原產地規則已形成一項重要的貿易問題，其對商業進口型態與工廠尋求供 應來源決策之決定有相當影響。因此，企業於尋求最具成本效益之零組件 購買時，必須考慮零組件和最終產品之原產地將會如何被定義，如此才能 了解通關條件和關稅適用情形。於選擇製造廠和裝配工廠的設廠地點時， 企業也必須考慮於最終市場，其產品的原產地將如何被定義，以求能使其 產品之關稅和非關稅貿易障礙降至最低。企業全球化之增加與各國經濟的 互相依賴，使得產品原產地的決定變得相當困難。而且，進口產品的差別 待遇，傳統貿易障礙使用之額外限制，與企業的全球化策略，均使原產地 規則愈來愈重要。雖然政府目前正在草擬“進口貨品原產地認定標準”草 案，但目前國內對原產地規則之研究尚屬有限。基於使我國企業界進一步 了解此重要議題於世界主要貿易體之適用情形，以作為企業於本國與海外 投資和設廠等決策之參考，以及因應我國加入 GATT 及將成立之世界貿易 組織（ World Trade Organization； WTO）後，於原產地規則之國際多 邊談判需要，特對產品與生產者之原產地規則，及原產地規則之政治經濟 學加以探討。最後，再提出個人淺見以供後續研究者及政府決策者於起草 我國原產地規則時參考 。

The management of water resources and waste water varies between the countries of the EU. For many years, a large part of the water in Europe has been contaminated by, among other things, insufficiently treated waste water and emissions from agriculture. The EU Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and the Urban Waste Water Directive 91/271/EEC are intended to harmonize fresh-water management and waste water management within the whole EU, aiming at safeguarding drinking water of good quality and a high quality of all water within the EU today and in the future. There are however some problems concerning the waste-water directive. One problem is the huge investment needed in Slovakia to fulfil the demands of the waste-water directive for waste-water management in larger communities (with more than 2000 inhabitants). Many waste-water treatment plants need to be upgraded or built, and in addition a large part of the households in eastern Slovakia are not yet connected to a municipal water-supply and waste-water collecting system (including waste-water treatment). Subsidies from the EU’s structural funds are needed for Slovakia to fulfil the requirements of the waste-water directive. Because this directive only applies to larger communities, smaller communities and private sewage are not affected by the directive and therefore, in general, not eligible for financial funding from EU. Financial funding, however, is needed for addressing inadequate sewage in small communities with poor socioeconomic and municipal financial resources. For water protection to be effective, it is important to take also private sewage emissions into consideration, even though they might appear insignificant. Point emissions from insufficient private sewage (private sewage systems with insufficient waste-water treatment or emission of untreated waste water), primarily in small, tightly clustered communities in Slovakia or for example in Sweden in areas where weekend houses are being converted into permanent dwellings, are potential sources of pollution that can cause health or/and environmental problems. Inadequate private sewage can thus reduce the quality of both surface and ground water and have a negative impact on aquatic ecosystems, which in turn makes it more difficult to reach the quality standards of the Water Framework Directive and its daughter directives. This applies to both Slovakia and Sweden. The private sewage solutions that are recommended today are often satisfactory but not without problems. To give an example, miniature waste water treatment plants are expensive to put in place, require technological knowledge on the part of the property owner and they also require a daily flow of waste water to function properly. Improper handling of the miniature water treatment plant may cause inefficient or no water treatment at all, in some cases the bacterial content of the waste water may increase instead of being reduced. To address the problem concerning private sewage it is important that (1) waste-water solutions are adapted to local circumstances and financial funding are given to economically week municipalities (2) the property owner (owner of the private sewage) regularly controls the quality of the out-going treated wastewater (if it is possible) and (3) that efficient inspections with injunctions (from authorities) are carried out to discover faulty private sewage. Unfortunately financial funding, in general, is not given to small municipalities and/or inappropriate private sewage and inspections, both in Slovakia and Sweden, are generally slow.

The author sketches the development and legal status of the European Currency Unit (ECU), the predecessor of today's European single currency Euro, and asks whether from the perspective of (former) German monetary law, this currency unit had to be looked at not as a domestic currency ("Deutsche Mark"), but rather as a foreign one.

