Enquanto microeconomistas apontam para uma correlação positiva entre empreendedorismo e riqueza, macroeconomistas enfatizam que existe uma correlação negativa entre empreendedorismo e desenvolvimento (acumulação de riqueza). Este trabalho apresenta um modelo que reconcilia esses dois fatos aparentemente contraditórios. Tomando com base um modelo padrão de empreendedorismo e restrição de crédito, como em Evans e Jovanovic (1989), adicionamos a este modelo uma condição de equilíbrio no mercado de trabalho. Tal modificação gera a coexistência dessas duas correlações de sentidos opostos. A correlação negativa entre empreendedorismo e desenvolvimento existe mesmo que o mecanismo gerador do desenvolvimento seja a diminuição da restrição de crédito. O modelo prevê que a proporção de empreendedores diminui para a fração rica e que empreendedorismo pode aumentar para a fração pobre da população. Além disso, mostra-se que tais predições são consistentes com dados brasileiros recentes. / While microeconomists show a positive correlation between entrepreneurship and wealth, macroeconomists emphasize that there is a negative correlation between entrepreneurship and development (wealth accumulation). This work presents a model that brings together these two apparently conflicting facts. Departing from a standard entrepreneurship setup, as in Evans and Jovanovic (1989), our model adds a market clearing condition in the labor market. This addition to the standard model allows for the coexistence of these two correlations of opposite directions. Such negative correlation between entrepreneurship and development can be obtained even when development is generated by relaxing the credit constraint. The model predicts that the proportion of entrepreneurs decreases for the rich and that entrepreneurship can increase for the poor. Further, it is shown that such predictions are consistent with recent Brazilian data.

Essa tese apresenta como investigação norteadora porque o Brasil, mesmo tendo avançado em sua matriz industrial e alcançado altas taxas de crescimento no período 1930-1980, não conseguiu escapar da armadilha do subdesenvolvimento econômico. Para tentar vislumbrar alguns caminhos que potencialmente alargariam a discussão e compreensão do tema, recorre-se à perspectiva da Abordagem da Complexidade, combinada com a retomada das discussões teóricas promovidas por alguns dos autores conhecidos como pioneiros do desenvolvimento econômico. Desse modo, a novidade proposta por essa tese reside na perspectiva pela qual se discute o tema, e não ao tema propriamente dito, que foi e vem sendo amplamente discutido pela literatura. O objetivo é a realização de algumas discussões e ilações teóricas relativas à experiência brasileira no período, tendo sempre em mente a Abordagem da Complexidade e sua potencial contribuição para o alargamento do escopo de compreensão do tema. / This thesis presents as main question why Brazil, even having developed its industrial park and having achieved high rates of growth between 1930 and 1980, was unable to escape from the trap of economic underdevelopment. In order to list some ways that could potentially enrich the thinking and the understanding of the question, this inquiry is based on the perspective of Complexity thinking combined with the resumption of theoretical contributions of some authors known as economic development pioneers. Thus, the core of this thesis lies in the perspective by which accomplishes the theme discussion, not in the theme itself, which was and is being widely discussed by the literature. The aim is the achievement of some theoretical considerations and discussions about Brazilian experience in the period, always keeping in mind the Complexity thinking and its potential contribution to broaden the theme comprehension.

Thesis advisor: Richard McGowan / The author focuses on property formalization, microfinance and their effects on empowering the poor in Peru. For this purpose, the author will first analyze the economic and social conditions in which the microfinance initiative has taken place in Peru as well as its informal economy. Then, the author will explain the advantages and disadvantages that microfinance and property formalization have had as economic tools used to confront the problem of collateral. The author argues that both economic tools, if used together, may have a greater impact in the poor’s economic empowerment. The poor’s economic empowerment will be understood as the decrease in interest rates in the microfinance sector. Hence, Peruvian Microfinance Institutions – represented by Peru’s leading MFI “Microfinanzas Prisma – will be analyzed through regression analyses with intervention variables to simulate the correlations between collateral and interest rates in the microfinance sector. The results demonstrate that formal property, although correlated with interest rates up to a certain point, may not have a significant correlation with interest rates beyond that point. The author will finally interpret the results of the empirical analyses and will make some recommendations that could be implemented as development policies. A proposal would be based on the joint use of microfinance and formal property to further decrease interest rates and therefore empower the individuals borrowing below the point at which collateral has no significance correlation with interest rates. Concepts such as social capital and community organization will be addressed to further enhance the impact of collateral on interest rates. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics Honors Program. / Discipline: Economics.

