Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:23:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia.pdf: 1168497 bytes, checksum: f97523b328660e75a0d87b8afe672f21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-07 / Beans are one of the foods used to supply the energy needs of the Brazilian diet, so it is necessary that farmers use high seed physiological potential, capable of increasing crop productivity. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological and biochemical changes occurring in beans stored for 360 days. Analyses were performed at 0, 30, 90, 180, 270, and 360 days after receiving the seeds (S1 and S2) and grains (G1 and G2) of BRS Radiance, coming from two producers. Tests of germination, accelerated aging, cold, and index of germination speed (IVG), average length of shoot (CMPA) and of root (CMR), electrical conductivity and the electrical conductivity of the leachate were quantified in levels of sugars and amino acids, in addition to Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Fe, and Zn. The experimental design was completely randomized split-plot in time and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. Seed germination was not affected in S2, while S1 and G1 showed a significant fall. The grains from field 1 had a greater influence on heat, stress, and cold, with its vigor decreasing from 91 to 50% and from 93 to 76%, respectively, after 360 days. The IVG tests presented decreased during the experiment. The CMPA and CMR samples showed variations during the experiment, and G1 had the lowest means. In electrical conductivity greater loss of solutes occurred at 90 days of evaluation. Up to 180 days of storage, G1 presented higher amount of amino acids and at 360 days the greatest value S1. Larger amount of soluble sugars were found in samples from field 1. The amount of calcium ions, manganese, iron, and zinc found in the samples were very small. The amounts of potassium decreased until 360 days of storage, and G1 showed the highest value. After 90 days the amounts of magnesium of the samples increased considerably. The grains from field 1 had lower physiological quality. The tests of accelerated aging, cold, and IVG showed a drop in vigor of the Splendor BRS, whereas the electrical conductivity test was not sensitive enough to detect this decrease. This test did not present association with the quantification of the ions investigated. The amount and behavior of amino acids, sugars the ions studied in this work, failed to relate these variables to the decrease in vigor of the bean samples. The storage period influenced the physiological quality of the beans tested. / O feijão é um dos alimentos mais utilizados para suprir as necessidades energéticas da dieta dos brasileiros. Assim, é necessário que os agricultores utilizem sementes de alto potencial fisiológico, capazes de aumentar a produtividade da cultura. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e as mudanças bioquímicas ocorridas em feijões armazenados por 360 dias. As análises foram realizadas nos tempos 0, 30, 90, 180, 270 e 360 dias após o recebimento dos lotes de sementes (S1 e S2) e dos grãos (G1 e G2) da cultivar BRS Esplendor vindas de dois produtores. Foram realizados os teste de germinação, de envelhecimento acelerado, de frio, além de índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), comprimento médio da parte aérea (CMPA) e da raiz (CMR), condutividade elétrica e do lixiviado da condutividade elétrica foram quantificados os teores de açúcares e aminoácidos, além dos íons Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Fe e Zn. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. A porcentagem de germinação não foi afetada para S2, enquanto que nas S1 e G1 a queda foi significativa. Os grãos do campo 1 sofreram maior influência sobre estresse de calor e frio, tendo seu vigor diminuído de 91 para 50% e de 93 para 76%, respectivamente, após 360 dias. O IVG dos testes realizados apresentaram queda durante o experimento. O CMPA e o CMR das amostras apresentaram variações ao longo do experimento, sendo que G1 apresentou as menores médias. No teste de condutividade elétrica maior perda de solutos ocorreu aos 90 dias de avaliação. Até os 180 dias de armazenamento, G1 apresentou maior quantidade de aminoácidos e aos 360 dias S1, o maior valor. Maiores quantidade de açúcares solúveis foram evidenciadas nas amostras do campo 1. A quantidade dos íons cálcio, manganês, ferro e zinco encontrados nas amostras foram muito pequenas. As quantidades de potássio diminuíram até os 360 dias de armazenamento, quando G1 apresentou o maior valor. Após 90 dias, as quantidades de magnésio das amostras aumentaram consideravelmente. Os grãos do campo 1 apresentaram menor qualidade fisiológica. Os testes de envelhecimento acelerado, frio e IVG evidenciaram a queda do vigor da cultivar BRS Esplendor, enquanto que o teste de condutividade elétrica não foi sensível para detectar esta diminuição. Este teste não apresentou relação com a quantificação dos íons investigados. A quantidade e o comportamento dos aminoácidos, açúcares e dos íons estudados não permitiram relacionar estas variáveis com a queda do vigor das amostras de feijão. O período de armazenamento influenciou a qualidade fisiológica dos feijões testados.