Τα Κράτη Μέλη της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης υποχρεούνται να συντάσσουν ανά εξαετία εθνικές εκθέσεις για τον έλεγχο της εφαρμογής της Οδηγίας των Οικοτόπων (92/43/ΕΟΚ). Οι εκθέσεις αυτές, όπως αναφέρεται στο Άρθρο 17 της Οδηγίας, περιλαμβάνουν κατά κύριο λόγο πληροφορίες σχετικά με τα μέτρα διατήρησης, καθώς και την εκτίμηση των επιπτώσεων αυτών των μέτρων στην κατάσταση διατήρησης των τύπων οικοτόπων και ειδών Κοινοτικού ενδιαφέροντος. Έχοντας δεδομένο το παραπάνω, έγινε ανάλυση των υπαρχόντων στοιχείων και συγκέντρωση νέων πρωτογενών δεδομένων για την εκτίμηση των ειδών Aphanius fasciatus & Valencia letourneuxi (Παράρτημα ΙΙ, Οδηγία 92/43/ΕΟΚ) στην περιοχή των λιμνοθαλασσών Αράξου, Κοτυχίου, Πρόκοπου που εντάσσονται στο Εθνικό Πάρκο Υγροτόπων Κοτυχίου-Στροφυλιάς. Η μελέτη εμπεριέχει τρείς συνιστώσες. Η πρώτη αφορά στη διαμόρφωση της απαραίτητης υποδομής και μεθοδολογίας για την αποτύπωση της κατάστασης των πληθυσμών των προαναφερθέντων ειδών, σύμφωνα με το Άρθρο 17 της Οδηγία 92/43/ΕΟΚ. Η οδηγία προβλέπει, πέρα από την συλλογή και επεξεργασία δεδομένων που αφορούν πληθυσμούς προστατευόμενων ειδών και την ταυτόχρονη παρουσίασή τους σε περιβάλλον Συστημάτων Γεωγραφικών Πληροφοριών (G.I.S), σύμφωνα με συγκεκριμένες προδιαγραφές της κεντρικής βάσης υποδοχής της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης. Η δεύτερη συνιστώσα αφορούσε στο σχεδιασμό και την υλοποίηση δειγματοληψιών σε συγκεκριμένους οικοτόπους της περιοχής έτσι ώστε να καταστεί δυνατή η συλλογή δεδομένων που χαρακτηρίζουν τους συγκεκριμένους πληθυσμούς. Η τρίτη συνιστώσα επικεντρώθηκε στην ανάλυση της προϋπάρχουσας και της νέας πληροφορίας με στόχο την εκτίμηση της κατάσταση των πληθυσμών, την αξιολόγηση των παραγόντων που επηρεάζουν το μέλλον τους και τις προτάσεις για τη διατήρηση-βελτίωση της κατάστασης της περιοχής. Τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης για το Aphanius fasciatus μας οδηγούν στο συμπέρασμα ότι οι πληθυσμοί είναι σε καλή κατάσταση από άποψη αφθονίας και ότι δεν συντρέχουν ιδιαίτεροι λόγοι απειλών άρα και ιδιαίτερα μέτρα διαχείρισης. Για το είδος Valencia letourneuxi το οποίο δεν βρέθηκε στην περιοχή μελέτης, καταδεικνύει σε συνδυασμό με προγενέστερες μελέτες, τον περιορισμό της γεωγραφικής εξάπλωσης του είδους με την εξαφάνιση ή κοντά στην εξαφάνιση των δυτικότερων και νοτιότερων πληθυσμών του είδους. Για το λόγο αυτό και αν δεν βρεθεί στο εγγύς μέλλον ίσως πρέπει να εφαρμοστούν κατάλληλα διαχειριστικά μέτρα που θα επαναφέρουν τους πληθυσμούς στην πρότερη κατάστασή τους. / The Member States of the European Union are required to prepare every six years national reports on the monitoring the implementation of the Habitats Directive (Directive 92/43/EEC). These reports, as mentioned in Article 17 of the Habitats Directive, include primarily information concerning conservation measures and impact assessment of these measures on the conservation status of habitat types and species of Community interest. Taking into account the above, were analyzed the existing data, new data were collected for the monitoring of the species Aphanius fasciatus & Valencia letourneuxi (Annex II, Directive 92/43/EEC) in the region of the lagoons Araxos, Kotychi and Prokopos of the National Park Kotychi-Strofylia. The study comprises three components. The first relates to the formation of the necessary infrastructure and methodology for the survey on the condition of the populations of the two species, in accordance with the Article 17 of Directive 92/43/EEC. The Directive provides, except from the collection and processing of data on populations of protected species, also the simultaneous presentation in GIS environment, in compliance with the specific requirements of the European Union central receiving center. The second component included the design and implementation of sampling at specific habitats region in order to collect data characterizing specific populations. The third component focused on the analysis of pre-existing and new information in order to assess the status of populations, the evaluation of factors affecting their future and proposals for maintaining-improving the situation in the region. The results of the study on Aphanius fasciatus, lead us to conclude that the populations are in good condition in terms of abundance and there are no particular threats, therefore special management measures are not nedeed. On the other hand, Valencia letourneuxi was not found in the study area, indicated similarity to previous studies, the limited distribution of the species with possibility of extinction or near extinction of the western and southern populations. For this reason, and if not found in the near future, necessary management measures are required to restore the populations to their former condition.