Thesis advisor: Brian Gareau / Thesis advisor: Nicole Barnes / From its first use by the Olmecs in the ancient Americas to its proliferate presence in modern foods, drinks, and snacks, chocolate has always been a popular commodity. Its historical development from bean to drink to bar is both complex and fascinating, and yet this favorite sweet of both children and adults alike carries a darker side that colors its popularity. As the past few decades have shown, sustainable and ethical trade has become an increasingly viable approach by chocolate and cacao companies in response to the popular outcry against the injustices that riddle the cacao economy. OBJECTIVES. In this paper, I use the Worlds of Food framework of Kevin Morgan, Terry Marsden, and Jonathan Murdoch to examine the rise and development of a “moral economy” in chocolate from its beginnings as individual moral outcries to the organized efforts that contribute to the sustainable world cocoa economy today. METHODS. Following this historical analysis, I present the myriad problems, challenges, and obstacles currently faced by the world of chocolate by presenting and critiquing various case studies of sustainability models promoted by players in the cocoa economy. RESULTS. I find the existence of a cycle of compromise between a sustainable agenda and a profiteering, business-as-usual agenda in the world of chocolate. In conclusion, I suggest practices that might further enable the successful mainstreaming of ethical chocolate for a truly sustainable world cocoa economy. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: International Studies.

Esta tese teve como objeto a análise da condição do turismo, enquanto atividade econômica, de promover o crescimento e o desenvolvimento regional, e sob que modelo teórico-metodológico, estrutura e configuração. Um objetivo diretamente vinculado ao objeto da tese consistiu na análise da coerência e propriedade da aplicação do conceito de cluster, formulado por Michael Porter, bem como o de cadeia produtiva, à atividade do turismo, conformando um cluster turístico. Em paralelo buscou examinar a condição de uma configuração de cluster de turismo poder ser considerada como um modelo de desenvolvimento regional. Secundariamente, mas com uma relação direta com o conceito de cadeia produtiva, foi focalizada a noção de fugas ou vazamentos da economia de uma região, decorrentes de pagamentos efetuados a fornecedores localizados fora da região pelo suprimento dos inputs necessários à estrutura produtiva da economia dessa região. Tais vazamentos provocam uma redução na magnitude da retenção local ou regional dos resultados econômicos propiciados pela atividade do turismo. A competitividade e sustentabilidade do desenvolvimento turístico, em base endógena, pressupõe a internalização da produção de tais inputs, através da criação de novas atividades produtivas e do fortalecimento das já existentes, visando eliminar pontos de estrangulamentos e implicando no adensamento dos encadeamentos setoriais, para frente e para trás, que integram a estrutura produtiva da economia da região. Para a elaboração desta tese foi efetuada uma extensa revisão bibliográfica, em fontes primárias e secundárias, e realizado um trabalho empírico junto à hotelaria de Salvador, capital do Estado da Bahia. Este levantamento visou avaliar a incidência de fugas no valor da contribuição do turismo para a economia de Salvador, a partir da rede hoteleira, bem como identificar variáveis influenciadoras e áreas por onde ocorrem os vazamentos, ficando evidenciado que as fugas se relacionam diretamente com problemas e dificuldades que os hotéis encontram com os fornecedores locais de bens e serviços, e também com o tamanho do estabelecimento e a propriedade do capital, se local ou de cadeias nacionais e internacionais. O estudo realizado permitiu concluir que para regiões deprimidas economicamente, o turismo pode atuar como atividade motora de cresciemnto econômico, mas sem condições de, isoladamente, promover o desenvolvimento regional. O modelo de cluster, na concepção de Michael Porter, de enfoque marcadamente empresarial e microeconômico, caracterizado pela presença de grandes indústrias, de dimensão nacional e com elevada amplitude espacial e alto nível de agregação, não se aplica apropriadamente ao turismo e não pode ser considerado como uma estratégia de desenvolvimento regional. O agrupamento que tem o turismo como atividade nuclear, com foco no destino turístico entendido como um microcluster e que apresente as características de delimitação da amplitude geográfica de seu entorno, delimitação