<p>This essay analyses how Swedish authorities implement the EU regulations on the application of social security schemes and, more specifically, when it comes to health care and sickness benefits. The research is based on a survey and several interviews and aims to answer how the lower echelons of the hierarchy work towards the implementation, what are their working conditions and how the authorities evaluate and optimize the implementation process.</p><p>The general conclusion of the study is that there are several flaws in the implementation process. The results have shown that there is a lack of resources as well as of tutoring and education amongst the actors. The complexity of the regulations does also seem to have influenced the process. Finally the results have shown that the public instances do not proceed to a systematic evaluation of the implementation process which has led to a bad communication between the different actors as well as to difficulties in improving the flaws in the implementation process.</p>

As air traffic is forecasted to increase, air traffic control software subsequently needs to be more sophisticated. To efficiently push development forward, testing is important in order to determine usability. The tests need to be adapted to fit a particular purpose and carried out with methods that preserve the validity of the results. This thesis describes an implementation project carried out at the EUROCONTROL Experimental Centre, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France. The purpose of the project is to create an application that enables a user to create datasets of air traffic to be used for these tests. The application allows for manual work or bulk imports from external data sources. Furthermore it compiles scenarios as output datasets intended for prototype air traffic control software developed at Linköping University. The application design rationale and development process is described. Some time is spent on demonstrating the flexibility of the application and how its usage fits in a bigger picture.

From 1971 UK has committed herself to the new brand name of Europeanism. Since that time Britain is continuously forced to adjust itself to the EEC regulations. The questions brought up in this thesis are about an outcome from the EU membership as well as reflection on Britain's regional policies. The work is streamed towards better understanding of main roles and activities that Britain was, is and will consign to the European Union. Moreover, there are several issues which bringing up a point of having some disadvantages from EU member. But with a time people could be concerned of more benefits that EU membership brought as an effective economic strategy is proved.

The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive view at the development cooperation of the European Economic Community in the 60's and 70's years of the 20th century in relation to the countries of the Third World with a focus on African developing countries. It also deals with the analysis of the very concept of development, development cooperation and development policy. The thesis is conceived from the general to the particular, where are first discussed the main concepts, the grouping and contracts supplemented with more detailed analysis. At first is briefly described the establishment of the EEC and the characteristic of grouping ACP. Then comes the analysis of the actual development cooperation and measures with which was the aid realized. Another two sections are devoted to comprehensive contractual framework of cooperation, which is in this period defined by part IV. Treaty of Rome and the Implementing agreement, two conventions of Yaoundé and the First Lomé convention. In the Lomé Convencion, there were a lot of significant changes made in terms of equality between the EEC and the ACP countries, as the concept of association was changed to the principle of partnership during the time. The development aid had to be managed somehow as well, so in next chapter is the topic of the...

