This dissertation contributes to the study of American Christianity by tracing the apocalyptic thought of New England evangelical Calvinism from Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) to Lyman Beecher (1775-1863). Covering the period of the First Great Awakening in the eighteenth century to the dawn of the Second Great Awakening in the nineteenth century, the study identifies Edwards as the progenitor of a distinctive tradition of Calvinist apocalyptic thought. Edwardsean historical-redemptive apocalypticism highlights the “work of redemption” as the unfolding spiritual drama of conversion enacted in various historical stages. Its three-fold emphasis is on revivalism, the afflictive nature of church history, and the cosmic dimensions of an overarching redemptive narrative culminating in Christ’s Second Coming. Edwards’s immediate disciples, Joseph Bellamy (1719-1790) and Samuel Hopkins (1721-1803), reinterpreted their mentor’s insights to create an Edwardsean school of New England “New Divinity” thought. Beneath the veneer of New Divinity theology was a strong undercurrent of Edwardsean apocalypticism, which the second generation Edwardseans adapted to reflect the young nation’s call to social action. The revivals of the Second Great Awakening were driven in large part by the millennial spirit of this New Divinity apocalyptic tradition. Due to rapid societal changes at the turn of the century, Edwardseans of the third generation led the efforts in institutionalizing religious and moral reform activities. Along with this Protestant “kingdom building” came a shift in Edwardsean eschatological priorities. It moved away from the central Edwardsean motif of conversion/redemption to moralism—from a theology centered upon otherworldly apocalypticism toward a greater focus on societal reform. This transition from subsuming the grand narrative of redemption under the overall rubric of God’s sovereignty to one that viewed the millennium in relation to humanistic moral reform was led by Lyman Beecher (1775-1863), who serves as the representative of the “millennial turn” in Edwardsean apocalypticism during the Second Great Awakening. An overview of Edwardsean apocalyptic thought between the two Great Awakenings provides historians an important window to connect and interpret the development of New England Calvinist eschatology that few have explored in depth. These ideas continue to enlighten our understanding of modern-day iterations of evangelical eschatology.

No description available.

No description available.

To advance conservation in the increasingly fragmented landscape of Madagascar, we must examine the persistence and interactions of species in human-disturbed habitats. I investigated lemur-predator interactions in southeastern Madagascar through a comparison of predator communities and anti-predator behaviors of Milne-Edwards' sifakas (Propithecus edwardsi) in the continuous rainforest of Ranomafana National Park, and the forest fragments of Ialatsara Forest Station. I confirmed the presence of potential aerial predators at each site, but the sifakas' confirmed native mammalian predator, fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox), was absent from the fragmented site. Playbacks of predator vocalizations did not suggest that fragment-living sifakas have weakened anti-predator responses, but that their responses may be less specific than those of conspecifics in the continuous forest. I found that fragment-living sifakas displayed less downward vigilance and more frequently used low canopy heights; these behaviors may increase their vulnerability to recolonizing ground predators. I investigated local ecological knowledge (LEK) of carnivore ecology in communities 0–20 km from continuous forest to explore the potential for such recolonization. My findings from 182 interviews in 17 communities suggest that the fossa is especially sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance; it was only observed in communities ≤ 2.5 km from the continuous forest within the last five years. In contrast, the introduced small Indian civet (Viverricula indica) and wild cat (Felis silvestris) were distributed ubiquitously and displayed an affinity to human-dominated habitats. LEK surveys can provide information on the poorly understood responses of the Malagasy carnivores to the threats they face in a changing landscape. / Master of Science