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-08-04T17:38:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Willians Lopes de Almeida.pdf: 1770532 bytes, checksum: d6cb976721bbde35acc6e8eb811e7c46 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-04T17:38:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Willians Lopes de Almeida.pdf: 1770532 bytes, checksum: d6cb976721bbde35acc6e8eb811e7c46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-28 / The concepts and laws of physics are widely used in research aimed at improving environmental quality, providing theoretical bases / practical solution to the problems of the environmental pollution. Such problems are made up of various aspects ranging from contamination of water, air and soil, to landscape changes. On the ground, this is not just a piece of ground; it is very complex and consists of several elements such as organic matter, water, air and especially life. Considering the importance that the study of soil has been the need to bring this knowledge to the basic cycle of education, in order to wake up early on the aspects of the practice of conscious use of this ecosystem element. Given this, it is clear that there is a range of possibilities to work with the subject in the school context, given its importance, ease of viewing changes resulting from the misuse or disorderly occupation of land and also its transdisciplinary character. One such possibility is the soil resistivity of the study, which harnesses knowledge of physics, as well as composition and soil contamination. Many students question the importance of studying physics considering that this curriculum component will not be useful to you in your everyday life or professional activities. In this perspective, thinking teaching strategies that engage students in both their educational background as a professional in order to make them recognize the role of science in the transformation of society, it is the role that the teacher has and his commitment to each education better. Thus, with the support of the theory of meaningful learning, could be assessed, opposite the existing transdisciplinary relationship between physical and thematic soil, through the study of soil electrical resistivity in a low cost experiment, recognition and learning more dynamically and satisfactory. Based on the results it can be said that the transdisciplinary proposal, through experimentation, from the concept of electrical resistivity as curriculum integration component between physics and soil, was successful, given the good evaluation that students employed in job. The role of experimentation in the teaching-learning process in physical education, in this context, reflected in improvements in student learning and made them recognize the relationships between the two curriculum components: physical and soils. The methodological strategy used in this study contributed to the characterization of vocational training in the technical environment and this allowed the study subjects were able to understand the content taught in a more meaningful way. The results obtained in the post-test and evaluation of the work by the students, it was found that they have recognized the significance of the concept of soil electrical resistivity and experienced a significant learning, given all the context that passed during the execution of this research. / Os conceitos e leis da f?sica s?o amplamente utilizados em pesquisas que visam melhorar a qualidade ambiental, proporcionando bases te?rico/pr?ticas para solu??o dos problemas decorrentes da polui??o do meio ambiente. Tais problemas s?o constitu?dos por diversos aspectos que v?o desde a contamina??o da ?gua, do ar e do solo, at? a modifica??o da paisagem. Em rela??o ao solo, este n?o se resume a um peda?o de ch?o; ele ? bastante complexo e constitu?do por diversos elementos como mat?ria org?nica, ?gua, ar e, principalmente, vida. Considerando a import?ncia que o estudo do solo tem, vem a necessidade de levar este conhecimento ao ciclo b?sico da educa??o, de modo a despertar desde cedo os aspectos relativos ? pr?tica consciente de utiliza??o deste elemento do ecossistema. Diante disto, percebe-se que h? um leque de possibilidades para se trabalhar o tema no contexto escolar, dada a sua import?ncia, facilidade de visualizar modifica??es decorrentes do mau uso ou ocupa??es desordenadas da terra e tamb?m o seu car?ter transdisciplinar. Uma dessas possibilidades est? no estudo da resistividade do solo, a qual atrela conhecimentos de f?sica, bem como de composi??o e contamina??o do solo. Muitos alunos questionam a import?ncia de se estudar f?sica considerando que este componente curricular n?o lhe ser? ?til em sua vida cotidiana ou atua??o profissional. Nessa perspectiva, pensar estrat?gias de ensino que envolva os alunos, tanto em seu contexto formativo como profissional, de modo a faz?-los reconhecer o papel da ci?ncia na transforma??o da sociedade, representa a fun??o que o educador tem e seu compromisso com uma educa??o cada vez melhor. Assim, com apoio da teoria da aprendizagem significativa, foi poss?vel avaliar, frente ? rela??o transdisciplinar existente entre a f?sica e a tem?tica solos, atrav?s do estudo da resistividade el?trica do solo num experimento de baixo custo, o reconhecimento e a aprendizagem de forma mais din?mica e satisfat?ria. Com base nos resultados pode-se dizer que a proposta transdisciplinar, por meio da experimenta??o, a partir do conceito de resistividade el?trica como componente de integra??o curricular entre a f?sica e solos, foi bem sucedida, haja vista a boa avalia??o que os alunos empregaram no trabalho. O papel da experimenta??o no processo de ensino-aprendizagem no ensino de f?sica, para este contexto, repercutiu em melhorias na aprendizagem dos alunos e os fizeram reconhecer as rela??es entre os dois componentes curriculares: f?sica e solos. A estrat?gia metodol?gica utilizada neste trabalho contribuiu com a caracteriza??o da forma??o profissional do t?cnico em meio ambiente e isto permitiu que os sujeitos pesquisados conseguissem compreender o conte?do ensinado de forma mais significativa. Atrav?s dos resultados obtidos no p?s-teste e na avalia??o do trabalho por parte dos alunos, foi poss?vel constatar que estes reconheceram a signific?ncia do conceito de resistividade el?trica do solo e experimentaram uma aprendizagem significativa, dado todo contexto que passaram ao longo da execu??o desta pesquisa.