A indústria cimenteira busca alternativas para economia de recursos no processo produtivo, em especial envolvendo o uso de materiais residuais no cimento, como escórias siderúrgicas. A escória de aciaria, em particular, apresenta composição desfavorável para aplicação in natura, porém há metodologias na literatura de modificação do material para aplicações cimentícias. No entanto, ainda não se encontram avaliações da corrosão de armaduras de aço em compósitos cimentícios com essa adição, seja em meio sólido ou líquido (água de poro). Esse estudo avaliou, através de curvas de polarização e da espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE), a resistência à corrosão do aço CA-50 em soluções representativas de águas de poro extraídas por pressão de pastas de cimento com 25 % de escória de aciaria in natura ou modificada por processo pirometalúrgico. Para efeitos comparativos, foi feita também a avaliação do desempenho do aço em meios de águas de poro indicadas na literatura como representativas de cimento Portland comum e de escória de alto forno. O efeito da presença de espécies agressivas na resistência à corrosão do aço foi avaliado adicionando-se 1,0 % de NaCl em massa às soluções estudadas. Nas águas de poro sem 1,0 % de cloreto, o aço CA-50 apresentou-se passivo e não mostrou indícios de corrosão nos ensaios nem de polarização nem de EIE durante 120 h de imersão. Entretanto, os ajustes dos diagramas com circuito elétrico equivalente (CEE) apontaram que as características de proteção da camada passiva formada nas águas de poro de cimento com escória de aciaria foram superiores, resultando em maior resistência à corrosão do aço CA-50 nestes meios. Por sua vez, nos meios com 1,0 % de NaCl, após polarização e EIE até 120 h, o aço sofreu corrosão para as águas de poro de cimento comum e escória de alto forno, porém não corroeu nas águas de poro representativas de cimentos com escórias de aciaria, cujo melhor desempenho foi associado à maior alcalinidade destes meios. A caracterização microestrutural por microscopia eletrônica de varredura após os ensaios de polarização anódica e de imersão mostrou que o principal produto de corrosão formado foi a lepidocrocita (?-FeOOH), comum em ataque do aço por cloretos. / The cement industry seeks alternatives to save resources in production processes, especially involving the use of residual materials in cements, such as slags. Steel slags present unfavorable composition for application as cement additions in natura, but there are methodologies in the literature for modifying this material for commercial application. However, there are no evaluations of the corrosion of steel reinforcements in cementitious composites with steel slags, either in solid or liquid medium (pore water). The present study employed polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to evaluate the corrosion resistance of CA-50 steel in pore water solutions representative of cement pastes with 25 % steel slag in natura or modified by a pyrometallurgical process. For comparison purposes, the performance of CA-50 steel in the pore waters indicated in the literature as representatives of Portland cement and blast furnace slag activated with cement were also evaluated. The effect of aggressive species on the corrosion resistance of the steel was assessed by adding 1.0 % NaCl by mass to the pore water solutions. Without 1.0 % chloride addition, CA-50 steel exhibited good performance and showed no evidences of corrosion in all of the investigated media, both in anodic polarization and in EIS tests performed up to 120 h immersion. However, the fitting of the EIS diagrams with equivalent electric circuit (EEC) revealed that the protectiveness of the passive layer formed in pore waters representative of cements with steel slags were superior, indicating better corrosion resistance of CA-50 steel in these media. Conversely, when 1.0 % chloride was added to the pore waters, CA-50 steel presented pitting corrosion, and impedance decreases with immersion in the pore waters representative of pure cement and blast furnace slag, whereas no corrosion was detected by both methodologies in pore waters representatives of cements with steel slags, which superior performance was ascribed to their higher alkalinity. Microstructural characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after anodic polarization and immersion tests showed that the main corrosion product formed was lepidocrocite (?-FeOOH), usual of chloride attack of steel.