da abrangência territorial do próprio agrupamento, delimitação do segmento turístico principal e dos seus sub-segmentos, bem como do próprio mercado alvo, pode ser qualificado como um cluster de turismo que reúne as condições de modelar estratégias e promover o crescimento e o desenvolvimento de micro-regiões ou zonas turísticas. Deste modo, o microcluster constitui o modelo viabilizador do alcance e sustentação do desenvolvimento regional, como resultado da interação entre a função de especialização – o turismo, e o território – o destino turístico e seu entorno próximo. / This thesis had as object the analysis of the condition of tourism, while economical activity, of promoting the growth and the regional development, and under that theoretical-methodological model, structure and configuration. An objective directly linked to the object of the thesis consisted in the analysis of the coherence and property of the application of the cluster concept, formulated by Michael Porter, as well as the one of productive chain, to the activity of tourism, conforming a tourist cluster. In parallel it looked for to examine the condition of a configuration of cluster of tourism to be considered as a model of regional development. Secondarily, but with a direct relationship with the concept of productive chain, it was focused the notion of escapes or leaks of the economy of an area, current of payments made to suppliers located out of the area by the supply of the necessary inputs to the productive structure of the economy of that area. Such leaks provoke a reduction in the magnitude of local or regional retention of the economical results propitiated by the activity of the tourism. The competitiveness and support of the tourist development, in endogenous base, presupposes to immerse the production of such inputs, through the creation of new productive activities and of the invigoration of the already existent, seeking to eliminate strangulation points and implicating in the aggregation of the sectorial linkages, forward and back, that integrate the productive structure of the economy of the region. For the elaboration of this thesis an extensive bibliographical revision was made, in primary and secondary sources, and accomplished an empiric work close to the hostelry of Salvador, capital of the State of Bahia. This experiment sought to evaluate the incidence of escapes in the value of the contribution of the tourism for the economy of Salvador, starting from the hotel net, as well as to identify variables that influence and areas through where happen the leaks, being evidenced that the escapes link directly with problems and difficulties that the hotels find with the local suppliers of goods and services, and also with the size of the establishment and the property of the capital, if place or of national and international chains. The accomplished study allowed to end that for areas economically depressed, the tourism can act as motive activity of economical growth, but without conditions of, separately, to promote the regional development. The cluster model, in Michael Porter's conception, of focus remarkably business and micro economic, characterized by the presence of great industries, of national dimension and with high space width and high aggregation level, it doesn't reply adequately to the tourism and it cannot be considered as a strategy of regional development. The grouping that has the tourism as nuclear activity, with focus in the destiny tourist expert as a micro cluster and that it presents the characteristics of delimitation of the geographical with of its spill, delimitation of the territorial inclusion of the own grouping, delimitation of the main tourist segment and of their sub-segments, as well as of the own target of market, it can be qualified as a cluster of tourism that gathers the conditions of to model strategies and to promote the growth and the development of micro regions or tourist zones. This way, the micro cluster constitutes the model that makes possible the reach and support of the regional development, as a result of the interaction among the specialization function - the tourism, and the territory - the tourist destiny and its spills close.