Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar o nível de apropriação dos principais conceitos da proposta de ensino politécnico, implantado pela Secretaria Estadual de Educação do RS (SEDUC) no ano de 2010, a partir da identificação da forma como atuam os docentes do ensino médio da Escola Estadual CAIC MADEZATTI, de São Leopoldo – RS. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados referem-se à abordagem quali-quantitativa, ou mista, sob a forma de um estudo de caso, que incluiu a aplicação de questionários junto aos técnicos da SEDUC e aos docentes da Escola Estadual CAIC Madezatti de São Leopoldo/RS que atuam no ensino médio politécnico. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente, possibilitando identificar padrões de comportamento, além da compreensão da proposta implantada pela SEDUC, por parte dos docentes. A fundamentação teórica desta pesquisa perpassa por autores que estudam reformas educacionais, politecnia e a liberdade no processo de aprendizagem. Os resultados indicaram que os sistemas educacionais são equivalentes aos sistemas sociais e, portanto, recebem fortes influências advindas da compreensão individual de seus atores, de aspectos legais, estruturais, ideológicos e políticos, dentre outros. Conclui-se o estudo destacando o desafio de promover mudanças nos sistemas educacionais, respeitando os princípios da liberdade e da democracia, e, ainda, realizando a necessária adequação do currículo e a superação da especialização disciplinar. / This study aimed to investigate the level of appropriation of the main concepts of the polytechnic proposal, implemented by SEDUC in 2010, on the identification of high school teachers work of State School CAIC MADEZATTI, São Leopoldo - RS. The adopted methodological procedures connect to a qualitative approach, in the form of a case study, which included questionnaires to the technicians of the state Department of Education RS (SEDUC) and to the polytechnic school teachers of the State School CAIC Madezatti. Data were analyzed statistically, allowing identify some patterns of behavior and also an understanding of the proposal implemented by SEDUC among teachers. The theoretical basis of this research goes by authors who study education reforms, polytechnic and freedom in the learning process. The results indicated that education systems are equivalent to social systems and receive strong influences coming from the individual understanding of its actors, legal, structural, ideological and political aspect, among others. The conclusion emphasizes the challenge of promoting changes in the educational system, respecting the principles of freedom and democracy, still doing the necessary curriculum adaptation and the overcoming of subject specialization.

Submitted by Sandra Souza (sandraso.s@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-17T19:30:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE -SANDRA SUELY SOUZA.pdf: 2963862 bytes, checksum: 90e8efa2a2b2a9b2b47254ec1bbae127 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2015-11-24T14:03:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE -SANDRA SUELY SOUZA.pdf: 2963862 bytes, checksum: 90e8efa2a2b2a9b2b47254ec1bbae127 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-24T14:03:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE -SANDRA SUELY SOUZA.pdf: 2963862 bytes, checksum: 90e8efa2a2b2a9b2b47254ec1bbae127 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia/UESB / Esta tese está inserida na linha de pesquisa Currículo e (In)formação com a intenção de investigar a tessitura da reforma curricular do curso de Pedagogia da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, campus de Jequié com vista a interpretar o acontecimento. Para o estudo optei pela hermenêutica fenomenológica de Paul Ricoeur tendo como fio condutor as narrativas em torno da política de sentido desenhada na trama. Por esse caminho, lancei mão de documentos e entrevistei as pessoas que atuaram nas Comissões em quatro momentos da reforma de 2005 a 2012. Sendo uma pesquisa de cunho fenomenológico, a proposta não teve a pretensão de analisar o currículo proposto pela reforma, mas, interpretar a sutileza da trama, tomando por acento o modo humano de agir e interagir pelos meandros das trocas intersubjetivas. Nesse sentido, optei seguir pela abordagem qualitativa e com isso, fiz o entrecruzamento do conceito