Este trabalho de pesquisa apresenta a avaliação de uma sonda TDR helicoidal para estimar o teor de umidade dos solos, em diferentes profundidades, através da técnica da reflectometria no domínio do tempo (TDR). Essa sonda, desenvolvida especificamente para esse fim, foi devidamente calibrada em laboratório para diferentes tipos de solo. O processo de calibração consistiu na determinação da constante dielétrica aparente (Ka) e condutividade elétrica volumétrica (ECb) de um mesmo solo com diferentes teores de umidade. Posteriormente foram buscadas correlações entre Ka e o teor de umidade gravimétrico (w), obtido em estufa. São propostas correlações entre w e Ka, entre w e \'KA POT. 1/2\' e entre teor de umidade volumétrico (\'teta\') e Ka. Também foram consideradas as correlações propostas por Yu e Drnevich (2004), visando estimar também a massa específica seca dos solos. Foram realizados ensaios de campo para a validação das equações de calibração. Os valores dos teores de umidade estimados através da técnica da reflectometria no domínio do tempo, tanto em laboratório como em campo, foram comparados com os valores de teor de umidade obtidos com o método da estufa. Com base nos resultados foram determinados os erros referentes às calibrações. Nos ensaios de campo, os teores de umidade obtidos através da correlação entre w e \'KA POT. 1/2\' apresentaram melhores resultados, quando comparados com aqueles estimados com as outras correlações. Pelos resultados obtidos conclui-se que a técnica TDR é uma alternativa viável para a estimativa em campo do teor de umidade em grandes profundidades. / In this work is presented the evaluation of a recently developed helicoidal probe used for estimating the soil water content through the time domain technology (TDR). This probe has been calibrated in laboratory for different types of soils. The calibration process consisted in assessing the values of the apparent dielectric constant (Ka) and the bulk electric conductivity (ECb) of a specific soil at different levels of water content (w). Subsequently, correlations between the apparent dielectric constant and the water content have been established. The same has done with the bulk electric conductivity. Correlations between Ka and w, \'KA POT. 1/2\' and w, \'teta\' (volumetric water content) and Ka have been proposed. Also, the correlations proposed by Yu and Drnevich (2004) have been considered. To validate the proposed correlations, tests using the helicoidal probe were performed in the field. Estimated values of field water content, using the TDR technology have been compared to the correspondent oven water content values. Based on these comparisons, errors regarding the calibrations have been calculated. In the field tests, the correlations between \'KA POT. 1/2\' and w have presented more accurate results than those obtained with the other correlations. Experimental results have shown that the TDR technology for estimating water content at different depths in the field is feasible and expedite.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_caroline_costa.pdf: 410037 bytes, checksum: 70221bc02297589fd9d80d107be7a2aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-22 / The present work had the objective of to study biochemical and physiological alterations in function of pea seed pre hydration with e phasis in the electrolyte leakage and in the expression of different isoenzymatic systems,trying to contribute for the i provement of the pre hydration methods of seeds to be submitted to tests for evaluation of its physiological potential.Seeds lots of cvs.Axé and Maria, characterized for the water content,germination,first ger mination counting,accelerated aging,electrical conductivity and seedling emergence in the field,were used.The seeds of each lot were pre hydrated in saturated atmosphere and hum idified substratu until they reach 10,12 and 14%of water content.After the pre hydration,the seeds were submitted to the tests of electrical conductivity,accelerated aging and leakage of calcium ,potassium and magnesium and characterized for the expression pattern of the isoenzymatic systems Malate Dehydrogenase,Acid Phosphatase,Glutamate Dehydrogenase and Glutamate Oxalacetate Transaminase.The pre hydration of the seeds using saturated atmosphere or humidified substratum see s to affect the process of restructuring the seed cellular e branes system differently,being reflected in alterations in the pattern of electrolyte leakage and Acid Phosphatase isoenzymatic expression.Discrepancies take place a ong results obtained by the test of electrical conductivity for evaluation of the physiological potential of pea seeds,depending on the proceeding adopted to pre hydrate the seeds. / O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar alterações bioquímicas e fisiológicas decorrentes da pré hidratação de sementes de ervilha,com ênfase na lixiviação de eletrólitos e na expressão de diferentes sistemas isoenzim áticos,procurando contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento dos métodos de pré hidratação de sementes a serem submetidas a testes para avaliação do seu potencial fisiológico.Foram utilizados lotes de sementes de ervilha das cultivares Axé e Maria,caracterizados quanto ao teor de água,germinação, primeira contagem de germinação,envelhecimento acelerado,condutividade elétrica e emergência de plântulas e campo.As sementes de cada lote fora pré hidratadas e pregando atmosfera saturada e substrato umedecido,até atingirem teores de água de 10, 12 e 14%.Após a pré hidratação,as sementes foram avaliadas pelos testes de condutividade elétrica,envelhecimento acelerado,lixiviação de cálcio,potássio e magnésio e caracterizadas quanto ao padrão de expressão dos sistemas isoenzimáticos Malato Desidrogenase,Fosfatase Ácida,Glutamato Desidrogenase e Glutamato Oxalacetato Transaminase.A pré hidratação de sementes de ervilha e pregando atmosfera saturada ou substrato umedecido afeta diferentemente o processo de reestruturação do sistema de e branas celulares das sem entes,refletindo se e alterações no padrão de lixiviação de eletrólitos e na expressão do sistema isoezimático Fosfatase Ácida.Ocorre discrepâncias entre resultados obtidos pelo teste de condutividade elétrica para avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de ervilha,dependendo do procedim ento adotado para a pré hidratação das sementes.

