La dynamique quantique dans un potentiel périodique a fait l'objet de nombreuses études depuis les travaux de Bloch, dans les années 30, portant sur la dynamique des électrons dans un solide cristalisé. Cette dynamique est expérimentalement observable à l'aide d'atomes refroidis. L'utilisation de potentiels optiques permet de synthétiser, de façon très souple, des formes variées de potentiels, périodique, stationnaire ou dépendant du temps. Outre la grande variété de potentiels accessibles, l'atout majeur présenté par ces systémes est l'absence de dissipation et de processus de décohérence. Le travail présenté s'inscrit dans cette perspective et propose une description théorique, simple et analytique, de la dynamique quantique dans un potentiel périodique dépendant du temps. Il est connu depuis les travaux de Zener (1934), que la dynamique quantique dans un potentiel périodique en escalier, contrairement à l'intuition classique, est un mouvement d'oscillations nommé Oscillations de Bloch. Nous montrons que lors d'une modulation harmonique du potentiel des phénomènes de résonance apparaissent entre la fréquence de modulation et la fréquence des oscillations de Bloch et engendrent un transport de la particule dans le réseau. Cette dynamique est alors interprétée comme une interférence quantique mettant ainsi en exergue le role fondamental des cohérences quantiques de l'état initial. La réalisation expérimentale récente (1995) de la condensation de Bose Einstein d'un gaz atomique permet d'obtenir un état quantique cohérent mésoscopique. Récemment, des oscillations de Bloch ont été observées à l'aide de tels Ètats. Nous montrons que, outre ces oscillations, le condensat dans un potentiel périodique en escalier présente des régimes dynamiques chaotiques. Notre description introduit une base d'états adaptée et nous pouvons alors décrire la dynamique comme une évolution hamiltonienne classique portant sur les amplitudes et phases des états introduits. Les couplages non-linÈaires entre les différents états engendrent, pour certains états initiaux, des dynamiques chaotiques au sens classique bien que le condensat de Bose Einstein soit un objet quantique.

Nous étudions la transition de phase survenant dans le gaz de Bose pour des systèmes sans invariance par translation. Bien qu'il soit prouvé depuis les années 60 que la condensation de Bose Einstein (CBE) est absente des systèmes invariants par translation en dimension 1 ou 2, on peut néanmoins déclencher cette transition de phase dans des gaz de Bose en faible dimension en ajoutant un potentiel externe approprié (et par conséquent, en perdant l'invariance par translation). Cependant, le condensat ainsi obtenu se trouve dans des états localisés, alors que la CBE est généralement comprise comme l'occupation macroscopique d'états cinétiques étendus. Il n'est pas à priori évident que cette transition de phase obtenue grace à la localisation est de la même nature que celle reliée au concept habituel de CBE. Dans cette thèse, nous considérons deux classes de systèmes localisés. La première est une famille de modèles aléatoires, pour lesquels le gaz de Bose est contenu dans un milieu désordonné, ce que nous modélisons par un potentiel externe aléatoire. La deuxième est constituée de modèles incluant un potentiel externe faible (d'échelle). Nous commençons par un rappel des conditions nécessaires sur ces potentiels pour obtenir une condensation dans les états localisés. Nous montrons sous certaines hypothèses très générales que dans ces modèles, la CBE au sens habituel est aussi présente, dans un sens généralisé. Cela signifie que les particules sont condensées dans des états cinétiques ayant une énergie arbitrairement faible. Pour le gaz de Bose sans interactions, nous pouvons en plus prouver que les densités des deux condensats sont en fait égales. Nous approfondissons ensuite notre étude de la CBE, en demandant si il est possible d'obtenir une condensation sur un seul état cinétique. Nous montrons qu'en dépit de l'existence à la fois d'une transition de phase et de la CBE généralisée, aucune condensation ne survient sur un seul état cinétique. En particulier, la fameuse condensation sur l'état fondamental est absente pour ces modèles localisés. Finalement, nous établissons une généralisation possible de l'approximation de nombres complexes de Bogoliubov pour prendre en compte les propriétés très particulières de la CBE en présence de localisation, et nous discutons la faon d'interpréter le resultat du problème variationnel correspondant.

<p>In this thesis regimes of quantum degeneracy of electrons and holes in semiconductor quantum wells in a strong magnetic field are studied theoretically. The coherent pairing of electrons and holes results in the formation of Bose-Einstein condensate of magnetic excitons in a single-particle state with wave vector <b>K</b>. We show that correlation effects due to coherent excitations drastically change the properties of excitonic gas, making possible the formation of a novel metastable state of dielectric liquid phase with positive compressibility consisting of condensed magnetoexcitons with finite momentum. On the other hand, virtual transitions to excited Landau levels cause a repulsive interaction between excitons with zero momentum, and the ground state of the system in this case is a Bose condensed gas of weakly repulsive excitons. We introduce explicitly the damping rate of the exciton level and show that three different phases can be realized in a single quantum well depending on the exciton density: excitonic dielectric liquid surrounded by weakly interacting gas of condensed excitons versus metallic electron-hole liquid. In the double quantum well system the phase transition from the excitonic dielectric liquid phase to the crystalline state of electrons and holes is predicted with the increase of the interwell separation and damping rate.</p><p>We used a framework of Green's function to investigate the collective elementary excitations of the system in the presence of Bose-Einstein condensate, introducing "anomalous" two-particle Green's functions and symmetry breaking terms into the Hamiltonian. The analytical solution of secular equation was obtained in the Hartree-Fock approximation and energy spectra were calculated. The Coulomb interactions in the system results in a multiple-branch structure of the collective excitations energy spectrum. Systematic classification of the branches is proposed, and the condition of the stability of the condensed excitonic phase is discussed.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-103).

