Recent research has shown that the early lexical representations children establish in their second year of life already seem to be phonologically detailed enough to allow differentiation from very similar forms. In contrast to these findings children with specific language impairment show problems in discriminating phonologically similar word forms up to school age. In our study we investigated the question whether there would be differences in the processing of phonological details in normally developing and in children with low language performance in the second year of life. This was done by a retrospective study in which in the processing of phonological details was tested by a preferential looking experiment when the children were 19 months old. At the age of 30 months children were tested with a standardized German test of language comprehension and production (SETK2). The preferential looking data at 19 months revealed an opposite reaction pattern for the two groups: while the children scoring normally in the SETK2 increase their fixations of a pictured object only when it was named with the correct word, children with later low language performance did so only when presented with a phonologically slightly deviant mispronunciation. We suggest that this pattern does not point to a specific deficit in processing phonological information in these children but might be related to an instability of early phonological representations, and/or a generalized problem of information processing as compared to typically developing children.

Existem duas modalidades de comportamentos de Atenção Compartilhada (AC), os de Resposta (RAC) e os de Iniciativa (IAC). O comprometimento na habilidade de AC é um dos sinais mais robustos do Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA), entretanto é o atraso na fala o sintoma mais frequentemente identificado pelos pais. Procurando explorar essa premissa, esse trabalho constitui-se por três estudos. No primeiro, realizou-se uma revisão crítica da literatura acerca dos comportamentos de IAC e RAC no TEA, apresentando modelos teóricos e evidências. Os outros dois estudos, de natureza empírica, investigaram, respectivamente: (a) os primeiros sintomas observados pelos pais e a idade da criança na ocaisão e (b) a relação entre a intensidade dos comprometimentos precoces na AC (IAC e RAC, separadamente) e o desenvolvimento sociocomunicativo subsequente das crianças. Participaram desses estudos 32 crianças com TEA, que foram avaliadas no Cincinnatti Children´s Medical Center. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised e o Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Evidenciou-se que os comprometimentos no desenvolvimento da linguagem foram os sintomas mais frequentemente observados, porém os da socialização foram os mais precocemente identificados. Não foram encontradas associações significativas entre as variáveis IAC, RAC e o desenvolvimento sociocomunicativo. Os achados dos estudos foram discutidos à luz da teoria sociopragmática e foram contrapostos com outras investigações já realizadas acerca do tema. / There are two types of Joint Attention (JA) behaviors, the response (RJA) and Initiative (IJA). The impairment in JA ability is one of the signals more robust of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However the delay in the speech is the symptom most frequently identified by parents. This work is made up of three studies. At first, there was a critical review of the literature concerning the behaviors of RJA and IJA in ASD, presented theoretical models and evidence. The other two studies were empirical and aimed to investigate, respectively: (a) the type of first symptoms that arouses in caregivers of children with autism and the child's age by that time; and (b) the relationship between intensity of difficulties in the JA (IJA and IJA, separately) and the socio-comunicative development of children with ASD. Participants in these studies were 32 children with Autistic Disorder who were evaluated at Cincinnati Children's Medical Center. The instruments used were the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. It was evident that the difficulties in language development were the most frequently identified by parents. However the impairments in the social development were earlier observed. There were no significant associations between variables RJA. IJA and the development of communication and reciprocal social interaction. The findings of the studies were discussed in light of the socio-pragmatic theory and were contrasted with other previous research on this subject.