Abstract The lithospheric conductivity in the westernmost Fennoscandia has been studied using magnetotelluric (MT) data. The western margin of Fennoscandia was significantly affected in Paleozoic by the Caledonian orogeny and later by the rifting of Laurentia and the opening of the Atlantic Ocean c. 80 Ma ago. Magnetotelluric studies have been carried out in two target areas in southern Norway and in western Fennoscandia. The first study resulted in 2-D geoelectric models of two profiles stretching from Oslo to the Norwegian coast. The interpretation suggests that the basement is in general very resistive with a few conductive upper crustal layers, representing the alum shales, and middle crustal conductors possibly imaging the remnants of the closed ocean basins. A more extensive MT study was performed within the project "Magnetotellurics in the Scandes". Measurements were carried in summers of 2011 to 2013, resulting in an array of 279 MT sites. The data allowed us to derive 2-D geoelectric models for the crust and upper mantle as well as 3-D models for the crust. The inversions revealed a resistive upper crust and a conductive lower crust, two upper crustal conductors in the Skellefteå and Kittilä districts, highly conducting alum shales in the Caledonides and a conductive upper crust beneath the Lofoten peninsula. The thickness of the lithosphere is around 200 km in the north and 300 km in the south-west. The Palaeoproterozoic lithosphere is the thickest, not the Archaean, on contrary to a generally accepted hypothesis. A better image of the lithosphere will help to evaluate the proposed mechanisms of the exhumation of the Scandinavian Mountains. The theoretical part of this study is the development of a new multi-resolution approach to 3-D electromagnetic (EM) modelling. Three-dimensional modelling of MT data requires enormous computational resources because of the huge number of data and model parameters. The development of the multi-resolution forward solver is based on the fact that a finer grid resolution is often required near the surface. On the other hand, the EM fields propagate in a diffusive manner and can be sufficiently well described on a grid that becomes coarser with depth. Tests showed that the total run time can be reduced by five times and the memory requirements by three times compared with the standard staggered grid forward solver. / Tiivistelmä Olemme tutkineet litosfäärin sähkönjohtavuutta Fennoskandian länsiosassa magnetotelluurisen (MT) menetelmän avulla. Fennoskandian länsireuna muokkautui merkittävästi paleotsooisena aikana Kaledonidien vuorijonopoimutuksessa sekä myöhemmin mesotsooisena aikana Laurentia-mantereen repeytyessä ja Atlantin valtameren syntyessä noin 80 miljoonaa vuotta sitten. MT-tutkimukset tehtiin Etelä-Norjassa ja Fennoskandian luoteisosassa. Ensimmäisessä tutkimuksessa kallioperän sähkönjohtavuutta kuvattiin kaksiulotteisilla (2-D) johtavuusmalleilla, jotka ulottuvat Oslosta Norjan rannikolle. Mallien tulkinta viittaa siihen, että maan kuori on pääosin hyvin eristävä lukuun ottamatta muutamaa kuoren ylä- ja keskiosassa olevaa johdekerrosta. Yläkuoren johteet edustavat alunaliuskeita ja keskikuoren johteet todennäköisesti suljetuissa merialtaissa syntyneitä hiilipitoisia sedimenttikerrostumia. Laajempi MT-tutkimus tehtiin ”Magnetotellurics in the Scandes” -hankkeessa. Mittauksia tehtiin 279 mittauspisteessä kesinä 2011–2013. Saadun aineiston avulla voitiin laatia 2-D inversiomallit kuoresta ja ylävaipasta sekä 3-D inversiomalli kuoresta. Tulosten mukaan täällä kuoren yläosa on eristävä kun taas kuoren alaosa on sähköä hyvin johtava. Edellisen lisäksi malleissa näkyy yläkuoren johtavat muodostumat Skellefteån ja Kittilän alueilla, korkean johtavuuden alunaliuskeet Kaledonidien alueella sekä johde Lofoottien alla. Litosfäärin paksuus on noin 200 km mittausverkon pohjoisosassa ja noin 300 km lounaassa. Tämän mukaan litosfääri on paksuin varhaisproterotsooisen litosfäärin alueella, ei arkeeisen litosfäärin alueella vastoin yleistä hypoteesia. Tutkimuksen teoreettisessa osassa kehitettiin sähkömagneettiseen mallinnukseen uusi monitasoiseen diskretisointiin perustuva menetelmä. MT-aineiston 3-D käänteisongelman ratkaisu ja siihen liittyvä suora mallintaminen vaativat suuren laskennallisen kapasiteetin, koska havaintojen ja mallin kuvaamiseen tarvittavien parametrien määrä on erittäin suuri. Moniresoluutio-algoritmi perustuu siihen, että mallin hienojakoisempaa diskretisointia tarvitaan yleensä lähellä maan pintaa kun taas syvemmälle edettäessä, sähkömagneettisen aallon diffuusin etenemisen vuoksi, malli voi olla karkeampi. Tietokonesimulaatioiden mukaan suoritusaika on viidennes ja muistitarve kolmannes verrattuna tavanomaiseen suoran laskennan ”staggered grid” -diskretisointiin.