The Ginibre gas is a Poisson point process dened on a space of loops related to the Feynman-Kac representation of the ideal Bose gas. Here we study thermodynamic limits of dierent ensembles via Martin-Dynkin boundary technique and show, in which way innitely long loops occur. This effect is the so-called Bose-Einstein condensation.

In this thesis regimes of quantum degeneracy of electrons and holes in semiconductor quantum wells in a strong magnetic field are studied theoretically. The coherent pairing of electrons and holes results in the formation of Bose-Einstein condensate of magnetic excitons in a single-particle state with wave vector <b>K</b>. We show that correlation effects due to coherent excitations drastically change the properties of excitonic gas, making possible the formation of a novel metastable state of dielectric liquid phase with positive compressibility consisting of condensed magnetoexcitons with finite momentum. On the other hand, virtual transitions to excited Landau levels cause a repulsive interaction between excitons with zero momentum, and the ground state of the system in this case is a Bose condensed gas of weakly repulsive excitons. We introduce explicitly the damping rate of the exciton level and show that three different phases can be realized in a single quantum well depending on the exciton density: excitonic dielectric liquid surrounded by weakly interacting gas of condensed excitons versus metallic electron-hole liquid. In the double quantum well system the phase transition from the excitonic dielectric liquid phase to the crystalline state of electrons and holes is predicted with the increase of the interwell separation and damping rate. We used a framework of Green's function to investigate the collective elementary excitations of the system in the presence of Bose-Einstein condensate, introducing "anomalous" two-particle Green's functions and symmetry breaking terms into the Hamiltonian. The analytical solution of secular equation was obtained in the Hartree-Fock approximation and energy spectra were calculated. The Coulomb interactions in the system results in a multiple-branch structure of the collective excitations energy spectrum. Systematic classification of the branches is proposed, and the condition of the stability of the condensed excitonic phase is discussed.

I have been one of the main responsible for building a new laboratory for Bose-Einstein condensation with 87Rb. In particular, the experimental setup has been designed for performing experiments with Bose-Einstein condensates load into optical lattices of variable geometries. All parts essential for Bose-Einstein condensation are in place. Atoms are collected in a magneto-optical trap, transferred to another vacuum chamber, with better vacuum, and trapped in another magneto-optical trap. Atoms are successfully transferred to a dark magnetic trap, and system for diagnostics with absorption imaging has been realized. We have not yet been able to form a Bose-Einstein condensate, due to a range of technical difficulties. Equipment for alignment of optical lattices with flexible geometry has been designed, built, and tested. This tool has been proven to work as desired, and there is a great potential for a range of unique experiments with Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices of various geometries, including superlattices and quasi-periodic lattices. Numerical studies have been made on anisotropic optical lattices, and the existence of a transition between a 2D superfluid phase and a 1D Mott-insulating phase has been confirmed. We have shown that the transition is of Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless type. In another numerical study it has been shown that using stimulated Raman transitions is a practical method for transferring atoms between states in a double optical lattice. Thus, it will be possible to transfer populations between the lattices, with further applications in qubit read/write operations.

This thesis includes both experimental and theoretical investigations, presented in a series of eight papers. The experimental part ranges from the construction procedures of an apparatus for Bose-Einstein condensates, to full scale experiments using three different set-ups for ultracold atoms in optical lattices. As one of the main themes of the thesis, an experimental apparatus for production of Bose-Einstein Condensates is under construction. A magneto-optically trapped sample, hosting more than 200 million 87Rb atoms, have successfully been loaded into a magnetic trap with high transfer rate. The lifetime of the sample in the magnetic trap is in the range of 9 s, and the atoms have been shown to respond to evaporative cooling. The experiment is ready for optimization of the magnetic trap loading, and evaporative cooling parameters, which are the final steps for reaching Bose-Einstein condensation. The set-up is designed to host experiments including variable geometry optical lattices, and includes the possibility to align laser beams with high angular precision for this purpose. The breakdown of Bloch waves in a Bose-Einstein condensate is studied, attributed to the effect of energetic and dynamical instability. This experimental study is performed using a Bose-Einstein condensate in a moving one-dimensional optical lattice at LENS, Florence Italy. The optical lattice parameters, and the thermal distribution of the atomic sample required to trigger the instabilities, are detected, and compared with a theoretical model developed in parallel with the experiments. In close connection with these one-dimensional lattice studies, an experimental survey to characterize regimes of superradiant Rayleigh scattering and Bragg scattering is presented. Tunneling properties of repulsively bound atom pairs in double well potentials are characterized in an experiment at Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz Germany. A three-dimensional optical lattice, producing an array of double wells with tunable properties is let to interact with a Bose-Einstein condensate. Pairs of ultracold atoms are produced on one side in the double wells, and their tunneling behavior, dependent on potential barrier and repulsion properties, is studied. A theoretical study of the crossover between one- and two-dimensional systems has been performed. The simulations were made for a two-dimensional array of atoms, where the behavior for different tunneling probabilities and atom-atom repulsion strengths was studied. Scaling relations for systems of variable sizes have been examined in detail, and numerical values for the involved variables have been found.