Šiame magistro darbe nagrinėjami gyvūnų gerovės apsaugos biomedicinos moksliniuose tyrimuose teisinio reguliavimo ypatumai. Pirmoje darbo dalyje teoriniu aspektu analizuojama gyvūnų gerovės samprata, istorija bei teisinio reguliavimo priežastys. Antroje dalyje analizuojami tarptautiniai, ES ir nacionaliniai teisės aktai, reglamentuojantys gyvūnų gerovę biomedicinos moksliniuose tyrimuose. / In this master paper the conception of legal regulation on animal welfare protection in biomedical research is overviewed. In the first part the concept of animal welfare, the history and the regulatory reasons are analysed in terms of theoretical aspects. In the second part the international, European Union and national legislation on animal welfare in biomedical research is analysed.

Submitted by Taís Andrade dos Santos (taisandradedossantos@gmail.com) on 2018-08-07T14:32:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Tais Andrade_versão final_Educação para Ciência.pdf: 3551524 bytes, checksum: df544a318f0bc4e0995aa98fc191ea08 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Minervina Teixeira Lopes null (vina_lopes@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-08-08T13:22:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ta_me_bauru.pdf: 3084159 bytes, checksum: 2b2c1e697b5ab7027bd13738d8d0edb2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T13:22:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ta_me_bauru.pdf: 3084159 bytes, checksum: 2b2c1e697b5ab7027bd13738d8d0edb2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta pesquisa de mestrado tem o objetivo de investigar o processo de reestruturação curricular de um curso de licenciatura em Física para o atendimento a Deliberação CEE nº 111/2012 e a preparação para a Resolução CNE/CP nº 02/2015. A pesquisa se mostra relevante não apenas para mapear as alterações na grade curricular do curso, de acordo com a legislação, mas principalmente por conhecer as concepções dos gestores, professores formadores e discentes. Esse estudo de caso foi delineado a partir da seguinte questão de pesquisa: “Quais as concepções de Docentes, Gestores e Discentes do curso de Licenciatura em Física sobre as contribuições das modificações curriculares para a formação dos futuros professores?” e com os seguintes objetivos específicos: Conhecer e analisar os documentos oficiais que propõem as modificações no currículo; construir um instrumento de análise argumentativa, por meio das categorias de Toulmin, para que possamos ter uma visão global dos prós e contras do novo currículo pela visão dos sujeitos; analisar/inferir as contribuições do novo currículo para a formação de professores (em relação ao currículo anterior), ou seja, refletir sobre o perfil dos alunos egressos do curso considerando também as mudanças que ocorreram com a nova reestruturação implantada para os alunos ingressos no ano de 2018. Os métodos técnico-instrumentais utilizados foram: análise estrutural de conteúdo material; revisão bibliográfica, análise de documentos, entrevista e questionários analisados através do referencial teórico metodológico de análise da argumentação dos sujeitos. Os referenciais teóricos metodológicos que fundamentaram a pesquisa foram o Padrão de Argumentação de Toumin (TAP) para as concepções dos sujeitos e para as relações de currículo propostos por Apple. Como principais resultados obtidos nesse trabalho temos que apesar do perfil formativo da legislação apontar para uma racionalidade prática com uma estreita relação entre a teoria e a prática, a concepção dos docentes sobre a formação inicial prioriza “saber o conteúdo da Física”, relacionando a prática docente na formação inicial apenas às disciplinas pedagógicas. O processo de reestruturação neste estudo de caso foi realizado de modo verticalizado, apesar de parecer um discurso repetitivo de verticalização na adequação do currículo, os gestores e docentes neste estudo de caso demonstraram que o processo foi realizado apenas para o cumprimento burocrático das deliberações, de modo que os docentes evitaram ao máximo passar pelo processo. Além da implantação da diretriz causar mudanças no estilo de ensino do professor formador, em relação às concepções dos discentes, docentes e dos gestores sobre a reestruturação do currículo; um dos traços mais marcantes é a dicotomia entre o saber dos conteúdos de Física e didática, essa dicotomia aparece na imposição da deliberação CEE nº 111/2012, que ao assegurar uma carga horária para as disciplinas pedagógica nas licenciaturas, causa na postura dos sujeitos o discurso de que a alteração é interessante à formação dos futuros professores, desde que não altere a carga horária das disciplinas de Física. Por fim como contribuições deste trabalho