Virtue can be seen as a core construct of pastoral theology when it is understood as a relational dynamic which includes the experience of suffering and the pastoral response of compassion. This thesis probes the philosophical theology of Jonathan Edwards, who proposed that virtue is a form of beauty defined as "consent to being." Edwards' construct of virtue is examined from its inception in his pastoral work at Northampton parish. Although it was offered in the context of the 18th century debates in moral philosophy, it is argued that Edwards' idea of virtue is a unique theological contribution to our understanding of the nature of virtue. The implications of this conception of virtue are weighed against current discussions in ethics and moral philosophy on the theme of virtue. Edwards' idea of "consent to being" is expanded from a pastoral theological perspective to include the notion of compassion as an integrative motif. The structure of experience and how we speak about our experiences are explored in relation to this aesthetic understanding of virtue as a form of beauty. This leads to the notion of compassion as ontological consent. Since language is the vehicle by which our experiences are conveyed, the thesis probes the issue of how moral vision is expressed in "experience-near" language through parable, poem, and lament. Moral vision is articulated most adequately through such language, the formulation of which takes the form of a necessary quest. The thesis concludes with a constructive proposal concerning a mature pastoral theology of virtue. This may be seen as an expansion of Edwards' concept of "consent to being" from the vantage point of pastoral theology. It is argued that a dynamic vision of virtue requires some connection between the experience of suffering and the inward striving toward the greatest good. The essence of virtue can be best understood, from a pastoral theological perspective, as the relational dynamic of "suffering with" another human being. / Practical Theology / D.Th. (Practical Theology)

Virtue can be seen as a core construct of pastoral theology when it is understood as a relational dynamic which includes the experience of suffering and the pastoral response of compassion. This thesis probes the philosophical theology of Jonathan Edwards, who proposed that virtue is a form of beauty defined as "consent to being." Edwards' construct of virtue is examined from its inception in his pastoral work at Northampton parish. Although it was offered in the context of the 18th century debates in moral philosophy, it is argued that Edwards' idea of virtue is a unique theological contribution to our understanding of the nature of virtue. The implications of this conception of virtue are weighed against current discussions in ethics and moral philosophy on the theme of virtue. Edwards' idea of "consent to being" is expanded from a pastoral theological perspective to include the notion of compassion as an integrative motif. The structure of experience and how we speak about our experiences are explored in relation to this aesthetic understanding of virtue as a form of beauty. This leads to the notion of compassion as ontological consent. Since language is the vehicle by which our experiences are conveyed, the thesis probes the issue of how moral vision is expressed in "experience-near" language through parable, poem, and lament. Moral vision is articulated most adequately through such language, the formulation of which takes the form of a necessary quest. The thesis concludes with a constructive proposal concerning a mature pastoral theology of virtue. This may be seen as an expansion of Edwards' concept of "consent to being" from the vantage point of pastoral theology. It is argued that a dynamic vision of virtue requires some connection between the experience of suffering and the inward striving toward the greatest good. The essence of virtue can be best understood, from a pastoral theological perspective, as the relational dynamic of "suffering with" another human being. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D.Th. (Practical Theology)

