão também discutidas as influências internacionais no ensino de São Paulo; a formação do aluno conforme os interesses internacionais; as consequências sofridas por alunos, professores e pela escola; o currículo unificado de Geografia implantado em 2008; a utilização das apostilas em sala de aula; a nova função do professor, entre outros, que se relacionam às expectativas e a atual realidade do ensino paulista. / This work has as main objective to comprehend how migrations concepts are presented and developed in the São Paulo state schools textbooks, since the introduction of the unified curriculum and didactic material in 2008. The changes that schools underwent since 2008 are part of a neoliberal educational policy adopted by São Paulo state government, which is influenced by international financial institutions, such as World Bank, that link economic development to education. For that, we evaluated the textbooks following our considerations, based both on our own experiences in classrooms and on the evaluation criteria of the Textbook National Program (Programa Nacional do Livro Didático PNLD). In addition to evaluating migration in the textbooks, we will also discuss the international influences on São Paulo education; the student education following international interests; the consequences suffered by students, teachers and the school; the curriculum of Geography adopted in 2008; the use of textbooks in the classroom; the new role of teachers; among others, which are related to the expectations and current reality of teaching in São Paulo.

En 1983, le rapport A Nation at Risk déclencha un mouvement national de réforme de l’éducation visant à faire de l’excellence scolaire la priorité des politiques éducatives des États. La Californie s’impliqua fortement dans ce mouvement, particulièrement dans le domaine de l’histoire. En 1988, les nouvelles Recommandations pour l’enseignement de l’histoire et des sciences sociales adoptées par le conseil californien de l’Éducation mirent l’histoire au centre du programme de social studies. Alors que les guerres culturelles divisaient le pays, la Californie élabora un programme qui visait à allier excellence scolaire et multiculturalisme. En 1998, la Californie définit des normes scolaires et des objectifs de niveau pour les écoles. À partir de là, les écoles furent tenues pour responsables des performances scolaires de leurs élèves. Contrairement à ce que les réformateurs avaient initialement prévu, les tests standardisés ramenèrent la mémorisation de faits isolés dans les classes d’histoire, au détriment du raisonnement critique et de la participation sociale. À travers le cas du district scolaire unifié de Los Angeles, nous étudions le mouvement pour l’excellence scolaire dans le contexte de l’hyperpluralisme politique et culturel californien. Nous isolons les étapes successives du processus de réforme depuis l’État jusqu’aux écoles afin de mettre en évidence plusieurs aspects de la politique éducative californienne : les objectifs politiques et la culture institutionnelle sur lesquels elle s’appuie, la complexité de la mise en oeuvre par les districts et les exigences contradictoires qui pèsent sur les enseignants. / In 1983, the report A Nation at Risk launched a national education reform movement to make academic excellence the states’ education policies top priority. California became deeply involved in this movement, particularly in the subject area of history. In 1988, the new History-Social Science Framework for California Public Schools, adopted by the State Board of Education, made history the focus of the social studies curriculum. While cultural wars were dividing the country, California drafted a framework aiming to combine academic excellence with multiculturalism. In 1998, California set academic standards and goals of achievement for schools. From then on, schools were held accountable for their students’ performance. Contrary to what reformers had initially planned, standardized testing brought memorization of discrete facts back to the history classroom, to the detriment of critical thinking and social participation. By focusing on the case of Los Angeles Unified School District, we examine the academic excellence movement within California’s political and cultural hyperpluralism. We single out the successive steps of the reform process from the state level to the schools to emphasize several aspects of California’s education policy: the political goals and institutional culture supporting the reform, the complexity of implementation at the district level, and the contradictory demands made on teachers.

This study accesses the professional artistry of teaching which I argue is being eroded by the representation of teaching in a discourse of technical rationality (Fish, 1991, 1995). Accessing professional artistry is the first step towards identifying how it figures in teaching practice and how it can be (mis)represented in theory, policy and teachers' own talk about their practice. The research method involved: analysing the official New Zealand documents pertaining to teacher performance management to demonstrate how the dominant or hegemonic discourse of technical rationality marginalises the contesting discourse of professional artistry (Schon, 1983, 1987, 1995) and impacts negatively on the profession; collecting interview data through a process of video stimulated recall with student teachers to allow them to reflect on their own professional artistry; exposing the complexity of the student teachers' decision making in action through analysing the video stimulated recall data using the membership categorisation tools (Sacks, 1996; Baker, 1982, 1997, 2000) available in discourse analysis; using Fairclough's (2001) framework for Critical Discourse Analysis to explore the discursive and semiotic aspects of an identified social problem, namely teachers' disillusionment with the teaching profession and their alienation from their professional artistry, 'to produce knowledge which can lead to emancipatory change' (Fairclough, 2001, p.30). I argue that the identified problem is so deeply embedded in the discursive and semiotic aspects of the networked practices in which teaching is carried out, that a common sense interpretation of teaching is inadequate to expose the complexity of teachers' work and therefore inadequate to allow the professional artistry of teaching to be accessed and appreciated. A growing rhetoric/reality gap between teaching theory/educational policy and teaching practice serves to entrench the problem in the New Zealand Education System, positioning teachers in a disempowering discourse of technical rationality in which they are 'not to be trusted with more than the technical aspects of the job' (Fish, 1991, p.31). I argue that the contesting discourse of professional artistry valorises teachers' agency in interpreting and framing the problems of practice, crafting individual solutions to them and wanting to do a good job from a personal and professional commitment to their work and that this is the discourse in which teaching is represented at the local level by teachers themselves. This discursive positioning of teachers, contrasted with their positioning in the official discourse of educational policy offers an enlarged view of all aspects of professional practice as having the potential to inform theory as well as be informed by it, and therefore to generate new knowledge about teaching possibly leading to emancipatory change.

