Alleghany County, an extractive community, has depended heavily upon a single paper mill known as MeadWestvaco for over a century. The purpose of this study is to explore the degree to which MeadWestvaco utilizes paternalism and economic coercion as forms of power to control and maintain community quiescence regarding the company's negative environmental impact in Alleghany County. This paper mill has negatively affected Alleghany County relative to other Virginia communities. However, there has been very little local action against the paper mill's environmental impact. To define and recognize paternalism and economic coercion, I undertake a historical analysis of the cotton textile industry of the Southern Piedmont and coal mining industry of Southern Appalachia, where these systems of power have been documented. In applying the indicators of paternalism and economic coercion found in these nearby Southern industries to Alleghany County, Virginia, I find that MeadWestvaco utilizes both strategies to some degree to control and influence community awareness of and response to the company's environmental damage. / Master of Science

Neste trabalho é feita uma análise histórica das relações econômicas entre Canadá e Estados Unidos, visando mostrar a influência americana sobre o desenvolvimento econômico canadense. O trabalho apresenta como foco principal dois períodos distintos. O primeiro inicia com a Confederação (1867) e vai até o final da II Guerra Mundial e é marcado por diversas tentativas protecionistas canadenses, destacando-se neste sentido, a National Policy, visando um desenvolvimento autônomo em relação aos Estados Unidos e até mesmo buscando evitar a anexação de seu território pelo país vizinho. O segundo período, compreendido entre 1945 até os dias atuais é marcado pela aproximação canadense em relação aos Estados Unidos e um amplo domínio americano sobre a economia canadense, tanto no que diz respeito às relações de comércio e de investimentos, assim como na desestruturação do modelo econômico canadense, notadamente mais focado em questões sociais do que o americano. O auge da dependência canadense ocorre com a entrada em vigor dos tratados de livre comércio, principalmente com o Free Trade Agreement (FTA), em 1989 e o North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) em 1994. No entanto, no início do século XXI, a ascensão do conservadorismo americano, os custos econômicos gerados pelo enrijecimento das fronteiras aliados às divergências culturais e sociais entre os dois países, que voltaram à tona na última década, contribuíram novamente para a busca da redução da dependência canadense, através de novas parcerias comerciais e de investimentos com outros países. Estas parcerias, mesmo que ainda incipientes, vem reduzindo de forma lenta a dependência econômica em relação aos Estados Unidos e criando opções de diversificação de suas relações econômicas, até então não verificadas na história do Canadá. / This study presents a historical analysis of the economic relations between Canada and the United States aiming to demonstrate the US influence over the Canadian economic development. The work focuses mainly on two distinct periods. The first, starting with the Confederation (1867) and lasting until the end of World War II, is marked by various Canadian protectionist attempts, with emphasis, in this sense, on the National Policy, which sought an autonomous development in relation to the United States, even seeking to avoid the attachment of its territory by the neighboring country. The second period, from 1945 until the present days, is marked by the Canadian approximation in relation to the United States and a large American dominance over the economy of that country, both in regards to trade and investment relations and the disintegration of the Canadian economic model, noticeably more focused on social issues than the US model. The apex of Canada’s dependency occurs with the free trade treats coming into force, especially with the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in 1989, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994. However, at the start of the 21st century, the ascension of the American conservatism, the economic costs generated by stiffening the frontier lines, together with the cultural and social differences between the two countries, which reemerged in the last decade, contributed again for the pursuit of reducing Canadian dependency, through new commercial partnerships and investments with other countries. These partnerships, even if still incipient, have been slowly decreasing the economic dependency in relation to the United States and creating options for diversifying its economic relations, which, until then, were not observed in the history of Canada.