de reconhecimento com o conceito de "atos de currículo" para interpretar a ação curricular pelo viés filosófico e ontológico. Vale ressaltar que o desfecho da reforma curricular se configurou num cenário onde plasmaram comportamentos, sentimentos e posicionamentos entre os sujeitos, marcado por uma política de sentido em "atos de currículo" marcado por conflitos pessoais, articulações, contradições e disputas. As narrativas desvelaram uma forte intenção de marcar território dentro da instituição, como também, interesses firmados na luta para o reconhecimento de si e pouco investimento no reconhecimento do outro. Desse modo, o período de oito anos da reforma curricular foi marcado pela ausência de um projeto político coletivo, pois, reduzido número de pessoas definiram os rumos do novo currículo do curso de Pedagogia. / ABSTRACT This thesis is inserted in the research line of the Curriculum and (In)formation, with the intention of investigating the contexture of the curriculum reform of the Pedagogy Course in the State University of Southwest Bahia, campus Jequié, in order to interpret it. Following this direction, I have used documents and interviewed people who worked in the Commissions, in four stages of the reform from 2005 to 2012.For the fact of being a phenomenological research, the proposal has not intended to analyze the curriculum presented by the reform, but interpret the subtlety of the plot, taking as substance, the human way of acting and interacting through the meanders of the intersubjective exchanges. In this sense, I chose to follow the qualitative approach, comparing the concept of recognition and the concept of 'acts of curriculum', to interpret the curriculum action through the philosophical and ontological bias. It is noteworthy that the outcome of the curricular reform was configured in a scenario where behaviors, feelings and attitudes among the individuals, marked by a sense policy in 'acts of curriculum', and marked by personal conflicts, articulations, contradictions and disputes. The narratives exposed a strong intention to delimit the territory in the institution, as well as established interests in the struggle for the self-recognition and little investment in the recognition of the other. Thus, the period of eight years of the curriculum reform was characterized by the absence of a collective political project, because few people have defined the direction of the new curriculum of the Pedagogy Course. / RESUMEN Esta tesis se inserta en la línea de estudios Currículo e (In)formación, cuya intención es investigar la tesitura de la reforma curricular del curso de Pedagogía de la Universidad Provincial del Suroeste de Bahía, campus Jequié, con vistas a interpretar el acontecimiento. Para el estudio se optó por la hermenéutica fenomenológica de Paul Ricoeur, teniendo como guía las narraciones alrededor de la política de sentido dibujada en la trama. Siguiendo este trayecto, he utilizado documentos y entrevistas realizadas con personas que trabajaron en las Comisiones, en cuatro etapas de la reforma desde 2005 hasta 2012. Por el hecho de ser una investigación de carácter fenomenológico, la propuesta no ha pretendido analizar el currículo de estudios planteado por la reforma, pero interpretar la sutileza de la trama, teniendo como base la forma humana de actuar e interactuar a través de los meandros de intercambios intersubjetivos. En este sentido, he optado por seguir el enfoque cualitativo y con eso, hice la comparación entre el concepto de reconocimiento y el concepto de ―actos de currículo‖ para interpretar la acción curricular por el sesgo filosófico y ontológico. Cabe mencionar que el resultado de la reforma curricular se configuró en un escenario donde se moldearon conductas, sentimientos y actitudes entre los individuos, señalado por una política de sentido en 'actos de currículo', marcados por conflictos personales, las articulaciones, contradicciones y disputas. Los relatos revelan una fuerte intención de marcar el territorio dentro de la institución, sino también los intereses establecidos en la lucha por el reconocimiento de sí mismo y poca inversión en el reconocimiento del otro. Por lo tanto, el período de ocho años de la reforma curricular se caracterizó por la ausencia de un proyecto político colectivo, ya que pocas personas han definido la dirección del nuevo plan de estudios del curso de Pedagogía.

Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar o nível de apropriação dos principais conceitos da proposta de ensino politécnico, implantado pela Secretaria Estadual de Educação do RS (SEDUC) no ano de 2010, a partir da identificação da forma como atuam os docentes do ensino médio da Escola Estadual CAIC MADEZATTI, de São Leopoldo – RS. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados referem-se à abordagem quali-quantitativa, ou mista, sob a forma de um estudo de caso, que incluiu a aplicação de questionários junto aos técnicos da SEDUC e aos docentes da Escola Estadual CAIC Madezatti de São Leopoldo/RS que atuam no ensino médio politécnico. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente, possibilitando identificar padrões de comportamento, além da compreensão da proposta implantada pela SEDUC, por parte dos docentes. A fundamentação teórica desta pesquisa perpassa por autores que estudam reformas educacionais, politecnia e a liberdade no processo de aprendizagem. Os resultados indicaram que os sistemas educacionais são equivalentes aos sistemas sociais e, portanto, recebem fortes influências advindas da compreensão individual de seus atores, de aspectos legais, estruturais, ideológicos e políticos, dentre outros. Conclui-se o estudo destacando o desafio de promover mudanças nos sistemas educacionais, respeitando os princípios da liberdade e da democracia, e, ainda, realizando a necessária adequação do currículo e a superação da especialização disciplinar. / This study aimed to investigate the level of appropriation of the main concepts of the polytechnic proposal, implemented by SEDUC in 2010, on the identification of high school teachers work of State School CAIC MADEZATTI, São Leopoldo - RS. The adopted methodological procedures connect to a qualitative approach, in the form of a case study, which included questionnaires to the technicians of the state Department of Education RS (SEDUC) and to the polytechnic school teachers of the State School CAIC Madezatti. Data were analyzed statistically, allowing identify some patterns of behavior and also an understanding of the proposal implemented by SEDUC among teachers. The theoretical basis of this research goes by authors who study education reforms, polytechnic and freedom in the learning process. The results indicated that education systems are equivalent to social systems and receive strong influences coming from the individual understanding of its actors, legal, structural, ideological and political aspect, among others. The conclusion emphasizes the challenge of promoting changes in the educational system, respecting the principles of freedom and democracy, still doing the necessary curriculum adaptation and the overcoming of subject specialization.

Esta pesquisa pretendeu analisar a perspectiva de professores diante de uma etapa do longo processo reformista da educação pública paulista que se desenvolve desde meados da década de 90. Em 2008, foi implantado pela Secretaria Estadual de Educação de São Paulo, o SPfe (São Paulo faz escola), programa que objetivou criar uma base curricular comum para toda a rede de ensino estadual. Afora a proposta curricular, o programa incorporou a adoção de uma política de bonificação financeira atrelada ao uso de um material didático próprio; o reposicionamento da função do coordenador pedagógico como gestor das mudanças propostas; a responsabilização dos professores pelos resultados do processo de ensino e, como desdobramento, a reestruturação da carreira docente e a criação de cursos de formação específica baseados nos conteúdos e metodologias do SPfe. A pergunta de pesquisa proposta foi: como o magistério interpreta as recentes reformas na educação paulista, no âmbito do Programa São Paulo faz escola? A pergunta tinha o objetivo de identificar as mudanças percebidas pela categoria em sua prática, especificamente no que se refere à autonomia no fazer docente diante da imposição do uso de um currículo determinado e de um material didático estruturado. A hipótese de pesquisa é a de que os professores interpretariam as reformas relacionadas ao SPfe como mudanças que retiram a sua autonomia de trabalho, uma vez que o currículo imposto pelo sistema de ensino apostilado, assim como o seu vínculo com avaliações discentes, docentes e processos de formação exerceriam controle na condução do processo pedagógico interferindo, assim, no mandato docente. Para responder a pergunta, fez-se observação e entrevista semiestruturada com oito professores da Escola Prof. Andronico de Mello. De início, os materiais prescritos foram praticamente ignorados, mas, uma grande parcela dos professores da escola passou a fazer algum tipo de uso do material. A reforma curricular, em si, não se mostrou instrumento suficientemente capaz de incluir os materiais didáticos do programa nas práticas docentes. Os professores não se convenceram dos benefícios que os materiais poderiam trazer às suas práticas. Para que isto ocorresse, foram demandados dispositivos complementares que pouco a pouco levaram o professor ao seu uso. O primeiro e mais significativo destes foi o bônus docente, relacionando o conteúdo dos materiais do programa às avaliações discentes (Saresp) e docentes (Avaliação de mérito) com vistas ao incremento salarial. O segundo dispositivo vinculou à formação oferecida aos docentes ingressantes os princípios, metodologias e conteúdos da nova base curricular num processo de (con)formação docente relativa ao programa. Por fim, a escola pesquisada tem um corpo docente com sólida formação e pouca flutuação, uma cultura voltada ao comprometimento e à autonomia, mas, a penetração das diretrizes curriculares do programa está ocorrendo paulatinamente, minando a resistência docente. Isto sugere que em contextos menos estruturados este processo avança a passos mais largos e pode estar rumando à consolidação de um sistema de controle e fragmentação do fazer docente. / This research intended to analyze the