Abstract This PhD thesis is composed of a synopsis and five published papers that are focused on both the research results of studies on electrical properties of road materials and subgrade soils and their seasonal changes and the use of Ground Penetrating Radar technique in traffic infrastructure surveys. The data for this survey was collected mainly in Finland, Texas, Scotland and Sweden and thus presents many kinds of road materials, subgrade soils and climate conditions. The synopsis of this work begins with a presentation of the theory and basic principles of GPR techniques. Special attention is given to the dielectric properties and seasonal changes of unbound road materials and subgrade soils. The synopsis also presents different kinds of GPR hardware systems as well as recommendations and experiences from different data collection, processing and interpretation techniques. Special attention is given to a method whereby GPR data is integrated with other road survey data and then analysed using a number of structural diagnostic methods. Finally, the synopsis provides an overview of of the various GPR applications on roads and streets, bridges, railways and airports. The laboratory test results presented in this work show that the relationship between dielectric value and increasing water content is not linear or exponential but more likely a series of logarithmic functions. Laboratory results also showed that dielectric dispersion, which can be related to poorly performing subgrade soils and road aggregates, takes place mainly in loosely bound adsorption water and capillary water layer. As such these moisture sensitive problem materials can also be identified during the dry summer seasons when they are stiff. Dielectric value and electrical conductivity can also be related to other technical properties of road materials and subgrade soils such as frost susceptibility, shear strength, plastic limit, compaction degree and voids content. Laboratory tests and field data collected using the Percostation technique also demonstrate that a knowledge of seasonal changes and thermodynamics is very important in understanding and modelling the mechanical behaviour of road structures. Finally, laboratory and field tests indicate that colloids have an important role in the failure mechanism of the road materials. This research demonstrates that the GPR technique not only gives valuable structural information on the different types of structures and subgrade soils but it provides a wide range of information of the electrical properties of the materials under survey which can be further related to their mechanical performance. The best information will be gained if GPR data is analysed together with other non destructive testing data collected form the roads, railways and airports.

Les méthodes d'induction électromagnétique permettent de caractériser la conductivité électrique des matériaux, dont les corps planétaires telluriques, depuis les couches superficielles de la croûte jusqu'aux zones les plus internes, dans le manteau inférieur. Pour une source de champ électromagnétique donnée, des courants sont induits dans les matériaux qui y sont soumis. Avec l'essor des données magnétiques satellitaires, de nouvelles méthodes d'analyse des données magnétiques permettent d'obtenir des images unidimensionnelles de la structure électrique de ces corps car la structure spatio-temporelle de la source électromagnétique en est bien connue. Les travaux de mon doctorat ont eu pour but de mettre en place une nouvelle méthode d'analyse permettant de déterminer des modèles de structure interne globaux pour n'importe quel corps du système solaire pour lequel on dispose de longues séries temporelles magnétiques satellitaires. Après avoir testé cette méthode sur des modèles synthétiques et l'avoir appliqué au cas de données réelles terrestre pour lesquelles des études d'induction électromagnétiques antérieurs permettent d'avoir un a priori sur le modèle de conductivité électrique attendu, nous avons obtenu les premiers modèles de conductivité électrique martien en utilisant les données magnétiques du satellite Mars Global Surveyor. Ces résultats nous ont permis de valider des modèles de structure interne antérieurs établis à partir d'analyses géochimiques et minéralogiques des météorites martiennes. Cette méthode innovante est aujourd'hui la seule capable d'obtenir une image électrique des manteaux telluriques à partir de données magnétiques satellitaires pour des corps autres que la Terre ou la Lune et pour lesquels aucun a priori sur la structure spatio-temporelle du champ électromagnétique inducteur externe n'est nécessaire. / My Ph.D. work consists in the investigation of satellite magnetic data to infer the deep internal conductivity distribution. I developed a new global electromagnetic induction method applied to planetary magnetic datasets without strong a priori hypothesis on the external inducing source field. My method is based on a spectral correction of gapped data magnetic time series to restore the time spectral content of the source field. This external source depends on the planetary environment and is therefore different for each planetary bodies. The method aims at recovering with a maximum accuracy internal and external spherical harmonic coefficients of transients fields, whose ratio is used as a transfer function to retrieve the internal distribution of electrical conductivity. While for the Earth, a good proxy of the source field activity is the Dst index, no such proxy exists for other planets. Hence, for our study of Mars transient magnetic field from MGS, one of the major part of my work is the determination of an appropriate continuous proxy for the external variability. On Earth the external electromagnetic source is well known, and may be described by a spherical harmonic geometry dominated by the dipole term. This source field may be characterized using a magnetic activity index named the Dst index. The method has been tested on synthetic data generated within the framework of SWARM mission. This mission consists of a 3 satellites constellation. One of the main objectives is to infer the 3D electrical distribution in the deep Earth. SWARM synthetic data consist in a time series of spherical harmonic (SH) coefficients, external and internal, generated from a simple non-realistic 3D model. In this model, several regional and local conductors, in a radially symmetric 3 layers model have been embedded. Using this dataset, our method give satisfactory results. We have been able to obtain the external and internal SH coefficients - for the first SH degree, which is known to be the most energetic degree of the external source - using only one of the 3 synthetic time series. Then, the method has been used on real data from Ørsted. In this case, we had to pre-process the data to correct from ionospheric and aligned currents contributions. We developed a statistical analysis to remove the ionospheric field using 2 geomagnetic indices : AL and Kp. Hence, we have enlarged data toward higher and lower latitudinal zones than what has been done in previous works. Finally, we have been able to obtain 1D conductivity models, which fits reasonably with existing conductivity data in the deep Earth. Finally, we worked on Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) data. One of the most time consuming parts of this work was the determination of an appropriate continuous proxy for the external variability in the vicinity of Mars. Without any measurements of the IMF (Interplanetary Magnetic Field) during MGS sciences acquisition, we have used ACE (Advanced Composition Explorer) data. This satellite orbits around the L1 point of the Sun-Earth system, measuring solar wind magnetic characteristics. We have time-shifted ACE data to Mars position for 4 temporal windows where Mars and Earth were closed to the same Parker's spiral's arm, and finally determined a proxy explaining the major part of the variability observed in Mars data. Despite numerous gaps in MGS data, we have been able to establish the 1D conductivity distribution, fitting reasonably existing geochemical models. Although the method may be unstable for some cases, we obtained satisfactory results for in depth conductivity of the planet.