The purpose of this quantitative study was to develop a reliable and valid psychometric instrument, the Teacher Political Self-Efficacy Scale (TPSE Scale), for measuring K-12 teachers’ political self-efficacy in abilities to engage in activities that may directly or indirectly influence education public policymaking. Using Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory as a theoretical lens and the TPSE Scale for measurement, the problem of weak classroom teacher voice in education public policy process is explored. Two separate studies confirmed the reliability of the TPSE Scale. Construct and other forms of validity were confirmed using additional measures of Political Efficacy as citizens, teacher Instructional Efficacy, and teacher level of actual Engagement in political/civic/professional activities. Other elements to the investigative framework included Number of Years teaching, Gender, level of Educational Attainment, School Setting, and teacher perception of adequacy of school district Funding. Teachers’ reported overall low levels of TPSE which was also positively and significantly correlated to level of Engagement. While Political Efficacy as citizen and Number of Years teaching were positively and significantly related to TPSE, Instructional Efficacy was not. Male teachers were found to have significantly higher means of TPSE compared to female colleagues but there were relatively few men in the sample. Teachers with advanced degrees had significantly higher means for TPSE compared to those with bachelor’s degrees. Teachers who held perceptions that their school district had inadequate Funding had significantly lower means for TPSE compared to their colleagues who felt otherwise. There were no significant differences in the means for TPSE based on School Setting. In addition to establishing TPSE Scale reliability and validity, study results contribute to the understanding of marginalized K-12 teacher voice in education public policymaking. Results may inform the design of interventions for building teacher confidence and skill in this political domain of functioning. Scale use may also sensitize teachers to existing avenues for exercising voice that have been previously underutilized or that were not fully understood as opportunities for influencing a political process. It may influence teachers’ future choices about level of engagement.

The bond between the state and education has become stronger due to expended role and control of the state over education especially in the 21st century. Control of the state on education is embodied in educational policies which are the apparatus of modern states used to shape the education system in accordance with the basic interests and values of the society. However, educational policy is a complex, dynamic and multi-tiered concept that is formulated in a diverse sociopolitical system. Understanding the context and the dynamics of educational policy making is required to understand the dynamics of any educational system. This study aimed to investigate the formulation process of educational policies in Turkey and the U.S. through the perceptions of key actors in policy making process. On a broader perspective, this study tried to examine how certain issues became the agenda of the governments, how educational policies were formulated, under what conditions, in which context, and by which agents (persons or groups). For this purpose a qualitative comparative case study design was applied. Two specific policy initiatives of teacher education and teacher quality policies in Turkey (Career Ladders for Teachers, 2005) and Wisconsin, U.S. (Teacher Education Program Approval and Licenses: PI34, 2000) were focused as cases. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and document analysis. Seven key policy makers in each case were interviewed, and primary and secondary documents related to policies were collected. A descriptive, analytical and comparative approach was followed during the data analysis and interpretation. Results of this study showed that policy formulation process in education in two countries is highly complex and under the influence of various factors which determine the policy context in which the policy is developed. Policy context, in both countries, is intertwined by political, economic, social and international factors as well as the culture, values, beliefs, experience, variety and number of the policy actors. Policy process in Turkey, on the account of CLT, can be described as more politicized, and bureaucratic, more straightforward without policy games, and serious conflicts among the policy actors, yet more constrained, top-down, closed, government oriented and elitist process in which democratic procedures were ignored. Wisconsin, on the other hand, demonstrates a more complex policy contexts nested in different levels of government and high number of interest and pressure groups competing with each other, and based on consensus building and participation in within the realms of pluralist tradition.