We demonstrate electromagnetically-induced anomalous quantum dynamics of an exciton in a photonic band gap (PBG) - quantum well (QW) hetero-structure. Within the engineered electromagnetic vacuum of the PBG material, the exciton can propagate through the QW by the emission and re-absorption of virtual photons in addition to the conventional electronic hopping mechanism. When the exciton wavevector and recombination energy coincide nearly with a photonic band edge, the exciton kinetic energy is lowered by 1-10meV through coherent radiative hopping. This capture of the exciton by the photonic band edge is accompanied by strong electromagnetic dressing in which the exciton's renormalized effective mass is 4-5 orders of magnitude smaller than in the absence of the PBG environment. This dressed exciton exhibits a long radiative lifetime characteristic of a photon-atom bound state and is robust to phonon-assisted, re-combinative decay. By inheriting properties of the PBG electromagnetic vacuum, the bound electron-hole pair becomes a stable, ultra-mobile quantum excitation. Unlike traditional exciton-polariton modes created by placing a QW in a one-dimensional optical cavity, our PBG-QW excitons exhibit strong coupling to optical modes and retain a long lifetime. This is crucial for unambiguous observation of quantum coherence effects such as Bose-Einstein condensation. We present a model for the equilibrium quantum statistics of a condensate of repulsively interacting bosons in a two-dimensional trap. Particle correlations in the ground state are treated exactly, whereas interactions with excited particles are treated in a generalized Bogoliubov mean-field theory. This leads to a fundamental physical picture for condensation of interacting bosons through an anharmonic oscillator ground state coupled to excited Bogoliubov quasiparticles in which the quantum number statistics of condensate particles emerges self-consistently. Our anharmonic oscillator model for the exciton ground state manifold goes beyond the conceptual framework of traditional Bogoliubov theory. Below the Bose-Einstein condensation temperature, our model exhibits a crossover from particle bunching to Poissonian statistics and finally antibunching as temperature is lowered or as the trapping area is decreased. When applied to Bose condensation of long-lived dressed excitons in a photonic band gap material, our model suggests that this system may serve as a novel tunable source for non-classical states of light.

The emergence of many-body physical phenomena from the quantum mechanical properties of atoms can be studied using ultracold alkali gases. The ability to manipulate both Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) and degenerate Fermi gases (DFGs) with designer potential energy landscapes, variable interaction strengths and out-of-equilibrium initial conditions provides the opportunity to investigate collective behaviour under diverse conditions. With an appropriately chosen wavelength, optical standing waves provide a lattice potential for one target species while ignoring another spectator species. A “tune-in” scheme provides an especially strong potential for the target and works best for Li-Na, Li-K, and K-Na mixtures, while a “tune-out” scheme zeros the potential for the spectator, and is pre- ferred for Li-Cs, K-Rb, Rb-Cs, K-Cs, and 39K-40K mixtures. Species-selective lattices provide unique environments for studying many-body behaviour by allowing for a phonon-like background, providing for effective mass tuning, and presenting opportunities for increasing the phase-space density of one species. Ferromagnetism is manifest in a two-component DFG when the energetically preferred many-body configuration segregates components. Within the local density approximation (LDA), the characteristic energies and the three-body loss rate of the system all give an observable signature of the crossover to this ferromagnetic state in a trapped DFG when interactions are increased beyond kF a(0) = 1.84. Numerical simulations of an extension to the LDA that account for magnetization gradients show that a hedgehog spin texture emerges as the lowest energy configuration in the ferromagnetic regime. Explorations of strong interactions in 40K constitute the first steps towards the realization of ferromagnetism in a trapped 40K gas. The many-body dynamics of a 87Rb BEC in a double well potential are driven by spatial phase gradients and depend on the character of the junction. The amplitude and frequency characteristics of the transport across a tunable barrier show a crossover between two paradigms of superfluidity: Josephson plasma oscillations emerge for high barriers, where transport is via tunnelling, while hydrodynamic behaviour dominates for lower barriers. The phase dependence of the many-body dynamics is also evident in the observation of macroscopic quantum self trapping. Gross-Pitaevskii calculations facilitate the interpretation of system dynamics, but do not describe the observed damping.