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Die Erkundung und Charakterisierung der unterirdischen Einzugsgebiete gehören zu den zentralen Aufgabengebieten der hydrogeologischen Praxis. Die Erfassung und Ausnutzung von Schwankungen in den chemisch-physikalischen Eigenschaften der Grundwässer bildet dabei einen Grundpfeiler zahlreicher Studien. Ausgelöst werden diese Variationen u.a. durch den Zustrom von Niederschlagswässern in die Grundwassersysteme. Dies kann sowohl infolge des natürlichen Versickerungsprozesses geschehen oder aber technischen Ursprungs sein (z.B. künstliche Grundwasseranreicherung). Niederschlagswässer unterscheiden sich - als Endprodukt des natürlichen meteorologi-schen Destillationsprozesses - bezüglich ihrer Salinität (Mineralgehalt) und ihrer Isotopie zumeist deutlich von natürlichen Grund- und Oberflächenwässern. Die meisten Monitoring- und Erkundungskonzepte, welche derartige Unterschiede ausnutzen, beinhalten daher oft eine Kombination mehrerer Analyseverfahren, wie z.B. die Identifizierung des isotopischen Fingerabdruckes mittels Stabilisotopenanalytik sowie die Bestimmung der Salinität über z.B. Konduktometrie oder Ionenanalysen. Niederschlagswässer, Grundwässer sowie das poröse Medium selbst sind jedoch Materialien natürlichen Ursprungs und daher physikochemisch betrachtet eher komplexe Systemkomponenten. Ein perfekt konservatives Migrationsverhalten ohne Beeinflussungen ist daher nicht zu erwarten; ebenso wenig ist davon auszugehen, dass die messtechnische Erfassung stets einwandfrei verläuft. Vor diesem Hintergrund setzt sich diese Dissertationsschrift kritisch mit dem Einfluss von Messunsicherheiten und Signalmodifikationen auf die Qualität der Nachverfolgung dieser Wässer auseinander. Hierfür wird das Niederschlagswasser als de-facto künstlicher Grundwassertracer behandelt und bezüglich der Anforderungen an diese Tracer-Gruppe bewertet. In mehreren Experimenten und Modellsimulationen auf Labor- und Feldskala wird zudem gezeigt, welche speziellen Anforderungen bei der Nutzung von Regenwässern und Schneeschmelzen als Tracer bestehen. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse verdeutlichen zum einen, dass die technischen Limitationen der Stabilisotopenanalytik bei der Auswertung von Versuchen mit natürlichen Niederschlags-wässern zwingend zu berücksichtigen sind, da sich die begrenzten isotopischen Unterschiede i.d.R. nur um wenige Vielfache vom Hintergrundrauschen der Messung unterscheiden. Dies hat erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Eineindeutigkeit der invers ermittelten Parameter. Des Weiteren ist zu beachten, dass die stabilen Isotope, obwohl durch ein nahezu inertes Verhalten geprägt, dennoch physikalisch bedingten Transferprozessen unterliegen, welche wiederum von Experimentalbedingungen wie z.B. der Temperatur beeinflusst werden. Außerdem wird offenbart, dass die Migration der sehr gering mineralisierten und chemisch folglich untersättigten Wässer im porösen Medium von chemischen Umwandlungsprozessen (u.a. Mineralreaktionen, Ionenaustausch) z.T. erheblicher Intensität begleitet wird. Diese Reaktionen führen u.a. zur Modifikation des Proxy-Parameters ‚elektrische Leitfähigkeit‘.:Erklärung (mit Auflistung der Veröffentlichungen) Kurzzusammenfassung / Abstract (English) Thesen der Dissertation Danksagung und Förderinformationen Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungs- und Symbolverzeichnis 1 Einleitung / Hintergrund 1.1 Motivation dieser Arbeit 1.2 Forschungsfragen im Kontext des Projektes „Regen als Grundwassertracer“ 1.3 Struktur dieser Arbeit 1.4 Hinweis zum kumulativen Charakter dieser Arbeit 2 Theorie I - Markierungsversuche und Parameterermittlung im wassergesättigten, porösen Medium 2.1 Beschreibung von Lockersedimenten als poröse Medien 2.2 Hydrogeologische Markierungsversuche 2.3 Parameterermittlung anhand von Observationsdaten aus Markierungsversuchen 3 Theorie II - Die stabilen Isotope des Wassermoleküls und ihre Nutzung 3.1 Definitionen, Konventionen und Unsicherheiten 3.2 Wassermoleküle in der Hydrosphäre 3.3 Anwendungen in der Hydrogeologie 4 Methodik 4.1 Vorwort zur Methodik / Übersicht zu den Untersuchunge 4.2 Bestimmung der Stabilisotopensignaturen mittels IRMS 4.3 Konduktometrie zur Bestimmung des EC-Wertes 4.4 Verfahren zur Bestimmung weiterer Messgrößen und Parameter 4.5 Versuchsaufbauten auf Laborskala 4.6 Feldstandorte 4.7 Modellsysteme / Modellcodes 4.8 Weitere Hinweise zu den Untersuchunge 5 Variabilität der Quantität und δ2H-/δ18O-Isotopie