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar empiricamente a relação entre indicadores de qualidade da educação e o crescimento econômico no Brasil, com ênfase em medidas de qualidade da educação, representadas pelos resultados de provas em proficiência escolar ao nível dos estados brasileiros. A análise empírica, seguindo os conceitos de Hanushek e Kimko (2000) sobre a qualidade da educação, utilizou como referência metodológica dois modelos macroeconômicos tradicionais da análise do crescimento com capital humano: (i) o modelo de crescimento baseado na equação de Mincer; (ii) modelo de Solow estendido sugerido por Mankiw, Romer e Weil (1992). Utilizando a metodologia de dados em painel, os resultados sugerem que a quantidade de capital humano teve uma contribuição maior para o crescimento do produto por trabalhador do que a qualidade da força de trabalho. Alguns fatores que podem explicar a baixa contribuição da qualidade do capital humano para o crescimento são: o curto período de análise, a dificuldade em se obter medidas mais precisas de qualidade do capital humano, e na média, a qualidade do capital humano no país é comparativamente baixa (em relação a outros países), como resultado das muitas e reconhecidas deficiências do sistema educacional brasileiro. / This research aims analyze empirically the relationship between indicators of education quality and economic growth in Brazil, emphasizing the measures of education quality represented by the results on school proficiency tests at the Brazilians states level. The empirical analysis, following the concepts of Hanushek e Kimko (2000) about quality education, was based on two traditional macroeconomic growth models with human capital: (i) the growth model based on the Mincer equation, (ii) extended Solow model suggested by Mankiw, Romer and Weil (1992). Using the panel data methodology, the results suggest the quantity of human capital had a greater contribution to the output per worker growth than the labor force quality. Some factors that may explain the low contribution of human capital quality to growth is the short period of analysis, the difficulty to define quality measures of human capital, and, on average, the quality of human capital in the country which is relatively low (compared with other countries), as a result of the many and recognized deficiencies of the Brazilian educational system.

The issue of economic growth and income inequality is always the hottest topic among economists. Over the past decades to the onset of the global economic crisis, a large majority of OECD countries have experienced widen income inequality. More recently, the break out of the Occupy Wall Street Movement has rapid spread and recaptured much attention. One of the most driving themes is a country’s economic growth and embarrassing income inequality; it also reflects a broad-based frustration about how the sophisticated financial development affects the overall economy. To understand the impact of financial development on economic growth and income distribution has more important implications than ever. This dissertation is an effort to study these issues with three studies. / In Study 1, a simplified version of Diamond and Dybvig (1983) model of liquid provision is embedded into a framework of overlapping-generations model. In the model, the agents are subject to idiosyncratic liquidity shocks, and have to make their own mind whether to hold the savings on hand or invest in a long-term illiquid technology and how to allocate. By comparing the autarky economy and the economy with financial intermediaries, our results suggest the existence of both benefits and costs of financial intermediaries and the net effects tend to differ with the development stage of the underlying economy. / In Study 2, the links between economic growth and income inequality are reexamined using a newly compiled panel dataset. This study mainly address three empirical questions: 1) Does inequality increase in the early stages of development and then decline when per capita income reaches a certain level? 2) Do countries with unequal income distribution experience slower economic growth than more egalitarian countries? 3) What might be the determinants of economic growth and income inequality, and whether they are simultaneously determined? Our results show that the links between economic growth and income inequality are quite complex and their determinants are not mutually exclusive. / In Study 3, the impacts of financial development on economic growth and income inequality are explored empirically. By collecting proxy variables measuring different aspects of financial development, this study tests 1) Is financial development pro-growth? In other words, does financial development always exert a positive impact on economic growth? 