Federal educational policy, No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, focused attention on America’s education with conspicuous results. One aspect, highly qualified classroom teacher and principal (HQ), was taxing since states established individual accountability structures. The HQ impact and use of data-informed decision-making (DIDM) for Texas elementary science education monitoring by campus administrators, Campus Instruction Leader (CILs), provides crucial relationships to 5th grade students’ learning and achievement. Forty years research determined improved student results when sustained, supported, and focused professional development (PD) for teachers is available. Using mixed methods research, this study applied quantitative and qualitative analysis from two, electronic, on-line surveys: Texas Elementary, Intermediate or Middle School Teacher Survey© and the Texas Elementary Campus Administrator Survey© with results from 22.3% Texas school districts representing 487 elementary campuses surveyed. Participants selected in random, stratified sampling of 5th grade teachers who attended local Texas Regional Collaboratives science professional development (PD) programs between 2003-2008. Survey information compared statistically to campus-level average passing rate scores on the 5th grade science TAKS using Statistical Process Software (SPSS). Written comments from both surveys analyzed with Qualitative Survey Research (NVivo) software. Due to the level of uncertainty of variables within a large statewide study, Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity statistical test used to validate repeated measures factor ANOVAs. Although few individual results were statistically significant, when jointly analyzed, striking constructs were revealed regarding the impact of HQ policy applications and elementary CILs use of data-informed decisions on improving 5th grade students’ achievement and teachers’ PD learning science content. Some constructs included the use of data-warehouse programs; teachers’ applications of DIDM to modify lessons for differentiated science instruction, the numbers of years’ teachers attended science PD, and teachers’ influence on CILs staffing decisions. Yet CILs reported 14% of Texas elementary campuses had limited or no science education programs due to federal policy requirement for reading and mathematics. Three hypothesis components were supported and accepted from research data resulted in two models addressing elementary science, science education PD, and CILs impact for federal policy applications. / text

ABSTRACT TITLE I ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PRINCIPALS’ PERSPECTIVES ON TEACHER PREPAREDNESS: UNIVERSITY-BASED ALTERNATIVE TEACHER PREPARATION FOR URBAN SCHOOLS by Pamela L. Gayles Colleges of education produce the majority of teacher educators in the United States. Additionally, over half of the alternative teacher preparation programs in the United States are administered by colleges of education. However, the literature reveals that few institutions concentrate on urban teacher preparation and that teacher-reform efforts have continuously insisted on high-quality teachers for high-need urban schools. This work addresses the existing gap in the extant research on urban schools by including the voices of school principals that are often unsolicited when discussing teacher preparation reform, particularly reform efforts responding to the staffing needs of Title I urban schools. This study explores the perceptions that Title I principals have of urban teaching, urban school challenges, and, most importantly, of urban teacher preparation. Individual interviews were conducted with four Title I urban elementary school principals from public schools in the Southeast. Additionally, an analysis of documents was conducted from five university-based urban alternative teacher preparation programs. Results from this research reveal that Title I school principals are aware of their staffing needs and challenges and are equally attuned to what they consider to be critical aspects of teacher preparation for Title I urban schools. This dissertation also highlights efforts underway in colleges and universities across the United States that are utilizing urban alternative teacher preparation to address staffing needs in urban schools. These efforts challenge the negative accusations about and allegations against both college of education and alternative teacher preparation programs’ inability to produce well-prepared teachers for all children, especially disadvantaged youth.

Improving the teaching of English as a foreign language in public schools is a high priority for the Dominican administration elected in 2004. Consequently, the government’s plan of action includes a pilot project that integrates language teaching strategies and methods already found in the country’s private, K-12, foreign language programs. The purpose of this naturalistic inquiry was to investigate English teaching through case studies at two private schools in hopes of guiding the country’s educational policy. The schools were selected based on their contrasting methods of foreign language instruction. One school, Imersão, follows a structured immersion program where most academic subjects are taught in English. The second school, Cervantina, teaches all subjects in Spanish, the students’ first language, and provides one hour a day of English instruction. The research process included repeated observations of classroom activities, interviews with administrators, staff and students, and reviewing teachers’ lesson plans and student products in English. The study found that effective English language teaching can be accomplished through varying methods, as elements that promote language learning were seen in each of the schools. The programs were observed to be similar in the importance placed on meeting the academic needs of students with differing abilities, as well as cultural and linguistic backgrounds, by having language classes emphasize the importance of grammar and vocabulary alongside culturally relevant authentic communication opportunities. Even though students at both schools are able to communicate orally and in writing in English, Imersão students appear better equipped to contend with complex academic situations in the second language. However, in order to concentrate almost entirely on the teaching of English, Imersão falls short of the immersion objective of concomitantly developing the primary language at age-appropriate levels. The results also suggest that encouraging students to analyze, deduce, and think in the foreign language while learning subject content in English is advantageous. Future research into this topic should explore where the threshold of optimum exposure to the foreign language inside and outside of the classroom might be in order to achieve language proficiency, therefore allowing the administration to maximize the use of limited education resources.