von Niederschlagswässern 5.1 Zweck dieses Kapitels 5.2 Herkunft der analysierten Daten 5.3 Niederschlagsmengen und Schneehöhen (DAT1) 5.4 Verteilung der Isotopensignaturen (DAT2) 5.5 Dämpfung des Jahresganges / Berücksichtigung der Überdeckung 5.6 Bewertung / Zwischenfazit 6 Bewertung des Transportverhaltens und der Stabilität von Niederschlagswässern im porösen Medium 6.1 Zweck dieses Kapitels 6.2 Durchströmungsversuche mit künstlicher Isotopenmarkierung (LAB1) 6.3 Durchströmungsversuche mit natürlichen Niederschlagswässern (LAB2, LAB3) 6.4 Bedeutung des isotopischen Signal-Rausch-Verhältnisses (MOD1) 6.5 Batchversuche zur weiteren Stabilitätsbewertung (LAB4, LAB5) 6.6 Modellgestützte Analyse der beobachteten EC-Wert-Modifikation (MOD2) 6.7 Bewertung / Zwischenfazit 7 Bewertung des Transportverhaltens auf kleiner Feldskala 7.1 Zweck dieses Kapitels (inklusive Verfahrensauswahl) 7.2 Feldskala-Vorversuche mit Deuteriumoxid-Markierung (FELD1, FELD2) 7.3 Realisierung eines Feldskala-Versuchs mit Schneeschmelzwasser (FELD3) 7.4 Modellgestützte Abschätzung von Wassermengen (MOD3) 7.5 Bewertung / Zwischenfazit 8 Verhalten der δ2H-, δ18O- und EC-Signalkomponenten in komplexen Systemen 8.1 Zweck dieses Kapitels 8.2 Dynamische Mischungsberechnung im 3-Komponenten-System (LAB6) 8.3 Thermisch-bedingte Veränderungen der Transportbedingungen (LAB7) 8.4 Bewertung / Zwischenfazit 9 Abschließende Bewertung und Ausblick 9.1 Zusammenfassung der Erkenntnisse aus den Untersuchungen 9.2 Schlussfolgerungen für den aktiven Einsatz von Niederschlagswässern als Tracer 9.3 Ausblick / Empfehlungen für die künftige Forschung Referenzliste / Literaturverzeichnis Anhang A / Fachartikel Hydrogeology Journal : Binder et al. (2019a) - Hauptmanuskript Hydrogeology Journal : Binder et al. (2019a) - Ergänzungsmaterialien Journal of Hydrology : Binder et al. (2019b) - Hauptmanuskript Journal of Hydrology : Binder et al. (2019b) - Ergänzungsmaterialien Water Resources Research : Binder et al. (in Revision) - Hauptmanuskript Water Resources Research : Binder et al. (in Revision) - Ergänzungsmaterialien Anhang B / Sonstige Ergänzungen Erläuterung der Kernthesen sowie der ergänzenden Thesen Peer-Review-Veröffentlichungen als Co-Autor mit Nennung in dieser Arbeit Zu Kapitel 2 – Theorie Zu Kapitel 5 – Datenrecherche Zu Kapitel 6 – Laborskala-Untersuchungen Zu Kapitel 7 – Feldskala-Untersuchungen Zu Kapitel 8 – Verhalten in komplexen Systemen / The exploration and characterization of subsurface catchments is one of the central tasks in hydrogeology. Here, exploiting detected fluctuations in the chemical-physical properties of the groundwater is a cornerstone of numerous studies. These variations are triggered, among others, by precipitation waters flowing into the groundwater systems. This can happen either due to the natural infiltration process or as a result of technical applications (e.g., as part of artificial groundwater recharge). Being the end product of the natural meteorologically induced distillation process, typical precipitation waters differ from natural groundwater and surface waters in terms of their mineral content (salinity) and their isotopic signatures. Therefore, most monitoring and exploration concepts, which exploit such differences, employ a combination of several analytical methods, such as the identification of the isotopic fingerprint by stable isotope analysis and salinity determination by, e.g., conductometry or ion analysis. However, precipitation waters, groundwaters as well as the porous medium itself are materials of natural origin and, therefore, are physicochemically rather complex system components. Hence, an unmodified and perfectly conservative migration behaviour is not to be expected; it is equally unlikely that the analytical detection procedure always runs smoothly. In this context, this doctoral dissertation gives a critical assessment on the influence of analytical uncertainties and signal modifications on the overall quality of the water tracing. For this purpose, precipitation water is treated as de-facto artificial groundwater tracer and evaluated according to the requirements defined for this tracer group. Furthermore, experiments and model simulations were carried out on the laboratory and on the field scale to assess which special requirements must be complied when rain waters or snowmelt waters are used as tracers. The investigations show on the one hand, that technical limitations of stable isotope analysis must be considered in the evaluation of tests