Neste trabalho é feita uma análise histórica das relações econômicas entre Canadá e Estados Unidos, visando mostrar a influência americana sobre o desenvolvimento econômico canadense. O trabalho apresenta como foco principal dois períodos distintos. O primeiro inicia com a Confederação (1867) e vai até o final da II Guerra Mundial e é marcado por diversas tentativas protecionistas canadenses, destacando-se neste sentido, a National Policy, visando um desenvolvimento autônomo em relação aos Estados Unidos e até mesmo buscando evitar a anexação de seu território pelo país vizinho. O segundo período, compreendido entre 1945 até os dias atuais é marcado pela aproximação canadense em relação aos Estados Unidos e um amplo domínio americano sobre a economia canadense, tanto no que diz respeito às relações de comércio e de investimentos, assim como na desestruturação do modelo econômico canadense, notadamente mais focado em questões sociais do que o americano. O auge da dependência canadense ocorre com a entrada em vigor dos tratados de livre comércio, principalmente com o Free Trade Agreement (FTA), em 1989 e o North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) em 1994. No entanto, no início do século XXI, a ascensão do conservadorismo americano, os custos econômicos gerados pelo enrijecimento das fronteiras aliados às divergências culturais e sociais entre os dois países, que voltaram à tona na última década, contribuíram novamente para a busca da redução da dependência canadense, através de novas parcerias comerciais e de investimentos com outros países. Estas parcerias, mesmo que ainda incipientes, vem reduzindo de forma lenta a dependência econômica em relação aos Estados Unidos e criando opções de diversificação de suas relações econômicas, até então não verificadas na história do Canadá. / This study presents a historical analysis of the economic relations between Canada and the United States aiming to demonstrate the US influence over the Canadian economic development. The work focuses mainly on two distinct periods. The first, starting with the Confederation (1867) and lasting until the end of World War II, is marked by various Canadian protectionist attempts, with emphasis, in this sense, on the National Policy, which sought an autonomous development in relation to the United States, even seeking to avoid the attachment of its territory by the neighboring country. The second period, from 1945 until the present days, is marked by the Canadian approximation in relation to the United States and a large American dominance over the economy of that country, both in regards to trade and investment relations and the disintegration of the Canadian economic model, noticeably more focused on social issues than the US model. The apex of Canada’s dependency occurs with the free trade treats coming into force, especially with the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in 1989, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994. However, at the start of the 21st century, the ascension of the American conservatism, the economic costs generated by stiffening the frontier lines, together with the cultural and social differences between the two countries, which reemerged in the last decade, contributed again for the pursuit of reducing Canadian dependency, through new commercial partnerships and investments with other countries. These partnerships, even if still incipient, have been slowly decreasing the economic dependency in relation to the United States and creating options for diversifying its economic relations, which, until then, were not observed in the history of Canada.

Neste trabalho é feita uma análise histórica das relações econômicas entre Canadá e Estados Unidos, visando mostrar a influência americana sobre o desenvolvimento econômico canadense. O trabalho apresenta como foco principal dois períodos distintos. O primeiro inicia com a Confederação (1867) e vai até o final da II Guerra Mundial e é marcado por diversas tentativas protecionistas canadenses, destacando-se neste sentido, a National Policy, visando um desenvolvimento autônomo em relação aos Estados Unidos e até mesmo buscando evitar a anexação de seu território pelo país vizinho. O segundo período, compreendido entre 1945 até os dias atuais é marcado pela aproximação canadense em relação aos Estados Unidos e um amplo domínio americano sobre a economia canadense, tanto no que diz respeito às relações de comércio e de investimentos, assim como na desestruturação do modelo econômico canadense, notadamente mais focado em questões sociais do que o americano. O auge da dependência canadense ocorre com a entrada em vigor dos tratados de livre comércio, principalmente com o Free Trade Agreement (FTA), em 1989 e o North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) em 1994. No entanto, no início do século XXI, a ascensão do conservadorismo americano, os custos econômicos gerados pelo enrijecimento das fronteiras aliados às divergências culturais e sociais entre os dois países, que voltaram à tona na última década, contribuíram novamente para a busca da redução da dependência canadense, através de novas parcerias comerciais e de investimentos com outros países. Estas parcerias, mesmo que ainda incipientes, vem reduzindo de forma lenta a dependência econômica em relação aos Estados Unidos e criando opções de diversificação de suas relações econômicas, até então não verificadas na história do Canadá. / This study presents a historical analysis of the economic relations between Canada and the United States aiming to demonstrate the US influence over the Canadian economic development. The work focuses mainly on two distinct periods. The first, starting with the Confederation (1867) and lasting until the end of World War II, is marked by various Canadian protectionist attempts, with emphasis, in this sense, on the National Policy, which sought an autonomous development in relation to the United States, even seeking to avoid the attachment of its territory by the neighboring country. The second period, from 1945 until the present days, is marked by the Canadian approximation in relation to the United States and a large American dominance over the economy of that country, both in regards to trade and investment relations and the disintegration of the Canadian economic model, noticeably more focused on social issues than the US model. The apex of Canada’s dependency occurs with the free trade treats coming into force, especially with the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in 1989, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994. However, at the start of the 21st century, the ascension of the American conservatism, the economic costs generated by stiffening the frontier lines, together with the cultural and social differences between the two countries, which reemerged in the last decade, contributed again for the pursuit of reducing Canadian dependency, through new commercial partnerships and investments with other countries. These partnerships, even if still incipient, have been slowly decreasing the economic dependency in relation to the United States and creating options for diversifying its economic relations, which, until then, were not observed in the history of Canada.