A indústria cimenteira busca alternativas para economia de recursos no processo produtivo, em especial envolvendo o uso de materiais residuais no cimento, como escórias siderúrgicas. A escória de aciaria, em particular, apresenta composição desfavorável para aplicação in natura, porém há metodologias na literatura de modificação do material para aplicações cimentícias. No entanto, ainda não se encontram avaliações da corrosão de armaduras de aço em compósitos cimentícios com essa adição, seja em meio sólido ou líquido (água de poro). Esse estudo avaliou, através de curvas de polarização e da espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE), a resistência à corrosão do aço CA-50 em soluções representativas de águas de poro extraídas por pressão de pastas de cimento com 25 % de escória de aciaria in natura ou modificada por processo pirometalúrgico. Para efeitos comparativos, foi feita também a avaliação do desempenho do aço em meios de águas de poro indicadas na literatura como representativas de cimento Portland comum e de escória de alto forno. O efeito da presença de espécies agressivas na resistência à corrosão do aço foi avaliado adicionando-se 1,0 % de NaCl em massa às soluções estudadas. Nas águas de poro sem 1,0 % de cloreto, o aço CA-50 apresentou-se passivo e não mostrou indícios de corrosão nos ensaios nem de polarização nem de EIE durante 120 h de imersão. Entretanto, os ajustes dos diagramas com circuito elétrico equivalente (CEE) apontaram que as características de proteção da camada passiva formada nas águas de poro de cimento com escória de aciaria foram superiores, resultando em maior resistência à corrosão do aço CA-50 nestes meios. Por sua vez, nos meios com 1,0 % de NaCl, após polarização e EIE até 120 h, o aço sofreu corrosão para as águas de poro de cimento comum e escória de alto forno, porém não corroeu nas águas de poro representativas de cimentos com escórias de aciaria, cujo melhor desempenho foi associado à maior alcalinidade destes meios. A caracterização microestrutural por microscopia eletrônica de varredura após os ensaios de polarização anódica e de imersão mostrou que o principal produto de corrosão formado foi a lepidocrocita (?-FeOOH), comum em ataque do aço por cloretos. / The cement industry seeks alternatives to save resources in production processes, especially involving the use of residual materials in cements, such as slags. Steel slags present unfavorable composition for application as cement additions in natura, but there are methodologies in the literature for modifying this material for commercial application. However, there are no evaluations of the corrosion of steel reinforcements in cementitious composites with steel slags, either in solid or liquid medium (pore water). The present study employed polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to evaluate the corrosion resistance of CA-50 steel in pore water solutions representative of cement pastes with 25 % steel slag in natura or modified by a pyrometallurgical process. For comparison purposes, the performance of CA-50 steel in the pore waters indicated in the literature as representatives of Portland cement and blast furnace slag activated with cement were also evaluated. The effect of aggressive species on the corrosion resistance of the steel was assessed by adding 1.0 % NaCl by mass to the pore water solutions. Without 1.0 % chloride addition, CA-50 steel exhibited good performance and showed no evidences of corrosion in all of the investigated media, both in anodic polarization and in EIS tests performed up to 120 h immersion. However, the fitting of the EIS diagrams with equivalent electric circuit (EEC) revealed that the protectiveness of the passive layer formed in pore waters representative of cements with steel slags were superior, indicating better corrosion resistance of CA-50 steel in these media. Conversely, when 1.0 % chloride was added to the pore waters, CA-50 steel presented pitting corrosion, and impedance decreases with immersion in the pore waters representative of pure cement and blast furnace slag, whereas no corrosion was detected by both methodologies in pore waters representatives of cements with steel slags, which superior performance was ascribed to their higher alkalinity. Microstructural characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after anodic polarization and immersion tests showed that the main corrosion product formed was lepidocrocite (?-FeOOH), usual of chloride attack of steel.