Contexte: L'implantation valvulaire aortique par cathéter (TAVI) est une procédure relativement jeune dont l'objectif est de traiter les patients atteints de sténose aortique sévère pour qui la chirurgie cardiaque conventionnelle est considérée à haut risque ou contre-indiquée. Cette procédure a subi, au fil du temps, des améliorations sur le plan technologique (succession de différentes générations de prothèses valvulaires) ainsi que sur le plan technique (simplification des différentes étapes de la procédure). Objectif: L'objectif de ce travail est de décrire l'impact clinique d'une avancée technologique, soit le passage de la deuxième vers la troisième génération de la prothèse Edwards, et d'une avancée technique, soit l'implantation de la prothèse sans pré-dilatation de la valve native. Méthodes: Nous présentons d'abord, par le biais d'une revue et méta-analyse, les résultats cliniques du TAVI au début de son utilisation à plus grande échelle, en 2012. Ensuite, une étude monocentrique rétrospective dans un centre à haut volume décrit les résultats du passage de la deuxième vers la troisième génération de la valve Edwards chez 507 patients. Enfin, une étude rétrospective avec appariement a testé différentes stratégies de pré-dilatation durant la procédure: une pré-dilatation systématique, une pré-dilatation sélective chez des patients présentant des caractéristiques cliniques précises, et l'absence de pré-dilatation. Résultats: Dans l'article présentant les résultats cliniques au début de l'expérience TAVI, le taux de mortalité à 30 jours variait entre 5 et 18%. Le taux de décès à 1 an était estimé à 23% (méta-analyse, random effects model). Le taux d'AVC à 30 jours était entre 0 et 6.7% et le taux de complication vasculaire majeure entre 2 et 16%. L'étude sur le passage de la SAPIEN XT vers la SAPIEN 3 a montré une diminution non significative de la mortalité à 30 jours (de 8.7 à 3.5%; p=0.21) et des AVC à 30 jours (de 2.8 à 1.4%; p=0.6), ainsi qu'une diminution significative des complications vasculaires majeures à 30 jours (de 9.9 à 2.8%; p<0.0001). Cependant, il y a eu une augmentation significative du taux de pacemaker (de 9.8 à 17.3%; p=0.03). L'étude sur la pré-dilatation versus le direct TAVI a montré une absence d'effet adverse du direct TAVI en termes de décès ou complications vasculaires à 30 jours. Nous avons trouvé une tendance à la réduction des AVC avec le direct TAVI (3 vs. 1%; p=0.11), en particulier chez les patients avec une valve aortique peu ou modérément calcifiée. Cependant, chez les patients avec calcification extensive de la valve, le risque de malposition de la prothèse était numériquement plus élevé. Au cours des 3 études présentées, la mortalité à 1 an a peu évolué (entre 20 et 25%). Conclusions: Les événements adverses à court terme ont diminué après le changement de génération de valve Edwards. Le direct TAVI permet de simplifier la procédure sans augmenter les taux d'effets adverses. Cependant, les deux avancées présentent des limites qui incitent à la prudence. / Context: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a relatively young procedure intended to treat patients with severe aortic stenosis who are at high risk for conventional surgery, or inoperable. This procedure underwent multiple technological improvements (successive generations of devices) and multiple technical improvements (simplification of various steps in the procedure). Objective: We intend to describe the clinical impact of a technological improvement (the transition from the second to the third generation of the Edwards device in a high-volume center) and that of a technical improvement (TAVI without pre-dilatation, known as direct TAVI). Methods: We first describe, through a meta-analysis, the state of TAVI at the beginning of its widespread use, in 2012. Next, we describe, through a single-center retrospective study, the clinical impact of the transition from the second to the third generation of the Edwards device in 507 patients. Finally, in a retrospective study with matching, we tested three pre-dilatation strategies: systematic pre-dilatation, selective pre-dilatation, and direct TAVI. Results: In the article describing the initial TAVI experience, the 30-day mortality rate was between 5 and 18%. One-year mortality was estimated at 23% by meta-analysis (random effects model). Stroke rate at 30 days was between 0 and 6.7% and major vascular complication rate was between 2 and 16%. The transition from SAPIEN XT to SAPIEN 3 resulted in a non-significant reduction in 30-day mortality (from 8.7 to 3.5%; p=0.21) and 30-day stroke rate (from 2.8 to 1.4%; p=0.6), and a significant reduction in major vascular complications (from 9.9 to 2.8%; p<0.0001). However, there was a significant increase in permanent pacemaker rate (from 9.8 to 17.3%; p=0.03). Next, we found no adverse effect of performing direct TAVI in terms of mortality or vascular complications at 30 days. We found a trend towards a reduction in stroke rate with direct TAVI (3 vs. 1%; p=0.11), particularly in patients with mildly or moderately calcified valves. However, in those with extensive valvular calcification, the risk of device malposition was numerically higher. In all three studies presented, there was little variation in 1-year mortality (20 to 25%). Conclusions: Short-term adverse events were reduced by the transition towards the third-generation Edwards device. Direct TAVI is feasible and safe. However, both of these improvements have limitations and should be considered carefully.