<p> The concept of ideological frontier and boundary, fami liar in the context of ' Cold War ' politics, is appl ied to Botswana , as a case study in political geogr aphy . The study works from two basi c assumptions . Firstly, that there is an inverse relationship between economic dependence and political independence (which in this study is further related to the hostility in the ideological conflict). Secondly, that in a confli ct bet ween riational interest and ideology a stat e gives pri ority to the former . These assumptions are used in the context of Botswana's national development and that state ' s contemporary geopoliticai situation in southern Africa . This situation is characterised by the ideological conflict of racial confrontation. The development of Botswana as a strategically i mportant state is trace d by reference to past political and economic dependencies on other states . An evaluation of the present day dependencies and their effect on Botswana's national goals depends in part on understanding that state's geopolitical situation along an ideological frontier. </p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Yes / This paper presents a study on selective maintenance for multi-state series-parallel systems with economically dependent components. In the selective maintenance problem, the maintenance manager has to decide which components should receive maintenance activities within a finite break between missions. All the system reliabilities in the next operating mission, the available budget and the maintenance time for each component from its current state to a higher state are taken into account in the optimization models. In addition, the components in series-parallel systems are considered to be economically dependent. Time and cost savings will be achieved when several components are simultaneously repaired in a selective maintenance strategy. As the number of repaired components increases, the saved time and cost will also increase due to the share of setting up between components and another additional reduction amount resulting from the repair of multiple identical components. Different optimization models are derived to find the best maintenance strategy for multi-state series-parallel systems. A genetic algorithm is used to solve the optimization models. The decision makers may select different components to be repaired to different working states based on the maintenance objective, resource availabilities and how dependent the repair time and cost of each component are. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. / Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and Vietnam International Education Development (VIED)

This study examined the effects and expectations of external economic dependence on foreign investment policy outputs with particular reference to the Nigerian experience between 1954 and 1980. Three basic kinds of external economic dependence were studied: foreign investment, the penetration of the Nigerian economy by foreign capital through the agency of the multinational corporations (MNCs); foreign trade, a measure of the Nigerian economy's participation in the world market; and foreign aid (loans and grants), a measure of Nigeria's reliance on financial assistance from governments and international financial inst itutions. For the most part, the level of Nigeria's economic dependence was very high. However, economic dependency is not translated into changes in foreign investment policy in favor of the foreign investors in Nigeria as is predicted by the dependency paradigm. The Nigerian case casts doubt on the dependency paradigm as a framework for fully explaining factors that may determine foreign direct investment policy changes that occur in a less developed Third World country. In other words, the dependency paradigm has a limited explanatory power; there is a factor independent of the economic factor operating out of the control of global capitalism (the center of the center in alliance with the center of the periphery); and that factor is the political process in Nigeria. The web of the Nigerian political process involves the various aspects of its internal functioning such as the manner in which needs, interests and demands are conveyed from the individuals and groups in the country to those performing state duties. Thus, Nigerian policy makers were more influenced by those elements than pure economic considerations treated in isolation.