Este trabalho está inserido na linha de pesquisa Geografia Política e Meio Ambiente. Estuda a problemática ambiental que envolve relações com política territorial. Como tal, discute questões de acesso, controle e uso dos recursos naturais no bioma do Cerrado do Norte de Minas Gerais à margem esquerda do rio São Francisco sob o pressuposto de que a distribuição política dos recursos não corresponde à distribuição natural gerando situações de conflito, de impacto e destruição. A política territorial e ambiental proposta para a área de estudo é a implantação do Mosaico de Unidades de Conservação Sertão Veredas-Peruaçu que se constitui em política pública ambiental determinada pelo Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação como forma de arranjo territorial e ambiental para o caso de conjunto de unidades de conservação em proximidade regional. A estratégia adotada para implantação do Mosaico é o Desenvolvimento Territorial de Base Conservacionista que pode significar uma transformação na característica territorial e na sociedade da área de estudo. / This paper is inserted in the line of research on Political Geography and Environment. It concerns the environmental issue that involves relations with territorial policy. It discusses matters of access, such as the control and use of natural resources at Savanna biome in the north of Minas Gerais, on the left bank of River São Francisco, under the pretext of the political distribution of resources has no relation to the natural distribution. Due to this result, it creates situations of conflict, impact and destruction. The territorial and environmental policy proposed to the study area is the implementation of Patchwork Units of Conservation of Sertão Veredas-Peruaçu that constitutes itself in environmental public policy determined by the National System of Units of Conservation as a way of territorial and environmental arrangement to the case of Units of Conservation in regional proximity. The adopted strategy to the implementation of the patchwork is the Territorial Development of Conservationist Basis which may concern a transformation in territorial characteristic and in the society of the study area.

This thesis endeavours to address an identified gap in literature on the European Union’s (EU) scientific and political engagement in the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS). The examination of this engagement begins from the initiation of the EU’s formal participation in the ATS in 1983 as a Party to the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) mechanism, through to the EU’s contemporary role in 2011, for the facilitation of European collaborative scientific research on the Antarctic continent that remains under negotiation pending decisions on funding allocations for polar research under the EU Commission’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2014-2020). Particular focus is placed on analysis into the EU’s role in global environmental discourse, for contextualised examination on the hypothesis of this research, which posits that the EU could upgrade its role in the Antarctic to further legitimise a strategic agenda for recognition as a global political actor in international relations. As most of the EU’s participation in the process of Antarctic political deliberation was afforded as an observer to the series of Special Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (SATCM XI-1 to XI-IV) which developed the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991), a significant amount of analysis will focus on EU and Member State involvement in the development of this Protocol. There is also a supplementary exploration of Europeanisation of French foreign policy over this period. In addition to contributing to the academic literature, recommendations concerning the future of the EU’s scientific and political Antarctic engagement could be used as informative and topical research for a mixed audience of European Union (EU) strategists, policy-makers and officials who are tasked with furthering the development of the EU into a global political actor. It could also be of interest to those people in the Antarctic community who might opportunistically seek to maximise the benefits of an increase in direct and indirect EU participation in the Antarctic, particularly the availability of EU funding for Antarctic scientific research.

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Este trabalho está inserido na linha de pesquisa Geografia Política e Meio Ambiente. Estuda a problemática ambiental que envolve relações com política territorial. Como tal, discute questões de acesso, controle e uso dos recursos naturais no bioma do Cerrado do Norte de Minas Gerais à margem esquerda do rio São Francisco sob o pressuposto de que a distribuição política dos recursos não corresponde à distribuição natural gerando situações de conflito, de impacto e destruição. A política territorial e ambiental proposta para a área de estudo é a implantação do Mosaico de Unidades de Conservação Sertão Veredas-Peruaçu que se constitui em política pública ambiental determinada pelo Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação como forma de arranjo territorial e ambiental para o caso de conjunto de unidades de conservação em proximidade regional. A estratégia adotada para implantação do Mosaico é o Desenvolvimento Territorial de Base Conservacionista que pode significar uma transformação na característica territorial e na sociedade da área de estudo. / This paper is inserted in the line of research on Political Geography and Environment. It concerns the environmental issue that involves relations with territorial policy. It discusses matters of access, such as the control and use of natural resources at Savanna biome in the north of Minas Gerais, on the left bank of River São Francisco, under the pretext of the political distribution of resources has no relation to the natural distribution. Due to this result, it creates situations of conflict, impact and destruction. The territorial and environmental policy proposed to the study area is the implementation of Patchwork Units of Conservation of Sertão Veredas-Peruaçu that constitutes itself in environmental public policy determined by the National System of Units of Conservation as a way of territorial and environmental arrangement to the case of Units of Conservation in regional proximity. The adopted strategy to the implementation of the patchwork is the Territorial Development of Conservationist Basis which may concern a transformation in territorial characteristic and in the society of the study area.