Existem duas modalidades de comportamentos de Atenção Compartilhada (AC), os de Resposta (RAC) e os de Iniciativa (IAC). O comprometimento na habilidade de AC é um dos sinais mais robustos do Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA), entretanto é o atraso na fala o sintoma mais frequentemente identificado pelos pais. Procurando explorar essa premissa, esse trabalho constitui-se por três estudos. No primeiro, realizou-se uma revisão crítica da literatura acerca dos comportamentos de IAC e RAC no TEA, apresentando modelos teóricos e evidências. Os outros dois estudos, de natureza empírica, investigaram, respectivamente: (a) os primeiros sintomas observados pelos pais e a idade da criança na ocaisão e (b) a relação entre a intensidade dos comprometimentos precoces na AC (IAC e RAC, separadamente) e o desenvolvimento sociocomunicativo subsequente das crianças. Participaram desses estudos 32 crianças com TEA, que foram avaliadas no Cincinnatti Children´s Medical Center. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised e o Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Evidenciou-se que os comprometimentos no desenvolvimento da linguagem foram os sintomas mais frequentemente observados, porém os da socialização foram os mais precocemente identificados. Não foram encontradas associações significativas entre as variáveis IAC, RAC e o desenvolvimento sociocomunicativo. Os achados dos estudos foram discutidos à luz da teoria sociopragmática e foram contrapostos com outras investigações já realizadas acerca do tema. / There are two types of Joint Attention (JA) behaviors, the response (RJA) and Initiative (IJA). The impairment in JA ability is one of the signals more robust of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However the delay in the speech is the symptom most frequently identified by parents. This work is made up of three studies. At first, there was a critical review of the literature concerning the behaviors of RJA and IJA in ASD, presented theoretical models and evidence. The other two studies were empirical and aimed to investigate, respectively: (a) the type of first symptoms that arouses in caregivers of children with autism and the child's age by that time; and (b) the relationship between intensity of difficulties in the JA (IJA and IJA, separately) and the socio-comunicative development of children with ASD. Participants in these studies were 32 children with Autistic Disorder who were evaluated at Cincinnati Children's Medical Center. The instruments used were the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. It was evident that the difficulties in language development were the most frequently identified by parents. However the impairments in the social development were earlier observed. There were no significant associations between variables RJA. IJA and the development of communication and reciprocal social interaction. The findings of the studies were discussed in light of the socio-pragmatic theory and were contrasted with other previous research on this subject.

Existem duas modalidades de comportamentos de Atenção Compartilhada (AC), os de Resposta (RAC) e os de Iniciativa (IAC). O comprometimento na habilidade de AC é um dos sinais mais robustos do Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA), entretanto é o atraso na fala o sintoma mais frequentemente identificado pelos pais. Procurando explorar essa premissa, esse trabalho constitui-se por três estudos. No primeiro, realizou-se uma revisão crítica da literatura acerca dos comportamentos de IAC e RAC no TEA, apresentando modelos teóricos e evidências. Os outros dois estudos, de natureza empírica, investigaram, respectivamente: (a) os primeiros sintomas observados pelos pais e a idade da criança na ocaisão e (b) a relação entre a intensidade dos comprometimentos precoces na AC (IAC e RAC, separadamente) e o desenvolvimento sociocomunicativo subsequente das crianças. Participaram desses estudos 32 crianças com TEA, que foram avaliadas no Cincinnatti Children´s Medical Center. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised e o Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Evidenciou-se que os comprometimentos no desenvolvimento da linguagem foram os sintomas mais frequentemente observados, porém os da socialização foram os mais precocemente identificados. Não foram encontradas associações significativas entre as variáveis IAC, RAC e o desenvolvimento sociocomunicativo. Os achados dos estudos foram discutidos à luz da teoria sociopragmática e foram contrapostos com outras investigações já realizadas acerca do tema. / There are two types of Joint Attention (JA) behaviors, the response (RJA) and Initiative (IJA). The impairment in JA ability is one of the signals more robust of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However the delay in the speech is the symptom most frequently identified by parents. This work is made up of three studies. At first, there was a critical review of the literature concerning the behaviors of RJA and IJA in ASD, presented theoretical models and evidence. The other two studies were empirical and aimed to investigate, respectively: (a) the type of first symptoms that arouses in caregivers of children with autism and the child's age by that time; and (b) the relationship between intensity of difficulties in the JA (IJA and IJA, separately) and the socio-comunicative development of children with ASD. Participants in these studies were 32 children with Autistic Disorder who were evaluated at Cincinnati Children's Medical Center. The instruments used were the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. It was evident that the difficulties in language development were the most frequently identified by parents. However the impairments in the social development were earlier observed. There were no significant associations between variables RJA. IJA and the development of communication and reciprocal social interaction. The findings of the studies were discussed in light of the socio-pragmatic theory and were contrasted with other previous research on this subject.

No description available.

