Die Zielsetzung der vorliegenden Dissertationsschrift besteht in der Entwicklung einer systematisierten Vorgehensweise, eines Controllingmodells, zur unternehmensinternen Umweltleistungsmessung. Das entwickelte Environmental Performance Measurement (EPM)-Modell umfaßt die fünf Stufen Festlegung der Ziele der Umweltleistungsmessung (1. Stufe), Erfassung der Umwelteinflüsse nach der ökologischen Erfolgsspaltung (2. Stufe), Bewertung der Umwelteinflüsse auf der Grundlage des qualitätszielbezogenen dreistufigen Bewertungsmodells (3. Stufe), Beurteilung der festgestellten Umweltleistung (4. Stufe) und Entscheidungsfindung bzw. potentielle Revision der Ziele (5. Stufe). Diese Stufen können den Controlling-Phasen Planung [Zielfestlegung und potentielle Revision (1. und 5. Stufe)], Realisation [Erfassung und Bewertung (2. und 3. Stufe)] sowie Kontrolle [Beurteilung (4. Stufe)] zugeordnet werden. Das EPM-Modell wurde in Anlehnung an die Kriterien des Performance Measurement und bisheriger Ansätze der betrieblichen Umweltleistungsmessung konzipiert. Insbesondere die Anlehnung an die Kriterien des Performance Measurement wurde bei der Entwicklung des EPM-Modells gesucht, um zum einen die neuen Ansätze im Bereich der betrieblichen Leistungsmessung zu berücksichtigen und zum anderen eine Kompatibilität zwi-schen betrieblicher Leistungsmessung und Umweltleistungsmessung zu erzeugen. Diese Kompatibilität zeigt sich z. B. in der Entwicklung der Eco Balanced Scorecard. Wichtige Charakteristika des EPM-Modells sind auf der Grundlage der identifizierten Kriterien : · die Ausrichtung der Ziele für die Umweltleistungsmessung sowie der Erfassungs- und Bewertungsverfahren auf die Stakeholder-Interessen; dadurch Abbildung der Umweltleistungsfähigkeit, · die Durchführung der ökologischen Erfolgsspaltung bei der Erfassung der Umwelteinflüsse, · die Ermittlung des Zielerreichungsgrades auf Basis der ökologischen Erfolgsspaltung sowie die Bestimmung der Ursa-chen für potentielle Zielverfehlungen und -erreichungen. Die 2. (Erfassung), 3. (Bewertung) und 4. Stufe (Beurteilung) des EPM-Modells wurden empirisch für die deutsche Maschinenbaubranche überprüft; eine Umsetzbarkeit der genannten Stufen konnte dabei konstatiert werden.

This thesis addresses the relationship between financial development and CSR performance, based on countries within the EU. The main objective of this thesis is to critically analyse and discuss the impact of financial development on CSR performance, through using ESG performance as a proxy. Additionally, this study aims at analysing the inclusion of institutional factors when examining the relationship. While the issue of how financial development impacts individual sustainability dimensions is quite well-researched, only one study is found to examine the precise relationship between financial development and ESG performance, concluding a positive linkage in Asia. No similar study is found in the region of the EU. We find the relationship to be complex, where various channels of influence are identified when examining ESG dimensions separately. To examine this relationship, we used panel data regression analysis, based on country level data for EU’s individual member states. Our findings show a complex relationship, implying that financial development has various impacts on ESG performance and varies throughout the range of financial development. This is in contrast to previous empirical research regarding the relationship, concluding an overall positive impact. This study provides no evidence that institutional factors affect the relationship between financial development and ESG performance, but argues for the importance of institutional inclusion, due to the identified influence on ESG practices through channels such as governing laws, regulations, norms and culture. Finally, financial development is concluded as an important catalyst to promote ESG performance within the EU. When suggesting any policy implementation, it is important to keep in mind that different countries within the EU may have different needs regarding the most efficient approach to increase ESG.

Dieser Bericht ist einzuordnen in das zweite Projektjahr des laufenden Forschungsprojektes EPM-KOMPAS und die bisherigen Dokumentationen über dessen Projektfortschritte. Gerade die intensive Kooperation und die Diskussionen mit den Projektunternehmen erbrachten konstruktive und anwendungsorientierte Kritik und Anforderungen an das EPM-Instrument. Daraus resultieren eine Reihe von Modifizierungen, die in Form von Prototypen in der Praxis Abgleich finden und dargestellt werden. Jedoch ist die Entwicklung des Prototypen und seine Weiterentwicklung kontinuierlich von den Impulsen aus der Praxisarbeit beeinflusst und in einem ständigen Prozess. Der akutelle Forschungs- und Projektstand soll daher skizziert werden.