with natural precipitation waters, as the limited isotopic differences typically differ only a fewfold from the background noise of the measurement device. This has a significant impact on the quality of the inversely determined parameters. Furthermore, it is highlighted that the stable isotopes, although showing an almost inert migration behaviour, are still subject to physically induced transfer processes. These transfer processes, in turn, depend on various experimental conditions such as temperature. Finally, it was found that the migration of the low mineralized waters in the po-rous medium is accompanied by a suite of chemical reactions (e.g. mineral reactions, ion exchange), which in turn lead to a modification of the proxy parameter 'electrical conductivity'.:Erklärung (mit Auflistung der Veröffentlichungen) Kurzzusammenfassung / Abstract (English) Thesen der Dissertation Danksagung und Förderinformationen Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungs- und Symbolverzeichnis 1 Einleitung / Hintergrund 1.1 Motivation dieser Arbeit 1.2 Forschungsfragen im Kontext des Projektes „Regen als Grundwassertracer“ 1.3 Struktur dieser Arbeit 1.4 Hinweis zum kumulativen Charakter dieser Arbeit 2 Theorie I - Markierungsversuche und Parameterermittlung im wassergesättigten, porösen Medium 2.1 Beschreibung von Lockersedimenten als poröse Medien 2.2 Hydrogeologische Markierungsversuche 2.3 Parameterermittlung anhand von Observationsdaten aus Markierungsversuchen 3 Theorie II - Die stabilen Isotope des Wassermoleküls und ihre Nutzung 3.1 Definitionen, Konventionen und Unsicherheiten 3.2 Wassermoleküle in der Hydrosphäre 3.3 Anwendungen in der Hydrogeologie 4 Methodik 4.1 Vorwort zur Methodik / Übersicht zu den Untersuchunge 4.2 Bestimmung der Stabilisotopensignaturen mittels IRMS 4.3 Konduktometrie zur Bestimmung des EC-Wertes 4.4 Verfahren zur Bestimmung weiterer Messgrößen und Parameter 4.5 Versuchsaufbauten auf Laborskala 4.6 Feldstandorte 4.7 Modellsysteme / Modellcodes 4.8 Weitere Hinweise zu den Untersuchunge 5 Variabilität der Quantität und δ2H-/δ18O-Isotopie von Niederschlagswässern 5.1 Zweck dieses Kapitels 5.2 Herkunft der analysierten Daten 5.3 Niederschlagsmengen und Schneehöhen (DAT1) 5.4 Verteilung der Isotopensignaturen (DAT2) 5.5 Dämpfung des Jahresganges / Berücksichtigung der Überdeckung 5.6 Bewertung / Zwischenfazit 6 Bewertung des Transportverhaltens und der Stabilität von Niederschlagswässern im porösen Medium 6.1 Zweck dieses Kapitels 6.2 Durchströmungsversuche mit künstlicher Isotopenmarkierung (LAB1) 6.3 Durchströmungsversuche mit natürlichen Niederschlagswässern (LAB2, LAB3) 6.4 Bedeutung des isotopischen Signal-Rausch-Verhältnisses (MOD1) 6.5 Batchversuche zur weiteren Stabilitätsbewertung (LAB4, LAB5) 6.6 Modellgestützte Analyse der beobachteten EC-Wert-Modifikation (MOD2) 6.7 Bewertung / Zwischenfazit 7 Bewertung des Transportverhaltens auf kleiner Feldskala 7.1 Zweck dieses Kapitels (inklusive Verfahrensauswahl) 7.2 Feldskala-Vorversuche mit Deuteriumoxid-Markierung (FELD1, FELD2) 7.3 Realisierung eines Feldskala-Versuchs mit Schneeschmelzwasser (FELD3) 7.4 Modellgestützte Abschätzung von Wassermengen (MOD3) 7.5 Bewertung / Zwischenfazit 8 Verhalten der δ2H-, δ18O- und EC-Signalkomponenten in komplexen Systemen 8.1 Zweck dieses Kapitels 8.2 Dynamische Mischungsberechnung im 3-Komponenten-System (LAB6) 8.3 Thermisch-bedingte Veränderungen der Transportbedingungen (LAB7) 8.4 Bewertung / Zwischenfazit 9 Abschließende Bewertung und Ausblick 9.1 Zusammenfassung der Erkenntnisse aus den Untersuchungen 9.2 Schlussfolgerungen für den aktiven Einsatz von Niederschlagswässern als Tracer 9.3 Ausblick / Empfehlungen für die künftige Forschung Referenzliste / Literaturverzeichnis Anhang A / Fachartikel Hydrogeology Journal : Binder et al. (2019a) - Hauptmanuskript Hydrogeology Journal : Binder et al. (2019a) - Ergänzungsmaterialien Journal of Hydrology : Binder et al. (2019b) - Hauptmanuskript Journal of Hydrology : Binder et al. (2019b) - Ergänzungsmaterialien Water Resources Research : Binder et al. (in Revision) - Hauptmanuskript Water Resources Research : Binder et al. (in Revision) - Ergänzungsmaterialien Anhang B / Sonstige Ergänzungen Erläuterung der Kernthesen sowie der ergänzenden Thesen Peer-Review-Veröffentlichungen als Co-Autor mit Nennung in dieser Arbeit Zu Kapitel 2 – Theorie Zu Kapitel 5 – Datenrecherche Zu Kapitel 6 – Laborskala-Untersuchungen Zu Kapitel 7 – Feldskala-Untersuchungen Zu Kapitel 8 – Verhalten in komplexen Systemen