La fusariose est une des maladies les plus importantes altérant le blé en Bourgogne. L’espèce fongique Fusarium graminearum est l’un des agents principaux de la maladie. L’interaction hôte-pathogène peut entrainer la production de mycotoxines toxiques pour l’homme et l’animal.La seule alternative pour prévenir le développement de la maladie est de contrôler l’inoculum primaire dans son habitat naturel : les adventices, le sol et les résidus de culture. En raison de la tendance à la réduction du travail du sol, une attention particulière doit être portée au rôle des résidus de culture dans la survie et le développement de F. graminearum. Dans ce travail de thèse, deux approches ont été choisies pour mieux comprendre le développement saprotrophe du champignon et ses conséquences. La première, à travers un essai en champ dans le contexte pédoclimatique Bourguignon, avait pour but de définir la part relative des différentes sources d’inoculum dans le développement de la fusariose et l’accumulation des mycotoxines dans les grains. Cet essai devait en outre permettre de déterminer si des indicateurs précoces du développement de la maladie sur épi et de l’accumulation de mycotoxines pouvaient être identifiés. La seconde, à travers un essai en microcosmes, avait pour but de suivre le développement de F. graminearum dans le sol et les résidus.Ce travail a permis de souligner l’importance de la gestion des résidus de culture dans le développement de la fusariose du blé. Favoriser une décomposition biologique rapide des résidus de culture et/ou introduire des cultures intermédiaires assainissantes constituent des perspectives de recherche sur lesquelles doivent porter nos efforts / Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), mainly caused by the fungal species Fusarium graminearum, is one of the most important disease altering wheat crops in Burgundy. Moreover the plant-pathogen interaction leads to the production of mycotoxins potentially toxic for humans and animals.The only alternative to date to prevent the development of the disease is to control the saprotrophic development of F. graminearum in its natural habitat, i.e. weeds, soil and crops residues. Due to the trend of reduced tillage, special attention should be paid to the role of crop residues in the survival and development of F. graminearum.Two approaches were chosen to better understand the saprotrophic development of F. graminearum and its consequences towards FHB. i) The first through a field experiment in the Burgundian pedoclimatic context aimed at defining the relative importance of the different sources of inoculum in the development of FHB and the accumulation of mycotoxins in grains. The field experiment was also to determine whether early indicators of disease development on ears and accumulation of mycotoxins could be identified. ii) The second, through test microcosms, was to follow the development of F. graminearum in the soil and crop residues.This work highlighted the importance of crop residues management in the development of FHB and gave new understanding about the survival of the fungus on these residues. Improve the biological decomposition of crop residues at the soil surface or/and using suppressive intermediate crops could be the next prospective to investigate to limit the soil inoculum potential of saprotrophic F. graminearum

Wirtschaftsprognosen sollen die Unsicherheit bezüglich der zukünftigen wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung mindern und Planungsprozesse von Regierungen und Unternehmen unterstützen. Empirische Studien bescheinigen ihnen jedoch in aller Regel ein unbefriedigendes Qualitätsniveau. Auf der Suche nach den Ursachen hat sich in Form der rationalen Erwartungsbildung eine zentrale Grundforderung an  die Prognostiker herausgebildet. So müssten offensichtliche und systematische Fehler, wie bspw. regelmäßige Überschätzungen, mit der Zeit erkannt und abgestellt werden. Die erste Studie der Dissertation übt Kritik am vorherrschenden Verständnis der Rationalität. Dieses ist zu weitreichend, weshalb den Prognostikern die Rationalität voreilig abgesprochen wird. Anhand einer neuen empirischen Herangehensweise wird deutlich, dass die Prognosen aus einem anderen Blickwinkel heraus durchaus als rational angesehen werden können. Der zweite Aufsatz zeigt auf, dass in Form von Befragungsergebnissen öffentlich verfügbare Informationen bestehen, die bei geeigneter Verwendung zu einer Verbesserung der Qualität von Konjunkturprognosen beitragen würden. Die Rationalität dieser Prognosen ist daher stark eingeschränkt. Im dritten Papier erfolgt eine Analyse von Prognoserevisionen und deren Ursachen. Dabei zeigt sich, dass es keinen Zusammenhang zwischen der Rationalität und der Qualität der untersuchten Prognosezeitreihen gibt. Die vierte Studie dient der Präsentation der Ergebnisse eines Prognoseplanspiels, welches den Vergleich der Prognosen von Amateuren und Experten zum Ziel hatte. Es stellt sich heraus, dass die Prognosefehler erhebliche Übereinstimmungen aufweisen.