This study examines how the stock market reacts when a publicly-listed company announces a corporate green bond issuance in the European market. We examine 155 corporate green bond issuance announcements from 2017 to 2021 made by companies listed on the European stock exchange. Our findings can not confirm a stock market reaction to the announcement of a corporate green bond. The result shows no significant positive stock market reaction when a company announces a corporate green bond issuance for the first time. This finding suggests that the signaling argument is not necessarily applicable, as it suggests that companies signal their environmental commitment to the investors by announcing a corporate green bond issuance. Our findings do neither show a stronger stock market reaction due to a company having a low environmental performance at the time of announcement. This means that companies that actively try to transition into climate-friendly financing are not rewarded by the stock market.

Kapital- och finansmarknadens beskrivs inneha en viktig roll i omställningen till ett hållbart samhälle och särskilt i den svenska bygg- och fastighetssektorn som idag står för en stor del utav de totala växthusgasutsläppen. Kapital åsidosatt till hållbara investeringar, s.k. grön finansiering, har ända sedan den första gröna obligationen emitterades år 2008 kraftigt växt i volym och lockat till intresse. De svenska fastighetsbolagen har särskilt anammat gröna finansieringsprodukter som gröna lån/obligationer. Med anledning av detta är syftet med denna studie att utvärdera hur svenska fastighetsbolag tillämpat gröna finansieringsinstrument och om det faktiskt leder till en miljöförbättring. För att uppfylla studiens syfte utgår studien från två frågeställningar. Den första frågeställningen innefattar tillämpningen av grön finansiering hos svenska fastighetsbolag. Den andra mäter sambandet mellan andelen grön finansiering och miljöprestation hos fastighetsbolagen. Studien genomförs genom både kvalitativa metoder i form av litteraturstudier, dokumentstudier och intervjustudier samt kvantitativa metoder i form av regressionsanalyser. Resultatet från de kvalitativa studierna tyder på att fastighetsbolag använder grön finansiering på grund av det signalvärde och de varumärkesbyggande effekterna som det medför. Resultatet i regressionsanalysen visar på att sambandet mellan andelen grön finansiering och miljörelaterade nyckeltal som energianvändning, koldioxidutsläpp och vattenförbrukning är svagt. Ett starkt samband kan dock konstateras mellan andelen miljöcertifierade fastigheter och andelen grön finansiering. Slutsatserna som dras i studien antyder på att grön finansiering inte är ett tillräckligt tillförlitligt mått på hur miljövänligt ett fastighetsbolag är. Vidare konstateras det att miljöcertifierade byggnader eller projekt har en högre sannolikhet att finansieras genom grön finansiering. Fastighetsbolagen antas även engagera sig i användandet av grön finansiering av antingen CSR skäl i hopp om att det på längre sikt ska visa sig lönsamt eller för att stärka fastighetsbolagets varumärkesprofil. / The capital and financial markets are being described as having an important role in the transition to a sustainable society and especially in the Swedish construction and real estate sector, which today accounts for a large part of the total greenhouse gas emissions. Capital regarded for sustainable investments, so-called green financing, has since the first green bond issued in 2008 grown strongly in volume and attracted interest. The Swedish real estate companies have especially adopted green financing products such as green loans / bonds. Due to this, the purpose of this study is to evaluate how Swedish real estate companies have applied these forms of green financing and whether it leads to an environmental improvement. To fulfill the purpose of the study, the study is based on two questions. The first question covers the application of green financing by Swedish real estate companies. The second measures the relationship between the proportion of green financing and environmental performance of the real estate companies. The study is carried out through both qualitative methods in the form of literature studies, document studies and interview studies as well as quantitative methods in the form of regression analyzes. The results from the qualitative studies indicate that real estate companies use green financing due to the signal value and the brand-building effects that it entails. The results of the regression analysis show that the relationship between the share of green financing and environmental-related key figures such as energy use, carbon dioxide emissions and water consumption is weak. However, a strong connection can be found between the proportion of environmentally certified properties and the proportion of green financing. The conclusions drawn in the study suggest that green financing is not a sufficiently reliable measure of how environmentally friendly a real estate company is. Furthermore, it is stated that environmentally certified buildings or projects have a higher probability of being financed through green financing. The real estate companies are also assumed to be involved in the use of green financing for either CSR reasons in the hope that it will prove profitable in the long term or to strengthen the real estate company's brand profile.