Diploma thesis Role integračních procesů v ruské politice vůči postsovětskému prostoru v letech 2000 - 2010 deals with phenomenon of interstate integration in the Post-soviet with focus on Russian position. It's main goal is to reveal and define function of Post-soviet integrative processes within Russian foreign policy aimed to the region, which is in long-term period designated as primary area of Russian interests. Diploma thesis uses combination of descriptive and analytical method to achieve its purpose. Thus the first chapters are aimed at presentation of theoretical aspects of integration (Chapter 1), evolution of Russian approach to the region and basic trends of post-soviet integration in the 90's (Chapter 2), the same topic and its changes after 2000 (Chapter 3) and particular examples of the Post-soviet integrative projects (Chapter 4). This empirical data are then analyzed in the last chapter and answer to the question, what is the role of Post-soviet integrative processes in Russian policy in the region.

La reconnaissance du peptide lié au complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité (pCMH) par les cellules T CD8+ et leur récepteur spécifique (TCR) est une étape cruciale dans l’établissement d’une réponse immunitaire protectrice adéquate et de longue durée. L’engagement du TCR engendre une cascade d’évènements de signalisation qui contrôle la prolifération, la différenciation et les fonctions effectrices des lymphocytes T CD8+ (LT8). Différentes études suggèrent un rôle crucial du zinc dans la biologie des LT8, particulièrement l’observation d’un influx de zinc suivant l’engagement du TCR. De plus, la multitude de transporteurs contrôlant homéostasie du zinc au sein des LT8, couplé aux multiples rôles de cet ion dans les processus cellulaires nous a amené à concentrer notre recherche sur le rôle du zinc dans les cellules T CD8+, qui à ce jour n’est que peu décrit. ZIP13, un des 14 transporteurs contrôlant l’homéostasie du zinc chez les LT8 murins, régule l’activation, la prolifération et la différenciation de ces cellules. En effet, une diminution de l’expression de ZIP13 (ZIP13-KD) en utilisant un petit ARN en épingle à cheveux (shRNA) entraîne une activation précoce exacerbée des LT8 se traduisant par une plus grande prolifération. Ceci a été démontré in vitro dans des lignées d’hybridomes CD8+, mais également chez les LT8 primaires murins (OT-I). De plus, cette hyperactivation est suivie par une perte substantielle des cellules, démontrant un rôle pour ZIP13 de régulateur positif de la survie des cellules T CD8+. L’étude d’une modulation de l’expression de ZIP13 chez les cellules primaires OT-I in vivo dans un modèle d’infection aiguë à Listeria monocytogenes souligne des rôles additionnels de ce gène dans la différenciation des populations effectrices des LT8. Les LT8 ZIP13-KD montrent un biais de différenciation vers la population de cellules effectrices précoces (EEC) au détriment des autres populations effectrices, ainsi qu’une diminution de Ly6C dans les organes lymphoïdes secondaires (SLO). Au site de l’infection, les cellules ZIP13-KD sont enrichies en précurseur de cellules T CD8+ résidentes mémoires (pré-Trm). ZIP13 joue également un rôle dans la formation de la mémoire immunologique puisque les cellules ZIP13-KD ne forment pas de cellules T CD8+ centrales mémoires (Tcm) dans les ganglions lymphatiques. Ces observations sont, corrélées avec une diminution drastique du marqueur de surface CD62L. Ceci se traduit par des cellules OT-I ZIP13-KD formant une mémoire immunologique uniquement composée LT8 effecteurs mémoires (Tem) et de LT8 résidents mémoires (Trm). Finalement, des analyses transcriptomiques des OT-I ZIP13-KD au stade effecteur de la réponse à une infection à Lm-OVA identifient des signatures de gènes associées aux LT8 épuisés et aux cellules Tc17. Nos résultats soulignent l’importance d’une régulation stricte et précise de l’homéostasie du zinc dans les cellules T CD8+ par des transporteurs spécifiques pour une réponse immunitaire adéquate. ZIP13 est le premier transporteur étudié dans le contexte d’une infection aiguë et identifié comme crucial pour la différenciation des populations effectrices ainsi que la formation de la mémoire immunitaire, ajoutant de l’importance à la régulation du zinc dans la biologie des LT8. Une connaissance précise de l’homéostasie spatiotemporelle du zinc dans les LT8 identifierait de nouveaux mécanismes de régulation de ces cellules qui pourrait mener potentiellement au développement de nouveaux outils pour des immunothérapies à base de cellules T génétiquement modifiées. / CD8+ T cell activation via the recognition of peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) by the T cell receptor (TCR) is crucial for the establishment of a long lasting and protective immune response. TCR triggering induces a cascade of signaling events controlling T cell effector function and differentiation. The multitude of genes controlling zinc homeostasis in T cells, and the observation of an influx of zinc following TCR activation point towards a link between the regulation of zinc homeostasis and CD8+ T cell biology. This growing body of evidence led us to focus our research on zinc homeostasis in T cells, which remains poorly understood. With this study, we have shown that ZIP13, one of the many transporters controlling zinc homeostasis, significantly regulates T cell activation and differentiation following activation. Knockdown (KD) of ZIP13 by shRNA led to a substantial increase in early activation, both in murine CD8+ T cell lines and primary mouse OT-I cells in vitro. Subsequently, this increase in T cell activation is followed by a massive loss of these cells days after activation, highlighting an addition role for ZIP13 in T cell survival. Study of ZIP13 in primary CD8+ T cells in an in vivo acute infection model of Listeria monocytogenes highlights new roles of ZIP13 in the control of effector T cell differentiation. ZIP13-KD in CD8+ T cells alter the normal effector cell differentiation pattern; favoring the early effector cells (EEC) subset and induces a decrease in the surface marker Ly6C in secondary lymphoid organs. At the site of infection, ZIP13-KD CD8+ T cells are enriched in resident memory T cells precursor (pre-Trm). ZIP13 has also an impact on memory T cell formation, since ZIP13-KD cells are lacking the central memory population (Tcm), through the drastic decrease of the surface marker CD62L. This results in ZIP13-KD cells at the memory stage that are mostly composed of effector memory (Tem) and resident memory (Trm) cells. Finally, transcriptomic analyses of WT CD8+ T cells and ZIP13-KD CD8+ T cells at the effector stage demonstrates ZIP13’s role in driving an exhausted T cell and Tc17 cell gene expression signature. Taken together, our results point to the importance of a strict and fine-tuned regulation of zinc homeostasis in T cells through specific zinc transporters for an effective immune response. ZIP13 is the first zinc transporter reported as essential for T cell differentiation and memory formation, adding weight to the importance of zinc regulation in CD8+ immune responses. Having a clear picture of zinc homeostasis in CD8+ T cells would reveal new mechanisms regulating the activity of these cells that could potentially lead to the development of new tools for T cell-based immunotherapy.