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo demonstrar a necessidade de se tutelar a desigualdade substancial existente nas relações contratuais celebradas entre empresários, quando uma das partes, ainda que profissional, encontrar-se em situação de dependência econômica, favorecendo o abuso da parte contrária na situação concreta. O cerne do trabalho gira em torno do problema das cláusulas abusivas no âmbito dos contratos interempresariais. Busca-se demonstrar que, nas hipóteses em que não for possível repreendê-las por meio da aplicação do Código Civil ou da Lei Antitruste, seria possível equiparar o contratante vulnerável, sujeito a um abuso por parte de seu parceiro contratual, aos consumidores, para fins de aplicação dos dispositivos do Código de Defesa do Consumidor CDC ao contrato em questão. Para tanto, são analisados os conceitos de empresário, de consumidor tendo em vista as três principais correntes doutrinárias existentes no ordenamento pátrio e de dependência econômica. Especificamente em relação à definição de consumidor, tenta-se demonstrar que, nos dias de hoje, a Teoria Finalista Aprofundada parece ser a que melhor atende à necessidade de se buscar a solução mais justa no caso concreto, sem, contudo, banalizar a aplicação do CDC. Por fim, faz-se uma análise da jurisprudência brasileira sobre o tema, com o objetivo de delimitar os critérios para a incidência do CDC em contratos interempresariais, bem como os principais casos em que o conceito de consumidor-equiparado tem prevalecido nos litígios decorrentes de tais contratos. / The objective of the present study is to demonstrate the need of instructing the substantial inequality existing in contractual relations signed between businessmen, when one of the parties, although still professional, finds itself in a situation of economic dependence, favoring the abuse of the counterpart in the real situation. The core of this work involves the problem regarding abusive clauses in the scope of inter-business contracts. It seeks to demonstrate that, in hypothesis where it is not possible to reprehend them by means of application of the Civil Code or Antitrust Act, it would be possible to match the vulnerable contracting party, subject to an abuse by its contractual partner, to the consumers, for purposes of application of the provisions in the Consumer Defense Code CDC to the contract in question. To do so, it analyzes the concepts of businessman and consumers considering the three main doctrinaire schools of thought existing in the country system and economic dependence. Specially in relation to the definition of consumers, it attempts to demonstrate that, nowadays, the In-depth Finalist Theory seems to be the best theory that meets the need of searching for the more righteous solution in the real case, without, however, trivializing the application of the CDC. At last, an analysis of Brazilian jurisprudence is made on the subject, aiming to delimitate the criteria for the incidence of CDC in inter-business contracts as well as the main cases in which the concept of consumer has prevailed in such contracts for one of the parties.

O tema desenvolvido na presente pesquisa refere-se ao contrato de agência, no qual se identifica a inerência da situação de dependência econômica do agente, parte normalmente mais frágil em relação ao proponente. Esta situação de dependência econômica, apesar de não ser vedada a priori pelo ordenamento jurídico, pode dar ensejo ao seu abuso por parte do proponente, mediante a imposição de condições ao agente, às quais este deve anuir por não possuir alternativa viável. Dentre as possibilidades de abuso de dependência econômica pelo proponente, concentrou-se naquela manifestada na resilição unilateral abusiva do contrato, especialmente quando existem investimentos específicos, exigidos do agente, que ainda não foram amortizados ou recuperados pela duração do contrato. Tomando-se como premissa o fato de que tanto a Lei nº 4.886/1965 quanto o Código Civil de 2002 disciplinam especificamente a relação de agência, pode-se verificar que ambos os diplomas normativos possuem dispositivos legais que visam à proteção do agente, mitigando os efeitos da posição de supremacia do proponente no contrato e diminuindo a possibilidade de exercício abusivo da dependência econômica do agente. Esses mecanismos protetivos, no entanto, por estarem previstos em dois diplomas legais diversos, que não possuem qualquer referência expressa um ao outro, não se encontram adequadamente sistematizados, causando dúvidas sobre a sua correta interpretação e aplicação. Dessa forma, após a identificação e estudo de cada uma das ferramentas protetivas consagradas pela legislação específica, foi proposta uma sistematização que se entende a mais adequada para conferir proteção ao agente, conforme pretendido tanto pela Lei nº 4.886/1965 quanto pelo Código Civil, assim como segurança e certeza às partes, servindo como estímulo para as contratações de longo prazo e para a realização de investimentos, de modo a contribuir para a eficiente utilização do contrato de agência, que é importante ferramenta para a promoção do desenvolvimento econômico e social. / The theme developed in the present research refers to the agency agreement, in which exists a inherent economic dependence of the agent, usually the more fragile part in relation to the principal. This situation of economic dependence, although not prohibited by the