Thesis (M.COM. (Accounting)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / Corporate environmental investments have traditionally been deemed to be an unnecessary cost to companies because of perceived or no significant return on investment. However, recent literature is highlighting financial benefits accruing from environmental investments. This study investigates the relationship between corporate environmental investment and shareholder value. The study uses the stakeholder and legitimacy theory to define the company‟s engagement with its external society and environment. From that perspective, the study examines the effect of corporate environmental investment on carbon emissions, hazardous solid waste disposal and company share price. Panel data multiple regression was used to investigate the relationship between the variables under study. Findings show a significant positive relationship between investment in carbon emissions and share price while there is an insignificant negative relationship between investment in hazardous solid waste and share price. The study contributes to the notion that reducing the environmental footprint generates positive shareholder gains by bringing new evidence from the South African mining industry. Further studies can be performed with company profitability as a measure of financial performance and further in a different sector such as manufacturing.

The purpose of this study is to examine the interactions and impact of six key corporate governance factors on greenhouse gas emissions in Swedish listed firms. Namely, board size, board gender diversity, CEO compensation, blockholder ownership, audit and non-audit fees. The study employs a quantitative research design and uses regression analysis to test the research hypotheses. The data for the study is obtained from a sample of 199 Swedish firms from 2014 to 2021 and data retrieved from the Nordic Compass Database, Swedish House of Finance Research Data Center. The findings reveal significant associations between corporate governance factors after controlling for firm size and industry with carbon emissions disclosure by firms. Concluding, these factors play a crucial role in tackling environmental sustainability performance in corporate practices.

No description available.

Bakgrund: Med anledning av den globala uppvärmningen behövs en omställning till en cirkulär ekonomi. Svenska fastigheter står för en stor del av samhällets energianvändning men har också genomgått en betydande energieffektivisering de senaste decennierna. Syfte: Studiens huvudsyfte var att svara på frågeställningen om det fanns ett samband mellan koldioxidprestanda och finansiell lönsamhet inom urvalsgruppen svenska fastighetsverksamheter mellan åren 2016 och 2020. Syftet var också att undersöka om koldioxidskatten hade ett samband med koldioxidprestanda. Metod: Data på koldioxidprestanda inhämtades manuellt från företagens hållbarhetsrapporter. Koldioxidprestanda uttrycktes som koldioxidintensitet. Finansiell lönsamhet uttrycktes genom fem olika nyckeltal: avkastning på eget kapital, avkastning på totalt kapital, EBITAD-marginal, rörelsemarginal och vinstmarginal. Sambanden analyserades med olika linjära regressionsmodeller för paneldata.Resultat: Resultaten visade på en signifikant negativ association mellan högre lönsamhet och lägre koldioxidintensitet. Resultaten var starkast för lönsamhetsmåtten avkastning på eget kapital, avkastning på totalt kapital, rörelsemarginal och vinstmarginal (p<0,05). Det fanns också ett signifikant samband mellan högre koldioxidskatt och lägre koldioxidintensitet. Slutsats: Det finns ett samband mellan högre lönsamhet och bättre koldioxidprestanda inom svenska fastighetsbranschen. Slutsatsen är också att lönsammare företag hade en lägre koldioxidintensitet. Slutligen så har en högre koldioxidskatt ett samband med bättre koldioxidprestanda. / Background: Due to global warming, a shift to a circular economy is needed. Swedish properties account for a large part of society's energy use, but have also undergone significant energy efficiency improvements in recent decades. Aim: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between carbon performance and financial profitability within the sample group Swedish real estate companies between the years 2016 and 2020. The purpose was also to investigate a possible relationship between carbon tax and carbon performance. Method: Data on carbon performance were obtained manually from companies' environmental disclosure. Carbon performance was expressed as carbon intensity. Financial profitability was expressed through five different key ratios: return on equity, return on assets, EBITAD margin, operating margin, and profit margin. The relationships were analyzed with different linear regression models for panel data.Results: The results showed a significant negative association between higher profitability and lower carbon intensity. The results were strongest for the profitability measures return on equity, return on assets, operating margin and profit margin (p<0.05). There was also a significant association between higher carbon taxes and lower carbon intensity. Conclusion: There is a relationship between higher profitability and better carbon performance in the Swedish real estate industry. Furthermore, companies with higher profitability have lower carbon intensity. Finally, a higher carbon tax is associated with better carbon performance.

Eco-innovation is crucial for companies to balance environmental compliance with profitability. It involves implementing more efficient resource use and reducing harmful environmental effects. However, eco-innovation requires significant resources and corporate commitment. This thesis examines how sustainability affects firms’ performance and how some firms’ structures influence this relationship. Three articles are included: one studies the moderating role of the supply chain network in the relationship between corporate environmental and financial performance; the second studies how board gender diversity impacts eco-innovation through a moderated mediation model introducing the CSR committee as a mediator and board-independent members as a moderator; and the third studies the link between eco-innovation and productivity in reducing GHG emissions.