teacher´s perspective regarding the long reformist process of the Public Education of the state of São Paulo, in Brazil, which has been taking place since the middle of the 90´s. In 2008, the SEE (Department of Education of São Paulo State) implemented the SPfe (São Paulo faz escola), a program which intended to create a common base curriculum for the entire state´s educational system. Besides the proposal of the curriculum, the program also proposed the adoption of a policy of financial bonus linked to the acceptance and usage of the former; the replacement of the pedagogic coordinator function to manage those changes; making responsible the teachers for the consequences of the teaching process and, as a result, the restructuring of the teaching career and the creation of courses for specific formation based on the contents and methodologies of the SPfe. The question of this research was how the professorship has interpreted those recent reforms in the educational system of São Paulo state, known as São Paulo faz escola? The research had the objective of identifying the changes noticed by the professorship in their practice, specifically regarding their autonomy while teaching before the imposition of a pre-determined curriculum and its correspondent didactic material. The research hypothesis is that teachers interpret reform as SPfe how changes that derive their operating autonomy, since the curriculum imposed by the learnship system, as well as its link with evaluations learners, teachers and processes training have controlled the conduct of the educational process interfering thus the mandate teaching. To answer this question, through empirical research and semi-structured interviews, I interviewed eight teachers of E.E Prof. Andronico de Mello. I concluded that if at the beginning that pedagogical material was rather ignored by the teachers, currently a great number of teachers of that school, somehow employs it in their jobs. That is due to the fact that the curricular reform itself has not proven enough to be adopted as didactic material of the program on the teaching practice. Teachers were not convinced of the benefits that didactic material could bring to their teaching practice. The insertion of those didactic materials into the teaching practices was used driven by some complementary devices that slowly influenced teachers in using them. The first and most important one was the bonus. In other words, correlate the content of that material to the evaluation of students (Saresp) and teachers (evaluation of merit). The second device, linked to the formation of teachers for the new comers through the reinforcing of principles, methodologies and contents of the new curriculum in a process of (con) formation of teachers. Last, I could infer that if that specific school which has a stable group of teachers with a solid formation, besides their culture concerned with commitment and autonomy, the insertion of those curricular guidelines of this new program can be undermining the teachers resistance; we can conjecture that in some other less structured and organized schools, this process advances faster and can be going towards the consolidation of a system of control and fragmentation of the teaching practices.

A análise do campo de constituição dos princípios da reforma educacional dos anos de 1990, possibilita a investigação do mundo, da sociedade e do sujeito pressupostos no enunciado estética da sensibilidade, apresentado como princípio filosófico dessa nova concepção da educação. Este trabalho visa a analisar, particularmente, o princípio, aqui tomado como enunciado, estética da sensibilidade proposto nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais. A fim de se verificar o que possibilitou a eleição da estética da sensibilidade como um princípio da educação, considerou-se neste trabalho que a resposta a esta pergunta é indissociável da análise das condições de possibilidade do enunciado, o que implica análise do campo de constituição do enunciado estética da sensibilidade, que pode ser compreendida como parte de uma analítica da contemporaneidade. A problemática da sensibilidade em educação, na atualidade, diz respeito ao agenciamento da sensibilidade pelos dispositivos capitalistas de estetização da vida cotidiana: publicidade, marketing, industria cultural. Dentre as esferas da vida estetizadas, à educação é reservado um lugar estratégico pois ela foi convertida num dos mais importantes dispositivos do processo de reestruturação do capitalismo avançado. Assim, este trabalho questiona de que modo a nova concepção de educação opera na fabricação de sujeitos aptos a esta tarefa. / Analyzing the establishment field of educational reform principles in 1990s enables the investigation of the world, the society, or the individual, presupposed in the statement aesthetics of sensibility, presented as a philosophical principle of this new conception of education. This is a study, in special, on the principle of asthetics of sensibility, assumed here as a statement, proposed in the National Curriculum Guidelines. The attempt of understanding how this concept has been chosen as the principle of education made us understand that the answer to this question is not apart from the condition of possibilities the statement, what implies the analysis of the establishment field of the statement aesthetics of sensibility, which can be seen as well as part of an analysis of contemporary times. Publicity, marketing, and cultural industry - capitalist mechanisms which try to aestheticise life - have negotiated with the concept of sensibility. This is the problem of sensibility in education now-a-days. Education takes an essential place among the aestheticised life spheres, once it was converted in one of the most important mechanisms of advanced capitalism restructuring. Thus, this work inquires how the new conception of education operates on the shaping of individuals capable for this task.

Este estudo, bibliográfico e documental, propõe-se a uma reflexão e análise do sistema educacional angolano, desde 1975 a 2005, a partir de uma perspectiva filosófica e política. Com ele pretende-se buscar elementos que permitam compreender as relações e os fatores em torno dos quais se organizou e se desenvolveu a política educacional de Angola; e procura-se analisar as novas perspectivas políticas de reforma do sistema educacional propostas a partir de 2001 (Lei no. 13/01). O trabalho aponta a importância de efetuar-se uma análise dos fatores que determinaram a escolha e as formas de organização do sistema de ensino e sua abrangência nacional. Parte da idéia de que verdades até então incontestáveis não são mais adequadas para justificar os índices elevados de analfabetismo, a não garantia do direito à educação, a falta de acesso e a continuidade de crianças nas escolas, as condições precárias de infra-estrutura educacional, bem como a visão pedagógica que ainda persiste, não obstante o término da guerra (Fevereiro de 2002). Trata-se de uma pesquisa fundamentada em fontes bibliográficas de diferentes autores e documentos oficiais (leis) do ensino angolano e outros documentos pertinentes. O trabalho termina apontando a necessidade de o Estado priorizar um investimento maior para o setor educacional, assim como, para a formação de professores. Aponta ainda a democracia, a liberdade e a autonomia no trabalho educacional como condições fundamentais ao desenvolvimento do ensino e pesquisa. / This bibliographical and documental study aims to reflect about and analyze the educational system in Angola from 1975 to 2005, keeping a philosophical and political view. Its purpose is to bring out elements that will help to understand the relations and factors around which have been organized and developed the educational politics in Angola. Furthermore there is an evaluation of the new political perspectives proposed since 2001 in order to change this educational system (Act 13/01). This dissertation explains how important it is to make a good evaluation of the factors that determined the options and models of educational system organization and its national scope. The starting point is the idea that some truths, until now considered unquestionable, are not appropriate to justify the high levels of illiteracy, the non-guarantee of education to all the Angolan population, the faulty access to education, and the students evasion, the poor conditions of educational facilities, as well as the pedagogical vision still remaining after the war (February, 2002). The research was based in bibliographical resources from different authors, official documents (Acts) about Angolan education system, and other documents. At the end this work shows that the government has firstly to invest more in the educational sector, as well as in the teachers\' background. The final conclusion is that democracy, liberty and freedom in the educational system are basic conditions to develop the teaching and researching fields.

Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar o nível de apropriação dos principais conceitos da proposta de ensino politécnico, implantado pela Secretaria Estadual de Educação do RS (SEDUC) no ano de 2010, a partir da identificação da forma como atuam os docentes do ensino médio da Escola Estadual CAIC MADEZATTI, de São Leopoldo – RS. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados referem-se à abordagem quali-quantitativa, ou mista, sob a forma de um estudo de caso, que incluiu a aplicação de questionários junto aos técnicos da SEDUC e aos docentes da Escola Estadual CAIC Madezatti de São Leopoldo/RS que atuam no ensino médio politécnico. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente, possibilitando identificar padrões de comportamento, além da compreensão da proposta implantada pela SEDUC, por parte dos docentes. A fundamentação teórica desta pesquisa perpassa por autores que estudam reformas educacionais, politecnia e a liberdade no processo de aprendizagem. Os resultados indicaram que os sistemas educacionais são equivalentes aos sistemas sociais e, portanto, recebem fortes influências advindas da compreensão individual de seus atores, de aspectos legais, estruturais, ideológicos e políticos, dentre outros. Conclui-se o estudo destacando o desafio de promover mudanças nos sistemas educacionais, respeitando os princípios da liberdade e da democracia, e, ainda, realizando a necessária adequação do currículo e a superação da especialização disciplinar. / This study aimed to investigate the level of appropriation of the main concepts of the polytechnic proposal, implemented by SEDUC in 2010, on the identification of high school teachers work of State School CAIC MADEZATTI, São Leopoldo - RS. The adopted methodological procedures connect to a qualitative approach, in the form of a case study, which included questionnaires to the technicians of the state Department of Education RS (SEDUC) and to the polytechnic school teachers of the State School CAIC Madezatti. Data were analyzed statistically, allowing identify some patterns of behavior and also an understanding of the proposal implemented by SEDUC among teachers. The theoretical basis of this research goes by authors who study education reforms, polytechnic and freedom in the learning process. The results indicated that education systems are equivalent to social systems and receive strong influences coming from the individual understanding of its actors, legal, structural, ideological and political aspect, among others. The conclusion emphasizes the challenge of promoting changes in the educational system, respecting the principles of freedom and democracy, still doing the necessary curriculum adaptation and the overcoming of subject specialization.

Esta tese pretende analisar comparativa e criticamente as leis responsáveis pelas reformas educacionais implantadas no Brasil e na Espanha após a redemocratização, período que tem como marco as respectivas Constituições, de 1988 e de 1978. Como as reformas educativas são um fenômeno complexo e multidimensional, serão analisadas somente do ponto de vista estrutural atendose ao ensino médio e curricular atendose à disciplina Geografia. Com base nos documentos do Ministério da Educação (Brasil) e do Ministério de Educación y Ciencia (Espanha), procurarseá investigar as justificativas, as contradições e os conflitos de interesse políticoeconômicos e ideológicos envolvidos nos processos reformistas. Serão pesquisadas ainda as divergências epistemológicas e teóricometodológicas subjacentes à modalidade curricular das reformas. Para tanto, é importante desvendar especialmente o conceito de sociedade do conhecimento, uma das justificativas mais recorrentes para tais reformas, além dos conceitos de reforma educacional, currículo, conhecimentos, competências, ideologia, entre outros. Serão discutidos também os conceitos e as categorias da Geografia, especialmente nos documentos brasileiros, procurando desvendar eventuais incoerências e conflitos teóricometodológicos existentes nesse campo disciplinar. Para atingir os objetivos enunciados acima, a pesquisa se fundamentará no método de abordagem críticodialético. Para sua constituição, serão buscados subsídios na teoria crítica dos pensadores da Escola de Frankfurt, especialmente em Horkheimer e Habermas, e na lógica dialética, particularmente como interpretada por Lefebvre. Com base nos pressupostos desse método de abordagem, é importante verificar se os processos de reforma têm contribuído ou não para a emancipação dos sujeitos professores e alunos a que se destinam. Isso exige uma discussão sobre o significado de emancipação. / The purpose of this thesis is to analyze comparatively and critically the laws responsible for the educational reform implanted in Brazil and Spain after the redemocratization, which is marked by the Constitutions of 1988 and 1978. Due to the fact that education reforms are a complex and a multidimensional phenomenon, they will be analyzed solely from the structural aspect restricting them to high school and curricular restricting them to Geography subject. The justifications, contradictions, as well as the ideological and politicaleconomic conflicts, involved in reforming process will be examined based on documents from Ministério da Educação (Brazil) and from Ministério de Educación y Ciencia (Spain). In addition to that, it will be researched the epistemological and theoreticalmethodological divergence underlying the curricular modality of reforms. Therefore, it is important to unveil especially the concept of knowledge society, which is one of the most appellant reasons for such reforms, beyond concepts of educational reforms, curriculum, knowledge, competencies, ideology and so on. It will be discussed also concepts and categories of Geography, especially in Brazilian documents pursuing unveil eventual contradictions and theoreticalmethodological conflicts existing in the field of Geography. To achieve the purposes mentioned above, the research will be substantiated in the critical theory and the dialectical method. In order to establish it, subsidies on the critical theory of Frankfurt School thinkers will be pursued, especially Horkheimer and Habermas, and on the dialectic logic, particularly interpreted for Lefebvre. Based on prior conjecture of this method of approach, it is important to verify if the processes of reform have contributed or not to the individuals emancipation teachers and students for whom they are designated. That demands a discussion about the meaning of emancipation.

M.Ed. (Educational Management) / Eighteen years after the introduction of several education reform policies, education in South Africa continues to be unequal and complicated. Departmental officials within the Department of Basic Education, educationists and academics have disclosed the trauma and the devastation that the apartheid propagandists’ discriminatory policies have caused. This has forced the current stakeholders to embark on a vigorous campaign to re-evaluate the transformational policies that were designed to hasten progress to erase the inhumane atrocities of the pre-apartheid and apartheid eras. It has therefore become the National Department of Basic Education’s responsibility to change the discriminatory thoughts, attitudes and behaviours of the past. Most important of all, this department has had the responsibility of redirecting resources and investments to those schools that have been victims of the oppressive laws of the past and bring them on par with schools that had benefited from apartheid. The present government therefore has set its attention on correcting the imbalances of the past by focusing on the poorest of the poor and targeting the segments of society in which poverty is the dominant social ill, and by creating equity and social justice. This approach led to the formulation of the National Norms and Standards for School Funding in public schools in 1998 (South Africa, 1998), hereafter referred to as the “NNSSF in public schools”. This policy provides guidelines for the distribution of government resources to “poor schools” in order to align these schools with apartheid institutions of learning. Historically it has been concluded that schools with few or poor resources have difficulty in providing good quality education in comparison with those that had benefited from the apartheid regime. It has therefore become the post-apartheid government’s responsibility to bring the poor and rich schools on par. The state has realised that this can be done through the NNSSF in public schools and using equity and social justice as the catalyst. Through this policy it was the government’s intention to transform schools and redress the inequalities and imbalances of the past. This approach was intended to create an education system that would embrace learner diversity and ensure that all learners were granted equal educational opportunities, irrespective of their race, colour, creed or class. Using the qualitative method, the general aim of this research was to determine the perceptions of stakeholders in six schools with regard to the progress made by the NNSSF in public schools. Matters that have impacted on the implementation of equity and social justice are also discussed in this report. Included is also the identification of the challenges that may have been encountered in the implementation of the NNSSF in public schools. The core focus of the study is on the disparities between the intention and the implementation of the NNSSF in public schools in terms of equity and social justice, and the implications of this policy on the day-to-day functioning and operations of these six public schools. The schools that were evaluated were schools in quintiles 1, 2 and 5. The Education Laws Amendment Act, No. 24 of 2005 provides that the Minister of Education distinguish between five national poverty quintiles. Schools categorised in quintiles 1 and 2 are classified as “no fee” schools and these quintiles receive one hundred per cent state funding to the poorest of the poor schools. The findings of this research should benefit the poor in South Africa, who are black in the majority and have had a long history of discrimination through a system of segregated and unequal educational funding that had been in practice from the time that the South African Party in 1910 and the National Party in 1948 took control (Christie, 1991:55). During this period education for whites was free and compulsory while blacks were deliberately kept illiterate and ignorant for purposes of manual and household labour. It was for that reason that when the government of national unity came into power it ensured that statutory documents such as the Constitution of South Africa and the NNSSF in public schools policy became legislation to protect the democratic processes that are instrumental in redressing the inequities and imbalances of the past. There are still very few studies conducted by scholars based on the implementation of the NNSSF in public schools to achieve equity and social justice. In this study, the researcher looked at the effects of the funding policy on equity and social justice and found out that the gap between the previously disadvantaged (black) and the advantaged (white) is still wide owing to the slow and sometimes ineffective implementation of the NNSSF in public schools in pursuit of equity and social justice.

Public education is in the ongoing process of developing student-focused and personalized learning approaches. This transformation effort requires school staffs to shift cultures toward collaboration and continuous professional development in pursuit of meaningful and equitable learning success for all students. In order to address this need, close examination of social interactions during recurring professional discussions is required. The purpose of this sociocultural study was to investigate how a group of educators collectively made sense of pedagogical practices and beliefs over time, and to identify practices conducive to their professional learning in a situated series focused on instructional leadership within a British Columbia school district. Participants were 10 newly appointed vice-principals and vice-principal candidates, one assistant superintendent, and myself as the researcher and series facilitator. Data collection included audiotaping of five 3-hour sessions across a three-month period, participant reflections written during sessions and in blog posts between sessions, and associated artefact and macro-Discourse data. Transcriptions provided the primary data source for the critical discourse analysis (Gee, 2011a) and sociocultural discourse analysis (Mercer, 2008, 2010) methods. Findings indicated shifts in the nature of participation for the group of educators across sessions, including the development of sense of community, collective familiarization with and application of productive discursive interactions, and the co-construction of common pedagogical knowledge. The findings extend the literature on educational leadership and professional development, as I elaborate how these shifts emerged as a collective endeavour over time and discuss noteworthy supportive conditions. / Graduate