Social-ecological change has driven smallholder farmers throughout the world to employ a diverse array of adaptation strategies. Social, economic, and cultural factors along with environmental changes have been widely studied as determinants of adaptation decision-making. Increasingly, scholars are also examining the role of values in these decisions. Many have posited that adaptation to social-ecological change will necessitate tradeoffs of these values; however, little empirical work has been done to identify and examine these tradeoffs. In response to this gap, we first identify how farmers and fishers adapted to multiple social-ecological stressors in northwestern Pakistan. Second, we investigate how social-ecological factors, perceived changes, and perceived costs influence adaptation decision-making and adaptive capacity. Third, we examine the role of and tradeoffs between values in adaptation decision-making. Based on our findings, we posit that in addition to the identification of values, it is also necessary to examine values as they relate to one another, change over time, and are embedded in multi-scalar processes. This will allow us to more fully understand the factors that influence adaptation decisions and support more equitable strategies that align with stakeholders’ diverse values.

Tourism in protected areas is still a debated topic and its impacts investigated for decades. Initially, protected areas considered as a way for protecting biodiversity, and human intervention is strictly prohibited. Over the course of time, this strict conservation approach shifted to sustainable tourism model in protected areas. While this business brought several advantages, such as creating income to support these sites, there are also environmental drawbacks related with it. European Commission addresses this new development by creating NATURA 2000 (N2K) network in order to strengthen the preservation of the valuable natural environments by including the human factor.Turkey, a long-time candidate of EU, implies an aggressive policy while utilising its protected areas as a tourism asset. This approach identified as a common problem in developing countries, as focus of this development lies on short term economic gains. In this regard, an analysis of two different models of tourism development in N2K sites, in two EU’s member states - the national parks in Poland and Sweden, helped to identify challenges and opportunities in order to draw conclusions for Turkey.The main findings of this qualitative study revealed different approaches used by two of EU’s member states. While Sweden employed almost all services in national parks for free, Poland managed to create additional incomes by charging different fees to the visitors. Despite this, the incomes generated by tourism generally found insufficient in both case studies in order to cover the expenses. EU’s funding programmes here played crucial role in supporting the protected areas. Furthermore, through horizontal legislation of EU, Poland managed to fight against destructive investments planned in these sites. Educational outcomes of tourism in protected areas, and their possible contribution to the needs of environment protection were pointed out by all the participants. Hence, despite the common preoccupation, tourism in the study areas determined as a positive tool to increase awareness among society members about the necessity of environment protection. Overall, the findings demonstrated that Turkey can benefit N2K sites and its directives in a number of different aspects mentioned above.

Because of the public and environmental interaction's ascensional problems it encouraged to develop environment policy and evolve different shapes since the year dot up till today. Obviously, the policy's development is not the finite process. The main subjects are introducing at work by encouraging to implement environment policy in Lithuania. The Law environmental formulation is the most analysing in Lithuania. Environment policy development is under review since restoring Lithuania's Independence since 1918-1940. Also since 1940 when Lithuania became Soviet Union. Since 1990 after Lithuania restored political Independence there were analysing environmental policy development. Especially juristics and institutional changes in environmental of policy. The policy development was more under consideration after Lithuania joined with most of the international deed of liberty requirements realization and by integrating to the European Union. There is a special department for financial implement in environment policy for implementation of discussion. Especially developing European Union's financial source of consequence. In pursuance to anticipate the environment policy tendencies and perspectives of development there are European Union’s directives’ (for which were negotiated requirements periods for realization) analysis in details, Long-Term Development Strategy of the State and National Strategy for Sustainable Development for the reaching the goals. Environment policy's... [to full text]

Nas últimas décadas, novas formas de governança das florestas vêm se estabelecendo a partir da participação de diferentes atores sociais que interagem em arenas de ação para promover a gestão sustentável das florestas nativas na América do Sul. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar uma discussão sobre os arranjos de Governança e Política Florestal que têm como desafios promover o uso sustentável das florestas nativas e solucionar problemas relacionados à degradação, exploração ilegal dos recursos florestais e ao desmatamento. O estudo foi realizado em dois países da América do Sul, onde novos desafios são apresentados para os atores envolvidos na implementação de novas leis, como a Lei de Bosques Nativos (no Chile) e a Lei de Gestão de Florestas Públicas (no Brasil). A partir da perspectiva teórica, se identificou a necessidade tanto da Análise Institucional (OSTROM, 1990; TUCKER; OSTROM, 2009) quanto da Abordagem da Análise com Base na Prática (ARTS et al., 2013; BEHAGEL et al., 2013), o que determina que o conjunto de instituições (legislações, normativas, regras em uso) nem sempre produzem os resultados desejados ou projetados, e que os atores envolvidos têm a capacidade de transformar e alterar os acordos e instituições (CLEAVER, 2012), modificando o percurso da implementação de políticas públicas, conforme seus interesses e com base em suas lógicas. Os métodos de análise qualitativa possibilitaram a interpretação dos dados coletados, a partir de entrevistas com atores envolvidos na agenda florestal em diversas escalas (internacional e doméstica). Os resultados evidenciam que, apesar de existir uma arena de ação com múltiplos atores, as mudanças institucionais nem sempre promovem mudanças na prática, pois a governança florestal deve promover novos padrões de gestão, onde se valoriza o múltiplo uso das florestas proporcionando a sustentabilidade no manejo e o desenvolvimento de comunidades inseridas no contexto das florestas nativas. / In the past decades, new forms of forest governance have been established through the participation and the interaction of the different social actors in action arena to promote the sustainable management of native forests in South America. The objective of this study is to discuss the challenges faced by governance arrangements and forestry policy in promoting the sustainable use of native forests and in implementing solutions to the problems of degradation, illegal exploitation of forestry resources and deforestation. The study was undertaken in two South American countries, Brazil and Chile, where the implementation of new legislation such as the Law of Native Forests (in Chile) and the Law on the Management of Public Forests (in Brazil) present important challenges. From a theoretical perspective, the study builds on Institutional Analysis (OSTROM, 1990; TUCKER; OSTROM, 2009) as well as on Practice Based Approach Analysis (ARTS et al., 2013; BEHAGEL et al., 2013). The practice based approach indicates that institutions (legislation, norms, rules in use) do not always produce the desired or expected results. In addition, actors involved in such institutions have the capacity to transform them and to alter agreements (CLEAVER, 2012). By doing so, they modify the way in which public policies are implemented according to their interests and based on their logic. The methods used for qualitative analysis determined the interpretation of the data collected from interviews with actors involved in the development of forest agenda at differents levels (international and domestic). The results demonstrate that despite the existence of an action arena with multiple actors, institutional changes do not always bring modifications in practice. Accordingly, forest governance should promote new forms of management, emphasising multiple uses of forests, providing sustainable management and inserting communities in the context of native forests.