Depuis quelques années, la microplasturgie est un secteur en plein développement. Cependant, le comportement rhéologique des matériaux polymères dans des géométries très minces (dimension inférieure à 100 µm) n’est pas bien caractérisé. Peu de travaux ont été entrepris à ce sujet, en particulier en ce qui concerne les écoulements de Poiseuille qui sont pourtant les plus représentatifs des conditions de mise en œuvre usuelles. Ainsi, ce travail a pour but la mise au point d’une méthode expérimentale permettant d’obtenir des données pertinentes afin de caractériser de façon approfondie le comportement des matériaux polymères en écoulement de Poiseuille dans des géométries micrométriques. Afin de décrire au mieux la physique de tels écoulements, nous avons également cherché à les simuler numériquement, soit en utilisant des lois de comportement classiques, soit à l’aide de modèles se référant à la dynamique moléculaire. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, une filière à fente plate instrumentée avec des capteurs de pression et température, d’entrefer variant entre 50 et 200µm, a été conçue afin d’effectuer des mesures à l’aide d’un rhéomètre capillaire. Ce dispositif a été validé en confrontant les mesures à celles obtenues par d’autres méthodes (rhéométrie capillaire en filière classique et rhéométrie dynamique). Le glissement à la paroi a également été étudié, selon la méthode de Mooney. La simulation numérique de l’écoulement a d’abord été réalisée à l’aide de POLYFLOW®. L’effet de la pression sur la géométrie ainsi que sur le matériau polymère a été étudié. Puis, l’écoulement a également été simulé sous MATLAB® en utilisant des lois constitutives de type moléculaire basées sur le modèle du tube de Doï-Edwards ainsi que sur le concept de « Molecular Stress Function » introduit par Wagner pour rendre compte des effets d’orientation des molécules (variation du diamètre du tube) dans le champ de contraintes. L’écart constaté entre ces calculs et les résultats expérimentaux est expliqué et discuté à la lumière des simulations sous POLYFLOW®. Il modifie les perspectives d’étude de ce type d’écoulements. / The rheological behavior of polymer melts in microscale geometries is not really understood yet. In such processes which involve gaps thinner than 100µm (e.g. micro-injection molding), the material behaves differently compared to macroscopic flows. Besides, most polymer processing techniques involve pressure flows and only very few studies can be found about pressure flows in such thin geometries. The aim of this study was, first, to develop an experimental method which can provide relevant data about the rheological behavior of polymer melts in pressure flow taking place in microscale geometries. In order to get better descriptions of the physics involved in such flows, numerical simulation with commercial and home-made softwares was also implemented, especially with molecular dynamics constitutive models. Thus, a modular rheometrical slit die equipped with pressure and temperature transducers was designed to be adapted to a capillary rheometer, with different gap dimensions available, between 50µm and 200µm. The device was assessed by comparing to usual rheological ones, and wall slip was investigated according to Mooney’s method. Then, simulation of the flow was performed with POLYFLOW®. The pressure effect on the geometry and on the polymer material was investigated. Besides, simulation was also conducted with MATLAB® by implementing the Doi-Edwards’ tube model (reptation theory) and the Molecular Stress Function concept of Wagner to take into account the enhanced orientation of the molecules due to the very close vicinity of the die walls. Experimental results were compared to calculations, and the discussion of the discrepancies was supported by POLYFLOW® simulations. The conclusions somewhat modify the prospects for future studies of such flows.

一研究動機 歷史上，經常有貿易保護者提出希望藉由稅關稅課征以改變實質匯率進而改善經常帳 。例如：Edwards,S(1987) 曾提出了一兩期三財模型，對此關係加以解釋。然而在E- dwards的兩期三財模型分析中，並無法探討實質匯率及經常的動態調整過程，且實質 匯率最后的升貶結果無法確定。同時該模型亦未引入資本累積的概念。 另一方面，林柏生教授(1989)最近提出一包含資本累積的兩部門無限期最適動態模型 ，並利用其探討關稅對經常帳的影響；其結論為：若一國專業化生產，則關稅對資本 和經常帳不受影響；若同時生產兩財，則其影響決定於兩財的要素密集度和起初是否 為自由貿易的情況，然而此模型分析中缺乏了Edwards 模型中的非貿易財，如此關稅 變動將缺少另一透過實質匯率，進而影響經常帳，資本的管道。 因此本文試圖結合該兩篇論文，拮取各自的優點，並配合林柏生教授的理論架構，加 以擴充，建立一個無限期、三財且包含成長體系的模型，探討貿易條件的變動，對實 質匯率以其經常帳和成長的影響。 二章節結構 1.緒論 2.文獻回顧 3.模型設立與分析 4.結論