2) Is financial development pro-poor? By pro-poor, we mean whether financial development significantly improve income distribution by disproportionately boosting the incomes of the poor. Our results indicate that financial development is not always pro-growth, taking into account of country-specific effects, endogeneity and potential heteroskedasticity. In addition, after controlling for the overall growth, financial development is not pro-poor. It is more likely for the rich to get more benefits from both bank-based and market-based developments. / 經濟增長和收入不平等的問題始終是經濟學家中最熱門的話題。在過去的幾十年到近年全球經濟危機爆發，大多數經濟合作與發展組織（OECD）國家都經歷了收入不平等的擴大。近年來爆發的"佔領華爾街"運動在全球迅速蔓延，並成為關注的焦點。其中一個最為重要的導火索是國家的經濟增長和愈加惡化的收入不平等，同時也反映出廣大民眾對於金融業發展會如何影響整體經濟的困惑。因此，理解金融發展對經濟增長和收入分配的影響變得比以往任何時刻都更具有重要的意義。本論文通過三篇研究從不同的角度分析這一問題。 / 在研究一中，我們把一個簡化的Diamond 和Dybvig（1983）模型嵌入代際交疊模型的框架中。在這個模型中，每個人都會受到流動性的衝擊，因此必須決定是將儲蓄持有在手邊還是投資於長期的不能流動的技術中，以及如何分配。通過比較自給自足的經濟和有金融機構存在下的經濟，我們的研究結果表明，金融機構是把雙刃劍，其淨效應取決於相關經濟體的發展階段。 / 在研究二中，我們用新編譯的面板資料重新檢驗了經濟增長和收入不平等之間的聯繫。這篇研究主要回答了三個問題：1）收入不平等是否在經濟發展的早期增加，在人均收入達到一定水準後下降？2）收入不平等的國家是否比收入平等的國家經濟增長緩慢？3）經濟增長和收入不平等的決定因素是什麼，二者是否是同時決定的？我們的研究結果表明，經濟增長和收入不平等之間的聯繫相當複雜，並且其決定因素也不是相互排斥的。 / 在研究三中，我們通過實證的方法探索金融發展對經濟增長和收入不平等的影響。通過用不同變數來衡量金融發展的各個方面，這篇研究主要回答了兩個問題：1）金融發展是否促增長？換句話說，金融發展對經濟增長是否都產生了積極的影響？2）金融發展是否有利於窮人？所謂有利於窮人，我們是指金融發展能大幅提高窮人的收入，從而顯著改善收入分配。我們的研究結果顯示，在考慮了國家影響、內生性和潛在異方差等因素後，金融發展並不總是有利於經濟增長。另外，剔除整體經濟增長的影響，金融發展也並不利於窮人。相反，富人更有可能從銀行和市場為主的金融發展中得到更多的實惠。 / Yu, Yao. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 192-207). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 20, December, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

Ho Wing-Kee. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-66). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iii / Table of Content --- p.v / List of Table --- p.vi / List of Appendices --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Theoretical Framework --- p.8 / Chapter 3.1 --- Regime 1 ( Social Planner Model) --- p.10 / Chapter 3.2 --- Regime 2 ( Provision of Indivisible Public Capital by the Government Model ) --- p.14 / Chapter 3.3 --- Regime 3 ( Provision of Indivisible Public Capital by the Public Monopoly Model) --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Quantitative Comparison --- p.27 / Chapter 4.1 --- Calibration --- p.27 / Chapter 4.2 --- Numerical Results --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.31 / Appendices --- p.42 / References --- p.60

Strict enforcement of copyright in least developed countries like Uganda would negatively affect realisation of the right to education which is both intrinsic and instrumental to realisation of economic development goals including the Millennium Development Goals. The right to education is recognised internationally, regionally and by the Constitution of the Republic of Uganda 1995. Universal access to copyrighted educational materials is needed if education in less developed countries is to serve its purposes. However, to stimulate creation of materials for the future, copyright restricts both access and use of copyrighted materials which negatively affects realisation of the right to education in less developed countries. Unfortunately, exceptions as copyright’s tool for enabling access and use are unclear and narrowly construed. For TRIPS compliance, Uganda enacted the Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, 2006 without optimally transposing exceptions. Moreover, under the current international framework, even the most maximalist approach to exceptions would not serve less developed country needs. Accordingly, the Berne Appendix for developing countries, though procedurally complex, should be used. This thesis undertakes a critical comparative analysis of relevant international and national copyright provisions. While referencing legislation from selected countries, Uganda’s commendable fair use provisions are nevertheless not optimal for supporting education for economic development. Various doctrinal issues arise from the exceptions and Uganda’s Berne Union ‘absentee’ status. Pending international reforms, maximally transposing and utilising available exceptions is imperative. Key recommendations include: incorporating the human right to education among fair use factors and joining the Berne Union. Classical utilitarianism is used to justify maximising exceptions within the current international copyright framework to promote quality education. Arguably, maximally transposing and using exceptions to support education is the way to facilitate economic development as the ‘greatest good’ for the world’s greatest number living in poverty in less developed countries in an era of globalisation.

Li, Yun. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 303-320). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese.