La thèse propose une sociologie économique, historique et pragmatique des jeux d’entreprise, i.e. des jeux pédagogiques de simulation de gestion employés pour former les (futurs) managers. À travers une histoire longue des business games à une échelle internationale, la recherche clarifie certaines questions importantes liées à la performativité des sciences économiques et de gestion. Elle suggère combien l’étude des modalités d’acquisition des savoirs – et, parmi elles, le jeu – ainsi que des dispositifs qui les soutiennent est centrale pour saisir le fonctionnement de l’économie de marché. Une généalogie des jeux de guerre éclaire les lointaines origines et les principes élémentaires du jeu d’entreprise. Une étude du projet d’« opérations de commerce simulées » initié par Vital Roux dès 1800 montre qu’il s’agit d’une version précurseur des jeux d’affaires modernes. Une discussion des travaux pédagogiques du philosophe pragmatiste John Dewey introduit la présentation des premiers business games désignés en tant que tels, créés en URSS à partir de 1932. Une étude des développements croisés de la recherche opérationnelle, de la théorie des jeux et de l’informatique accompagne une étude de l’émergence des premiers jeux d’entreprise informatisés (1956, 1957). Une approche sociologique de leur conception révèle la façon dont les business games rassemblent et articulent économie et gestion, modèle et règles de marché d’un côté, espace de liberté et d’intervention stratégique de l’autre. Finalement, une vidéo-ethnographie des jeux d’entreprise « en train de se jouer » montre leur mise en œuvre dans le cadre d’enseignements en écoles de commerce et explore notamment la dimension émotionnelle de ces simulations. / The dissertation offers an economic, historical and pragmatic sociological study of business games, i.e. educational simulation games used to train future managers. Through a long history of business games on an international scale, the research specifies some important issues related to economics and management performativity. It suggests that a study of the alternatives for knowledge acquisition – among which gaming – and of the devices that support them, is central for a better understanding of the functioning of market economy. A genealogy of war games exposes the ancient origins and the elementary principles of business gaming. A study of the “simulated business operations” project initiated by Vital Roux in 1800 shows that they were a forerunner version of modern business games. A discussion on the pedagogical works of the pragmatist philosopher John Dewey presents the introduction of the first business games designated as such, which were created in the USSR as from 1932. Then, a focus on the interconnected developments of Operational Research, Game Theory and Computer Science is taken alongside a study of the very first computerized business games (1956, 1957). A sociological approach to the contemporary conception of business games reveals how they articulate economics and management, gathering the model and rules of the simulated market on one hand and a space of freedom with possibilities for strategic intervention on the other. Finally, a video-ethnography of business games shows their implementation within French business schools and explores the emotional dimension of management simulations.

This dissertation analyzes the role of institutional environment and its influence over the institutions that participate of the Pisciculture cluster at the region COREDE Jacuí- Centro, at Rio Grande do Sul, particularly the actions that took place in the city of Restinga Sêca. For that, based in the so called New Economic Sociology (Mark Granovetter) and in the Structural Theory (Anthony Giddens), it s made an attempt to understand sociologically the Pisciculture Cluster and its effectivation in Restinga Sêca, under the perspective of the proximity economies development. It explores the definition of the Productive Local Arrangement as a public policy, from your logic of social political constitution, without reducing it to a strictly economic event. The Cluster is formed by an agglomerate of institutions that organize a project to be executed concerned to a determined productive activity, that promotes a possibility for local interaction and a generation of benefits to the ones involved, which may lead to an income s increase and the possibility of life quality improvement to the communities involved. In the present work, the Cluster was described and analyzed from the understanding (reasons, interests and projects) from each formal organization involved in the Cluster. From this approach, the importance of the institutional environment can be assessed and the organization of the Cluster in question throughout this study. These analysis results pointed to a Cluster with large difficulties to be executed, a low level of articulation between the interested parts and the results. As regarding the life quality and income increase, insufficient. / Esta dissertação analisa o papel do ambiente institucional e o papel desempenhado pelas instituições componentes do Arranjo Produtivo Local na região do COREDE Jacuí- Centro, no Rio Grande do Sul, mais particularmente das ações ocorridas no município de Restinga Sêca. Para tanto, baseada na chamada Nova Sociologia Econômica (Mark Granovetter) e na Teoria da Estruturação (Anthony Giddens) tenta-se compreender sociologicamente o APL da Piscicultura, de sua efetivação em Restinga Sêca dentro da perspectiva do desenvolvimento das economias de proximidade. Explora-se a definição do APL enquanto política pública, de sua lógica de constituição sócio-política, sem reduzi-la à condição de evento econômico estritamente. O APL é formado por um