Alors qu'initialement utilisés pour résoudre le Problème du Logarithme Discret (DLP) dans le groupe de points d'une courbe elliptique, les couplages sont très à la mode en cryptographie ces années car ils permettent de construire de nouveaux protocoles cryptographiques. Cependant, le calcul efficace du couplage dépend de l'arithmétique du modèle de courbe elliptique choisi et du corps sur lequel cette courbe est définie. Dans cette thèse, nous calculons le couplage sur deux modèles de Jacobi de courbes elliptiques puis nous introduisons et étudions l'arithmétique d'un nouveau modèle d'Ewards de courbe elliptique défini en toutes caractéristiques. Plus précisément, Nous utilisons l'interprétation géométrique de la loi de groupe sur l'intersection des quadriques de Jacobi pour obtenir pour la première fois dans la littérature, les formules explicites de la fonction de Miller pour le calcul du couplage de Tate sur cette courbe. Pour un calcul de couplage avec un degré de plongement pair, nous définissons la tordue quadratique pour obtenir des étapes de doublement et d'addition efficaces dans l'algorithme de Miller. Ensuite nous utilisons un isomorphisme entre la quartique spéciale de Jacobi Ed: Y²=dX⁴+Z⁴ et le modèle de Weierstrass pour obtenir la fonction de Miller nécessaire au calcul du couplage de Tate. Pour un degré de plongement divisible par 4, nous définissons la tordue d'ordre 4 de cette courbe pour obtenir un résultat meilleur du calcul du couplage de Tate par rapport aux courbes elliptiques sous forme de Weierstrass. Notre résultat améliore en même temps les derniers résultats obtenus sur cette courbe. Ce résultat est donc le meilleur connu à ce jour, à notre connaissance, pour le calcul du couplage de Tate sur les courbes possédant des tordues d'ordre 4. En 2006, Hess et al. introduisent le couplage Ate, qui est une version améliorée du couplage de Tate. Nous calculons ce couplage et ses variantes sur la même quartique. Nous y obtenons encore des résultats meilleurs. Notre troisième contribution est l'introduction d'un nouveau modèle d'Edwards de courbe elliptique d'équation 1+x²+y²+x²y²=Xxy. Ce modèle est ordinaire sur les corps de caractéristique 2 et nous montrons qu'il est birationnellement équivalent au modèle original d'Edwards x²+y²=c²(1+x²y²) en caractéristique différente de 2. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons la théorie des fonctions thêta et un modèle intermédiaire que nous appelons modèle thêta de niveau 4. Nous utilisons les relations de Riemann des fonctions thêta pour étudier l'arithmétique de ces deux courbes. Nous obtenons d'une part une loi de groupe complète, unifiée et en particulier compétitive en caractéristique 2 et d'autre part nous présentons les meilleures formules d'addition différentielle sur le modèle thêta de niveau 4. / While first used to solve the Discrete Logarithm Problem (DLP) in the group of points of elliptic curves, bilinear pairings are now useful to construct many public key protocols. The efficiency of pairings computation depends on the arithmetic of the model chosen for the elliptic curve and of the base field where the curve is defined. In this thesis, we compute and implement pairings on elliptic curves of Jacobi forms and we study the arithmetic of a new Edwards model for elliptic curves defined over any finite field. More precisely, We use the geometric interpretation of the group law of Jacobi intersection curves to obtain the first explicit formulas for the Miller function in Tate pairing computation in this case. For pairing computation with even embedding degree, we define and use the quadratic twist of this curve to obtain efficient formulas in the doubling and addition stages in Miller's algorithm. Moreover, for pairing computation with embedding degree divisible by 4 on the special Jacobi quartic elliptic curve Ed :Y²=dX⁴+Z⁴, we define and use its quartic twist to obtain a best result with respect to Weierstrass curves. Our result is at the same time an improvement of a result recently obtained on this curve, and is therefore, to our knowledge, the best result to date on Tate pairing computation among all curves with quartic twists. In 2006, Hess et al. introduced the concept of Ate pairing which is an improving version of the Tate pairing. We extend the computation of this pairing and its variations to the curve E_d. Again our theoretical results show that this curve offers the best performances comparatively to other curves with quartic twists, especially Weiertrass curves. As a third contribution, we introduce a new Edwards model for elliptic curves with equation 1+x²+y²+x²y²=\lambda xy. This model is ordinary over binary fields and we show that it is birationally equivalent to the well known Edwards model x²+y²=c²(1+x²y²) over non-binary fields. For this, we use the theory of theta functions to obtain an intermediate model that we call the level 4 theta model. We study the arithmetic of these curves, using Riemann relations of theta functions. The group laws are complete, unified, efficient and are particularly competitive in characteristic 2. Our formulas for differential addition on the level four theta model over binary fields are the best to date among well known models of elliptic curves.