隨著人類的經濟活動發展造成環境的污染，近年來，人們開始注重環境的保護，並試著在經濟發展和環境保護之間取得平衡，本文便以此想法結合地區之間的租稅競爭，進而研究地方政府之間在環境政策的競爭是否會造成環境品質的向下沉淪 (race to the bottom)。本文中的地方政府利用對製造污染的廠商課徵資本稅(本文以從量稅和從價稅為例，但資本稅稅率為外生條件)以做為公共財的財源，同時管制廠商所排放的污染量。 本文主要得到了三個結論：(1) 地方政府之間競爭的結果將會造成環境政策的向下沉淪；(2) 在單位稅額相同的情況下，地方政府選擇以從量稅或從價稅課徵資本稅，並不影響環境政策向下沉淪的程度，以及 (3) 影響環境政策向下沉淪的因素主要取決於該地方政府面臨的競爭對手數量，競爭的轄區愈多，環境政策向下沉淪的程度愈甚。 / As the development of economy, the environment becomes much polluted. In recent years, environment protection has become an important issue, and people have tried to strike a balance between the development of economy and environment protection. In this thesis, we combine this idea and tax competition among jurisdictions, and discuss the issue that whether the tax competition among jurisdictions leads to “the race of bottom.” In this environmental quality, the local governments levy tax on the capital of polluting industries, with either unit tax or ad valorem tax and with fixed tax rate, and use the tax revenues to finance public goods. Each government also imposes a cap on firms’ emissions. I obtain three main results: (1) The competition between local governments will lead to the race to the bottom in environment policy. (2) Given the same revenue per unit of tax, both the unit tax and the ad valorem tax lead to the same environmental policy. (3) The level of race to the bottom in environment policy depends on the number of the competitors to the local government. As the number of jurisdictions increases, the more the level of race to the bottom in the environment policy. Key words: environment policy, capital tax, tax competition

Policy coherence is receiving increasing attention due to the interconnectedness, urgency and global character of the challenges that humanity faces today. Policy coherence provides an effective approach to tackle the complex macrochallenges of today since it entails achieving policies from different levels and sectors striving towards the same objectives in a supportive and reinforcing manner, producing an effective and long-lasting response to the challenges. Considering the broad, ambitious and universal Agenda 2030, policy coherence is of greater importance than ever before. This study investigates the policy coherence between Agenda 2030 and the national level looking into the case of Sweden with focus on the environmental dimension of sustainable development by evaluating the coherence between the environmental SDGs and Sweden’s national environmental quality objectives. Coherence between the two policy levels is evaluated using a qualitative data analysis by comparing official policy documents from respective policy agenda and applying the OECD’s (2016) Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development framework to Sweden. The conclusion indicates that the policy agendas fit together in a reasonable way but has the potential to be more coherent. Urgency is seldom addressed, but rather challenges are pointed out as critical and taking action is noted as significant. Both of the policy agendas address the interconnectedness of the challenges, the SDGs in a vague manner pointing out ‘links’ and the national environmental quality objectives in a more detailed manner pointing out more specific examples. The global character of the challenges is addressed in both of the policy agendas, more so in the SDGs than the national environmental quality targets. Incoherence is at times difficult to point out due to the vague terms used in Agenda 2030 compared to Sweden’s national policy. However, the vagueness of Agenda 2030 seems to serve a function whereas the country specific goals go into further detail according to the context. Despite the difficulty, results show that a broader perspective would benefit both policy agendas in addressing the global challenges coherently, since it consequently implies that the concept of policy coherence is applied at a larger scale.