legal system, can give rise to its abuse by the principal, by imposing conditions on the agent, which the agent must accept because he has no viable alternative. Among the possibilities of abuse of economic dependence by the principal, this research focused on the unilateral termination of the contract especially when there are specific investments made by the agent that have not yet been amortized or recovered during the contract. Taking as a premise that both the Lei nº 4.886/1965 and the Civil Code of 2002 specifically regulate the agency agreement, it can be verified that both normative documents have legal provisions that aim at the protection of the agent, mitigating the effects of the principal supremacy position in the contract and reducing the possibility of abusive exercise of the agent\'s economic dependence. These protective mechanisms, however, because they are in two different legal texts, which do not have any express reference to each other, are not adequately systematized, causing doubts about their correct interpretation and application. Thus, after the identification and study of each of the protection tools provided by the specific legislation, a systematization was proposed that is considered the most appropriate to grant protection to the agent, as intended by the Lei nº 4.886/1965 and by the Civil Code, and to provide security and certainty to the parties, serving as a stimulus for long-term contracting and for the realization of investments, in order to contribute to the efficient use of the agency contract, which is an important tool for the promotion of economic and social development.

Extended households are far from a rare phenomenon in Latin America and their prevalence does not seem to be in decline. In Chile, they accounted for about a quarter of all households over the 1990–2011 period. This persistence contrasts with the dramatic transformations that have taken place in other dimensions of family life, such as the fall in fertility and marriage rates, and the increase in cohabitation and out-of-wedlock births. Recent studies on extended living arrangements in the region have mainly understood household extension as a strategy to face economic deprivation, giving little attention to other factors affecting it, such as gender inequalities and changing needs for support over the life course. In this dissertation, I contribute to the understanding of extended households Chile through the analysis of adult women living in family units over the 1990–2011 period. Unlike most other studies, I recognise the unequal positions that individuals and families occupy within the extended household, by distinguishing between women that head an extended household and those that join it as subfamilies. Using quantitative methods, I analyse a nationally representative household survey: the CASEN survey. This is the most complete data source on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the Chilean population. This dissertation offers a new assessment of the relationship between extended living arrangements and economic deprivation. Its findings only partially support the hypothesis of household extension as a family strategy to face economic hardship. Other key factors emerge when explaining extended living arrangements, including mothers’ full-time employment, the vulnerability of informal family structures, and other needs of support connected to the life course. There has been an increasing trend across 1990–2011 for young women who have started their family life to live in extended households. Multivariate analyses reveals that this increase was mainly influenced by the rising prevalence of cohabitation and single lone motherhood among younger generations, and to a lesser extent by the increase in young women’s full-time employment. These findings raise important theoretical issues for the Chilean context and show that patterns of social modernisation and family change in Chile have gone hand-in-hand with an increasing importance of the support provided by the extended family. This dissertation fills an important gap in the research on intra-household gender inequalities by analysing women’s economic dependence on extended household members. It shows that women in subfamilies are more likely to be economically dependent than those in head-families. Full-time employment, as well as marriage and cohabitation, emerge as highly protective factors against economic dependence. Special attention is paid to lone mothers, who are often excluded from research on women’s economic dependence. Lone mothers in subfamilies benefit economically from being in an extended household. Yet overall they have decreased their likelihood of being economically dependent over the 1990–2011 period. I argue that this reflects the increasing social protection towards lone mothers and recent legal reforms aimed at the equalisation of rights among couples and children irrespective of the marriage bond.