À la suite de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l’Europe est affaiblie et divisée. Les horreurs de la guerre amènent les Européens à repenser leur cohabitation et l’idée d’une Europe, unie par des liens économiques et politiques forts, germe dans l’esprit des Européens. Ils créent alors la CECA en 1951 puis, sept ans plus tard, la Communauté économique européenne. Puisque cette dernière aura du succès, certains pays européens, dont la Grande-Bretagne, demandent à la rejoindre. La France d’alors, sous la présidence de Charles de Gaulle, s’oppose à cette demande d’adhésion à deux reprises, en 1963 et en 1967. Il faut attendre l’arrivée de Georges Pompidou à l’Élysée pour que Londres intègre la CEE. L’élargissement de la Communauté est un évènement important; il a un impact direct sur le rôle de la France en Europe et dans le monde. Il a également une incidence certaine sur le rôle de l’Europe dans le monde bipolaire de l’époque, ainsi que sur ses relations avec l’allié américain. La presse des pays concernés suivra ces évènements avec intérêt, telle la presse quotidienne française, qui commente abondamment les décisions prises par son gouvernement. Le présent mémoire, qui étudie certains journaux d’importance à la lumière des ouvrages d’érudition et des sources primaires, analyse thématiquement la position de journaux français de diverses tendances politiques sur la politique française au cours des trois demandes. / Following the Second World War, Europe was divided and weak. The horrors of war forced Europeans to rethink how to co-exist and the idea of a united Europe with strong economical and political ties grew among them. The ECSC was created in 1951 and then, seven years later, the European Economic Community. When the latter succeeded, some European countries, like Great Britain, asked to join. France, and its president Charles de Gaulle, objected to the British application on two occasions, in 1963 and in 1967. London had to wait for the arrival of a new French president, Georges Pompidou, to be officially accepted in the EEC. The enlargement of the Community was an important event because it had an impact on France’s role in Europe and in the world. It also influenced Europe’s role in the then bipolar world and on its relations with the United States. The national press of the countries involved covered the events surrounding the enlargement with interest. The French daily press commented on them at length. Using both historical studies and primary sources, this thesis thematically analyzes the views of French newspaper of different political horizons on French policy surrounding the three British applications.

Les années 70 voient l’émergence d’un monde multipolaire qui exige de nouvelles échelles de négociations. Quelle place le bilatéral peut-il jouer dans la réorganisation des relations internationales ? La question interpelle tout particulièrement deux puissances européennes « moyennes » aux ambitions mondiales : la France et la Grande-Bretagne. Les chocs monétaire, économique et énergétique dans un contexte de mondialisation accélérée, rendent indispensable la coordination entre les Etats et justifient des solutions régionales : Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, qui voit dans l’intégration européenne le moyen de préserver le poids de l’Europe et de la France dans le monde, doit composer avec les Britanniques qui adhèrent à la CEE en 1973. Aux défis économiques s’ajoutent des déséquilibres politiques : inconnues de la détente, divergences transatlantiques, recul du leadership américain, apparition de nouveaux acteurs sur l’échiquier mondial. Pour sauvegarder l’équilibre européen, le consensus est plus que jamais nécessaire. L’arrivée au pouvoir au milieu des années 70 en France, en Grande-Bretagne, en Allemagne et aux États-Unis, d’une nouvelle génération de dirigeants, favorise la restructuration des modes de concertation. La création par Valéry Giscard d’Estaing du Conseil européen et du G7 cristallise cette évolution et offre de nouvelles perspectives aux relations bilatérales. Celles-ci s’inscrivent de plus en plus dans le système des relations internationales par un jeu d’échelles qui permet de coordonner les stratégies. Le sommet franco-britannique créé en 1976 prend toute sa dimension en tant que relais entre gouvernance européenne et gouvernance mondiale. / The 70’s see the emergence of a multipolar world that requires new scales of negotiations. What role can bilateralism play in the reorganization of global relations? The question especially calls out two medium-sized European powers with worldwide ambitions: France and Great Britain.The monetary, economical, and energy crises in a context of accelerated globalization make the coordination between states vital and justify regional solutions. Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, who sees in the European integration the mean to preserve the weight of Europe and France in the world, has to compose with the British who join the EEC in 1973. To the economic challenges are added political imbalances: the unknowns of Détente, transatlantic divergences, the decline of the American leadership, and the emergence of new key players on the world stage. In order to protect the European balance, the consensus is more necessary than ever. The coming to power, in the mid 70’s, of a new generation of political leaders in France, Great Britain, Germany, and the US promotes the restructuring of dialogue. The creation of the European Council and the G7 by Valéry Giscard d’Estaing crystallizes this evolution and offers new perspectives to bilateral relations. These fit more and more into the international relation system by an interplay of scales that allows the coordination of the strategies. The Franco-British summit introduced in 1976 comes into full view as a relay between the European governance and the worldwide governance.