aglomerado de instituições que organizam um projeto para ser executado em torno de uma determinada atividade produtiva, onde existe uma possibilidade de interação local e geração de benefícios para os envolvidos, podendo gerar um aumento de renda e a possível melhora na qualidade de vida das comunidades envolvidas. No presente texto, o Arranjo Produtivo Local foi descrito e analisado a partir do entendimento (razões, interesses e projetos) de cada organização formal envolvidas no Arranjo Produtivo Local. A partir dessa abordagem, podese avaliar a importância do ambiente institucional e organizacional no Arranjo Produtivo Local em questão no estudo. Os resultados da análise apontaram um Arranjo Produtivo Local com grandes dificuldades para ser executado, baixo nível de articulação entre as partes interessadas e resultados, no tocante à qualidade de vida e aumento de renda, pífios.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3637.pdf: 3363474 bytes, checksum: bad9c3c79467f07b5fcd7fa255ad811a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-21 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / This essay analyzes the interface between culture and corporate social responsibility, performing an analysis of the investment in Culture made by Petrobras and Grupo Votorantim. The aim of this paper is to analyze the interface between the financing of Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility. To accomplish this task, we analyzed two large national companies. Petrobras, as this is the company that most sponsors cultural projects in Brazil and Grupo Votorantim as counterpoint. / Esta dissertação analisa a interface entre Cultura e Responsabilidade Social Empresarial, realizando uma analise do investimento em Cultura da feito pela Petrobras e do Grupo Votorantim. O objetivo central deste trabalho é analisar a interface entre financiamento de Cultura e Responsabilidade Social Empresarial. Para realizar tal empreitada, analisa duas grandes empresas nacionais. A Petrobras, pois esta é a empresa que mais patrocina projetos culturais no Brasil e o Grupo Votorantim como contraponto.

O tema central desta dissertação refere-se às formas organizacionais no contexto da chamada economia criativa, explorando-se mais especificamente o que ocorre em relação aos músicos de orquestra na cidade de Porto Alegre. A proposta ampara-se na abordagem da sociologia econômica, tentando-se apreender as relações entre organizações burocráticas e criatividade dos agentes, em meio às novas interações entre artes, tecnologia e mercado nos processos econômicos atuais. Trata-se, pois, de reconhecer características do ambiente organizacional que favoreçam ou obstaculizem a criatividade. A investigação acha motivação na constatação de que a valorização de bens, produtos e serviços da economia criativa, a partir dos anos 2000, configura uma importante mudança no que tange a nova orientação produtiva das economias mundiais, mediante novas interfaces entre artes – tecnologia – mercado. Para a realização da coleta dos dados empíricos, foram entrevistados músicos, maestros e gestores culturais, de duas orquestras da cidade de Porto Alegre, respectivamente uma orquestra pública e uma orquestra privada. Como principais resultados obtidos pelo estudo, destaca-se que o contexto de expansão da economia criativa tenderia estimular o surgimento de novas condições tecnológicas e de mercado da música, inclusive no segmento de orquestras, requerendo uma nova configuração organizacional e o desenvolvimento de novas habilidades pelos agentes. O estudo aponta também para a possibilidade de choque entre as crenças e valores institucionais, não constituindo necessariamente em uma limitação a manifestação da criatividade nas organizações pesquisadas. Por fim, o processo de gestão da música erudita evidencia traços de uma nova etapa de racionalização em suas dinâmicas, tendo em vista a complexidade de fatores de ordem social e institucional que constituem os processos de criação dos agentes. / The central theme of this dissertation refers to the organizational forms in the context of creative economy, more specifically what happens in relation to orchestral musicians in Porto Alegre city. The proposal sustains itself in the economic sociology approach, trying to grasp the relationship between bureaucratic organizations and agents’ creativity inside the new interactions among art, technology and market in the current economic processes. That is, to recognize characteristics of the organizational environment favoring or hindering creativity. The research has motivation in noting that the valuation of goods, products and services of the creative economy from the 2000s, an important change regarding the new production guidance of world economies through new interfaces among arts - technology - market. In order to achieve the empirical data collection, musicians, maestros and cultural managers from two orchestras of Porto Alegre city were interviewed, respectively, public and private ones. The main results obtained by the study are emphasized that the context of expanding creative economy would tend to stimulate the arising of new technological conditions and musical market, including orchestral segment, requiring a new organizational configuration and new skills development by agents. The study also points to the possibility of an impact between institutional values and beliefs; it does not necessarily constitute a restriction to the expression of creativity in the surveyed organizations. Finally, the process of erudite music management shows features of a new step rationalization in its dynamics, in view of the factors complexity from social and institutional orders which constitute the processes of agents’ creation.