compreende-se que é imprescindível que os currículos devem ser reformulados não apenas por documentos legais, mas que o processo de reflexão da formação inicial docente deve ser contínuo e repensado pelos próprios professores formadores e gestores. / This master's research aims to investigate the process of curricular restructuring of a degree in Physics for compliance with CEE resolution 111/2012 and the preparation for CNE / CP Resolution 02/2015. The research is relevant not only to map the changes in the course curriculum of the course, according to the legislation, but mainly to know the conceptions of managers, teachers and students. This case study was delineated from the following research question: "What are the conceptions of Teachers, Managers and Students of the Licentiate in Physics course on the contributions of curricular modifications to the training of future teachers?" And with the following specific objectives : To know and to analyze the official documents that propose the modifications in the curriculum; to construct an instrument of argumentative analysis, through Toulmin's categories, so that we can have a global view of the pros and cons of the new curriculum by the subjects' view; to analyze / infer the contributions of the new curriculum for teacher training (in relation to the previous curriculum), that is, to reflect on the profile of the students who graduated from the course, also considering the changes that occurred with the new restructuring implemented for students in the year of 2018. The technical-instrumental methods used were: structural analysis of material content; bibliographic review, document analysis, interview and questionnaires analyzed through the theoretical methodological reference of the analysis of the subjects' arguments. The theoretical methodological references that supported the research were the Toulmin Argumentation Standard (TAP) for the subjects' conceptions and for the curriculum relations proposed by Apple. As the main results obtained in this work we have that although the training profile of the legislation points to a practical rationality with a close relationship between theory and practice, the teachers' conception about initial training prioritizes “to know the content of Physics”, relating the teaching practice in the initial training only to the pedagogical disciplines. The restructuring process in this case study was carried out vertically, although it seems to be a repetitive discourse of verticalisation in the adequacy of the curriculum, the managers and teachers in this case study demonstrated that the process was carried out only for the bureaucratic fulfillment of the deliberations, of so that teachers avoided the process as much as possible. In addition to the implementation of the directive cause changes in the teaching style of the teacher trainer, in relation to the conceptions of the students, teachers and managers on the restructuring of the curriculum; one of the most striking features is the dichotomy between the knowledge of the contents of Physics and didactics, this dichotomy appears in the imposition of the CEE resolution No. 111/2012, which, by securing an hourly load for the pedagogical disciplines in the degrees, discourse that the change is interesting to the training of future teachers, as long as it does not change the workload of the Physics disciplines. Finally, as contributions of this work it is understood that it is imperative that curricula must be reformulated not only by legal documents, but that the process of reflection of initial teacher education must be continuous and rethought by the teacher trainers themselves and managers.

This essay analyses how Swedish authorities implement the EU regulations on the application of social security schemes and, more specifically, when it comes to health care and sickness benefits. The research is based on a survey and several interviews and aims to answer how the lower echelons of the hierarchy work towards the implementation, what are their working conditions and how the authorities evaluate and optimize the implementation process. The general conclusion of the study is that there are several flaws in the implementation process. The results have shown that there is a lack of resources as well as of tutoring and education amongst the actors. The complexity of the regulations does also seem to have influenced the process. Finally the results have shown that the public instances do not proceed to a systematic evaluation of the implementation process which has led to a bad communication between the different actors as well as to difficulties in improving the flaws in the implementation process.

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