O tema central desta dissertação refere-se às formas organizacionais no contexto da chamada economia criativa, explorando-se mais especificamente o que ocorre em relação aos músicos de orquestra na cidade de Porto Alegre. A proposta ampara-se na abordagem da sociologia econômica, tentando-se apreender as relações entre organizações burocráticas e criatividade dos agentes, em meio às novas interações entre artes, tecnologia e mercado nos processos econômicos atuais. Trata-se, pois, de reconhecer características do ambiente organizacional que favoreçam ou obstaculizem a criatividade. A investigação acha motivação na constatação de que a valorização de bens, produtos e serviços da economia criativa, a partir dos anos 2000, configura uma importante mudança no que tange a nova orientação produtiva das economias mundiais, mediante novas interfaces entre artes – tecnologia – mercado. Para a realização da coleta dos dados empíricos, foram entrevistados músicos, maestros e gestores culturais, de duas orquestras da cidade de Porto Alegre, respectivamente uma orquestra pública e uma orquestra privada. Como principais resultados obtidos pelo estudo, destaca-se que o contexto de expansão da economia criativa tenderia estimular o surgimento de novas condições tecnológicas e de mercado da música, inclusive no segmento de orquestras, requerendo uma nova configuração organizacional e o desenvolvimento de novas habilidades pelos agentes. O estudo aponta também para a possibilidade de choque entre as crenças e valores institucionais, não constituindo necessariamente em uma limitação a manifestação da criatividade nas organizações pesquisadas. Por fim, o processo de gestão da música erudita evidencia traços de uma nova etapa de racionalização em suas dinâmicas, tendo em vista a complexidade de fatores de ordem social e institucional que constituem os processos de criação dos agentes. / The central theme of this dissertation refers to the organizational forms in the context of creative economy, more specifically what happens in relation to orchestral musicians in Porto Alegre city. The proposal sustains itself in the economic sociology approach, trying to grasp the relationship between bureaucratic organizations and agents’ creativity inside the new interactions among art, technology and market in the current economic processes. That is, to recognize characteristics of the organizational environment favoring or hindering creativity. The research has motivation in noting that the valuation of goods, products and services of the creative economy from the 2000s, an important change regarding the new production guidance of world economies through new interfaces among arts - technology - market. In order to achieve the empirical data collection, musicians, maestros and cultural managers from two orchestras of Porto Alegre city were interviewed, respectively, public and private ones. The main results obtained by the study are emphasized that the context of expanding creative economy would tend to stimulate the arising of new technological conditions and musical market, including orchestral segment, requiring a new organizational configuration and new skills development by agents. The study also points to the possibility of an impact between institutional values and beliefs; it does not necessarily constitute a restriction to the expression of creativity in the surveyed organizations. Finally, the process of erudite music management shows features of a new step rationalization in its dynamics, in view of the factors complexity from social and institutional orders which constitute the processes of agents’ creation.

Lucro e reputação são as duas referências básicas para as decisões tomadas pelos bancos em projetos com fortes impactos socioambientais e fazem parte de uma estratégia que busca combinar resultados econômicos com a estabilidade de acesso aos mercados. O aumento das pressões sociais sobre os grandes financiamentos provocou profundas mudanças nos critérios de avaliação dos riscos dos projetos e nos padrões de relacionamento entre os agentes. Os objetivos desse trabalho são compreender a gênese social do campo formado pela introdução dos critérios socioambientais no mercado financeiro, analisar os padrões de interação entre os bancos e as organizações sociais, e compreender porque os novos padrões foram construídos através da interação entre bancos e organizações sociais. Para compreender essas novas formas de interação, este trabalho se baseia numa abordagem relacional da reputação e faz uma análise histórica das interações entre bancos e organizações. A análise conclui que as novas estratégias de relacionamentos entre bancos e organizações sociais foram moldando novas instituições e hábitos no mercado, constituindo um campo específico das políticas socioambientais no mercado financeiro. Uma nova forma de organização e regulação de mercado que ampliou a transparência e onde decisões estratégicas dos agentes privados passam a ser objeto de debate público. / Profit and reputation are two basic references for the decisions taken by banks on projects with strong social and environmental impacts, and are part of a strategy that seeks to combine economic results with stable access to markets. The increasing social pressures on financial institutions are provoking deep changes on the risk assessment criteria in projects and relationships among agents. The objectives of this study are to understand the social genesis of the field performed by the introduction of social and environmental criteria in the financial market, analyze the interaction patterns among banks and social organizations, and understand why new standards were constructed based on the interaction between banks and social organizations. To understand these new forms of interaction, this work is based on a relational approach of reputation, and presents a historical analysis of the interactions among banks and organizations. The analysis concludes that strategies for new relationships among banks and social organizations were based on new institutions and habits in the market, performing a specific field of socioenvironmental policies in the financial market. A new kind of market organization and regulation is increasing transparency, and strategic decisions of private agents become the object of public debate.

How do voters navigate the intersection between democracy and capitalism? Citizens have the opportunity to directly decide upon policies that shape their state's economy through market regulatory ballot measures; however, the role of voters in this key intersection and policy making-mechanism has been largely overlooked. Models of reasoning and decision-making in the voting literature have primarily developed from rational choice theory. These models identify conditions under which self-interest and partisanship influence voter choice and policy attitude formation. To extend this literature to voter reasoning on market regulatory measures, I examined how variation in voter choice and reasoning corresponded with variation in social indicators of self-interest and partisanship, both of which are foundational individual-level processes for capitalism and democracy, respectively. In order to carry out this analysis I conducted semi-structured interviews with 120 respondents about how they voted on four market regulatory ballot measures that appeared on the Arizona state ballot from 2008-2012 related to narcotic decriminalization and medicalization, education funding, immigration and labor markets, and consumer protection. Drawing from contemporary models of voter reasoning, I selected self-interest and partisanship as independent variables for this analysis and then examined how variation in these variables corresponded with variation in voter choice. I subsequently used my qualitative data to investigate how voters used narratives of self-interest and partisan values to reason about these four market regulatory ballot measures. I supplemented my qualitative analysis by investigating voter use of beliefs from non-partisan economic philosophies in their reasoning on these measures. To my knowledge, voter reasoning related to market regulatory ballot measures has yet to be studied and therefore my analysis required holding key factors (such as gender, race, and ethnicity) constant in order to limit sources of variation in voter choice and reasoning.

This thesis evaluates the practice of subsidizing entertainment projects as economic development strategy through a case study of the American Airlines Arena (AAA). Subsidy proponents argued that it would generate new tax revenue and jobs, and enhance the city’s image and pride. This rationale neglects factors that mitigate the economic impact of arenas and fails to consider the social costs. The AAA subsidy is evaluated using a cost-benefit method that has been underutilized in academic research. The economic impact is analyzed by estimating the fiscal return on the public’s investment and the number and quality of new jobs created. The social costs are considered in light of Miami’s economic development history and the policy implications are discussed. The AAA subsidy results in hundreds of millions of dollars in losses over the term of the public-private partnership and created a negligible number of low quality jobs. Furthermore, the AAA subsidy may have exacerbated relations between residents and leaders by prioritizing the leisure spending of visitors over the needs of inner city residents.

A partir d’une enquête mêlant entretiens, observations et analyses d’archives, cette thèse rend compte du marché des Grands Crus bordelais en montrant comment les phénomènes de réputation interviennent dans les activités et les relations de concurrence entre professionnels. La première partie de la thèse montre que les classements viticoles, en tant que cadres des réputations des Crus et des individus, instituent une clôture statutaire du marché. Les cas du classement de 1855 en Médoc et du classement de Saint-Emilion illustrent la stabilité de la configuration statutaire et la difficulté de réviser les hiérarchies locales. La deuxième partie est consacrée aux chiffres de la réputation (prix et notes) qui, loin d’être purement aléatoires et indépendants, sont enchâssés dans la configuration statutaire formée par les classements et dans l’organisation sociale de la « place de Bordeaux ». L’étude successive de l’architecture des prix, de la formation des prix de sortie en primeurs, et de l’incidence des notes des critiques influents, permettra d’évaluer les enjeux et les conséquences de la commensuration sur la construction de la valeur des vins. La troisième partie de la thèse a pour ambition d’examiner la place des noms et des catégories dans les carrières de certains professionnels bordelais. Le marché des consultants œnologiques est étudié à travers la question de la « signature » des vins, tandis que la catégorie des « vins de garage » permet d’observer comment s’articulent les différents types d’évaluations dans les trajectoires d’entrepreneurs. / This PhD is based upon a fieldwork including in-depth interviews, observations and historical source analysis. It focuses on the Bordeaux “Grands Crus” Market by showing how reputations play a key role in professionals’ activities and competition relationships. The first section underlines that wine rankings, as reputation frames for growths and individuals, foster a status closure of the market. The Medoc and Saint-Emilion classifications illustrate the stability of the status configuration and the difficulty for changing the local hierarchies. The second section focuses on reputation numbers (prices and rates), which are embedded in a status configuration grounded both on rankings and on the social organisation of the “place de Bordeaux”. The study of the prices’ architecture, the formation of “en primeurs” release prices and the role of critics’ rates leads us to appreciate the consequences of commensuration on the building of wine values. The third section aims at examining the role of names and categories in some professionals’ careers. We study the flying winemakers’ market through the issue of wine “signature”, while the category of “garage wines” allows to analyse how the different kinds of evaluations overlap in entrepreneurs” trajectories.

Esta pesquisa tem como foco os processos de desenvolvimento cultural e organizacional necessários à formação de mercados financeiros formais em regiões de baixa-renda. Para tanto, analisa o caso das cooperativas de crédito da região sisaleira da Bahia, uma experiência notável de inserção de populações de baixa renda no mercado financeiro. Com o acesso a serviços financeiros a baixos custos e a capacitação e assistência técnica proporcionadas pela associação dos pequenos produtores, os agricultores passaram a investir em atividades econômicas mais adaptadas ao clima semi-árido, ter acesso a novos mercados, planejar melhor a produção e o consumo, elevar a renda e promover o desenvolvimento local. Nessa região em que os sertanejos encontravam-se, e uma parte ainda é, dependentes de monopólios tradicionais que se perpetuavam através de vínculos personalistas de controle, os sertanejos contraem constante endividamento junto a comerciantes locais. A ação das Comunidades Eclesiais de Base e dos sindicatos de trabalhadores rurais, a partir dos anos 70, foi decisiva para promover um processo de desenvolvimento cultural e a formação de uma densa rede de organizações que possibilitaram ampliar o acesso dos agricultores ao mercado financeiro e a novos canais de comercialização. Por meio de uma análise interdisciplinar e crítica da realidade concreta e dos conceitos da sociologia econômica, da economia institucional, da teoria dos sistemas agrários e da antropologia, são reconstruídos os processos históricos que levaram à formação de cooperativas, é analisada a influência do clima sobre os mercados, é investigada a racionalidade econômica do sertanejo e são desvendadas as estruturas sociais que sustentam as novas organizações econômicas e o desenvolvimento recente da região sisaleira da Bahia. / This study aims to understand the cultural development processes required to create markets. The analysis is focused on the case of credit cooperatives in the sisal region of Bahia, which represents an outstanding experience of inclusion of low income people in the financial market. Access to low-cost financial services, together with training and technical assistance provided by the small growers association, allowed them to invest in economic activities more adapted to the semi-arid region, to reach new markets, to plan production and consumption, to increase their income and to promote local development. In this region, local people (the sertanejos) used to be - and still are dependent on traditional monopolies that perpetuate by means of personalized control ties, which keep them constantly in debt with local traders. The action of both the comunidades eclesiais de base (grassroot catholic organization) and the rural labor unions were crucial to promote a process of cultural development and the formation of a dense net of organizations responsible for increasing the growers´ access to the financial market and to new marketing channels. The analysis is based on a historical, inter-disciplinary and critical approach, and on concepts of economic sociology, institutional economics, agrarian systems and anthropology. The historical processes are reconstructed, the climate influence on the market is analyzed, the economic rationality of the sertanejo is investigated and the social structures that support the new economic organization and development of Bahia´s sisal region are revealed.